温、光、盐对三角褐指藻紫外诱变株生长、总脂及脂肪酸的影响

为了优化微藻培养条件,采用单因子试验研究了不同温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)、不同光照强度(20、40、60、80、100、120μmol·m-2·s-1)和不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40)对三角褐指藻紫外诱变株MP-2的影响。结果表明:温、光、盐对MP-2的生长、总脂含量和脂肪酸组成影响显著(P0.05)。MP-2生长和总脂积累的适宜温度为10~25℃,最适20℃;低温有利于EPA和PUFA的积累,15℃时EPA(30.94%)和PUFA(39.53%)较高;MP-2生长的适宜光照强度为20~120μmol·m-2·s-1,最适光强为40μmol·m-2·s-1,低光强有利总脂的积累,光照强度为20~40μmol·m-2·s-1时总脂含量(25.81%~25.26%)较高;光强对PUFA和EPA的积累影响显著(P0.05),光照强度100μmol·m-2·s-1时EPA高达29.15%,光照强度80~100μmol·m-2·s-1时PUFA高达40.22%~40.56%;MP-2生长的适宜盐度为10~40,最适盐度25,高盐有利总脂的积累,盐度30~35时总脂含量高达36.54%~36.66%,低盐有利EPA和PUFA积累,盐度为10~15时EPA高达31.31%~31.46%,盐度15时PUFA最高(44.75%)。     

利用Chlorella vulgaris C9-JN2010去除蓝藻-猪粪沼液废水中氮磷的研究

利用普通小球藻Chlorella vugaris C9-JN2010处理蓝藻-猪粪沼液废水,以实现废水无害化利用。实验考察了氮磷比和沼液浓度对小球藻生长及处理废水效果的影响,结果表明:在氮磷比(20:1)和沼液浓度(5%)条件下培养小球藻,藻细胞生长和废水处理效果最佳,最高细胞干重及生产强度分别为900.1 mg·L~(-1)和85.1 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),废水中总氮、总磷、氨氮的去除率分别为84.6%、95.9%和90.5%,对应去除强度分别为5.43 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、0.30 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)和4.75 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。利用小球藻可较彻底的去除蓝藻-猪粪沼液废水中氮、磷等营养,达到污水处理效果。     

铵态氮和浮游植物对穗花狐尾藻的生理影响

为探讨铵态氮-浮游植物-沉水植物三者之间关系,在滇池岸边开展室外模拟实验。在初始叶绿素a为100μg·L~(-1)的浮游植物密度下,研究不同浓度(0、0.05、0.15、0.50、1.50、5.00 mg·L~(-1))铵态氮和浮游植物对穗花狐尾藻的生长和生理状况的影响。结果表明:各处理组穗花狐尾藻的各项生长和生理指标在实验期间存在明显差异;当铵态氮浓度为1.50mg·L~(-1)时,穗花狐尾藻的株高和生物量明显大于其他处理组;穗花狐尾藻叶片的总叶绿素含量、光合活性和可溶性蛋白在铵态氮浓度为1.50 mg·L~(-1)时,实验期间能维持原来的水平,其余铵态氮浓度下,呈现下降的趋势;在铵态氮与浮游植物的复合作用下,适宜穗花狐尾藻生长的铵态氮浓度为1.50 mg·L~(-1),高浓度的铵态氮(5.00 mg·L~(-1))和氮缺乏(NH4+-N≤0.50 mg·L~(-1))都不利于穗花狐尾藻的生长;铵态氮浓度达到5.00 mg·L~(-1)时,浮游植物大量生长带来的相关效应,如水体浊度上升,水下光强降低等,导致穗花狐尾藻耐受铵态氮的阈值较单一铵态氮胁迫下的耐受阈值低,此时,沉水植物对藻类的抑制效应也将解除,水华大量发生,叶绿素a的浓度可达(948.1±313.0)μg·L~(-1)。     

可渗透反应墙材料对农田退水中氮、磷和PPCPs的截留作用

农业面源污染是河流湖泊污染的主要来源,农田退水中含有的大量氮、磷以及药品与个人护理用品(PPCPs)等新型有机污染物造成湖泊、河流污染。本研究通过饱和土柱实验,研究零价铁和生物炭两种可渗透反应墙材料对模拟农田退水中的氮、磷和PPCPs(卡马西平、布洛芬、双酚A)的截留效果。结果表明:在1 m L·min~(-1)流速,p H=7,磷初始浓度为11.73 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,生物炭对磷不存在截留作用,而零价铁对磷的截留量为88.7mg·kg~(-1);同样条件,卡马西平、布洛芬、双酚A初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),生物炭对这3种污染物的截留量分别为328.0、99.8、385.4 mg·kg~(-1),分别是零价铁截留量的57.5、66.5和83.8倍。不同可渗透反应墙材料对不同污染物的截留效果不同,在处理实际农田退水时,应考虑多种材料的选择和组合。     

硝态氮与无机磷浓度及其比例对簇生舟形藻生长生理及细胞形态的影响

为探究水体中不同氮、磷营养盐水平对硅藻生长的影响以及硅藻对营养盐污染的指示作用,该研究以簇生舟形藻(Navicula gregaria Donkin)为研究对象,采用不同浓度硝态氮(NO~-_3-N,0.5～500 mg·L~(-1))、无机磷(H_2PO~-_4-P,0.05～25 mg·L~(-1))及氮磷浓度比(5∶1～100∶1)于室内培养13 d,胁迫期间测定分析各处理组簇生舟形藻的生长状况、生理指标及细胞畸形率。结果显示:(1)当NO~-_3-N、H_2PO~-_4-P浓度及氮磷比分别低于50 mg·L~(-1)、1 mg·L~(-1)和50∶1时,簇生舟形藻13 d内的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量和蛋白质含量均随着浓度的增加逐渐升高,藻细胞内的MDA含量及SOD、CAT活性呈现持续下降的趋势;当NO~-_3-N浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、H_2PO~-_4-P浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、氮磷比为50∶1时,簇生舟形藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、蛋白质含量以及比生长速率最高;高浓度NO~-_3-N( 250 mg·L~(-1))、H_2PO~-_4-P( 5 mg·L~(-1))和高氮磷比( 50∶1)处理下,簇生舟形藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、蛋白质含量多显著降低,MDA含量及SOD、CAT活性与其他处理组相比却呈现明显上升趋势。(2)在500 mg·L~(-1)NO~-_3-N和25 mg·L~(-1)H_2PO~-_4-P处理第13天时,分别有8.6%和7.2%藻细胞形态发生畸变,表面不规则,细胞严重变形,细胞中心区域增宽,细胞末端微尖等现象。研究表明,水体中增加适当浓度和比例的氮磷营养盐可以促进簇生舟形藻类的生长和生理活性,但当环境中氮、磷及氮磷比过高时则会抑制簇生舟形藻的主要生理指标,最终影响其在水体中的生长情况甚至导致其生态群落结构发生变化。     

MS培养基不同碳源和矮壮素浓度对马铃薯试管苗农艺性状的影响

选用马铃薯脱毒试管苗(大西洋,滇薯6号),MS培养基碳源(蔗糖,白砂糖)、MS培养基矮壮素浓度(0 mg·L~(-1)、100mg·L~(-1)、150mg·L~(-1)、200mg·L~(-1)、250mg·L~(-1)、300mg·L~(-1))进行3因素完全随机试验,观察处理后各试管苗生长的农艺性状。结果表明:以白砂糖作为碳源的MS培养基比以蔗糖作为碳源的MS培养基有利于大西洋和滇薯6号脱毒试管苗生长。矮壮素浓度为200mg·L~(-1)对马铃薯脱毒试管苗的壮苗效果较好。     

温、光、盐对硅藻STR01生长、总脂、脂肪酸的影响

为了优化新分离STR01的生态培养条件, 采用单因子试验和正交试验研究了不同温度、光照强度、盐度和温、光、盐三因素三水平对该藻的生长、总脂和脂肪酸组成影响。结果表明: 温、光、盐对STR01的生长、总脂和脂肪酸组成影响显著(P<0.05)。生长的适宜温度为15—35℃, 最适25—30℃(K值达0.679—0.682), 总脂含量积累的最适温度是25℃(总脂可达17.23%), 温度20℃时有利于该藻PUFA的积累, 可达34.23%。STR01生长的适宜光照强度为40—120 μmol/(m2·s), 最适光强为60 μmol/(m2·s), 光照强度40 μmol/(m2·s)有利于该藻的PUFA积累, 可达34.29%。STR01生长的适宜盐度为10—35, 最适盐度25, 盐度25时PUFA含量较高(43.42%)。正交试验结果表明温度对STR01的平均相对生长速率和总脂含量影响显著, 生长的最优组合: 温度30℃、光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s)、盐度25, 该组合下的生长速率达0.756; 总脂含量积累的最优组合: 温度30℃、光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s)、盐度20, 该组合下的总脂含量为20.00%。PUFA的最优组合: 温度25℃、光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s)、盐度20, 该组合下PUFA的含量为35.37%。综上所述: 该藻生长迅速, 总脂含量较高, PUFA丰富, 是一种可开发利用的耐高温浮游硅藻。     

氮、磷对缺刻缘绿藻生长、总脂及花生四烯酸积累的影响

本文以缺刻缘绿藻(Parietochloris incisa)为实验材料,研究了其在四种不同氮、磷浓度下的生长、总脂(TL)及花生四烯酸(AA)含量的变化,分析测定了低氮和低磷浓度下脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:在BG-11培养基基础上,氮浓度的改变对缺刻缘绿藻的生物量影响不明显,不同氮浓度下的最终生物量均在2.1 g.L-1左右。在低氮浓度下TL和AA达到最大,分别为33.37%(%干重)和36.63%(%总脂肪酸,TFA),其中AA占藻体干重的11.56%。不同磷浓度对缺刻缘绿藻的生长有显著影响,最终生物量在0.90～2.07 g.L-1之间。TL在8～20 mg.L-1的磷浓度范围内没有明显变化,为28%左右。TL与氮、磷浓度呈显著负相关关系,且低氮有利于AA的积累。     

不同电子受体下铁还原细菌异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)性质及菌群特征

将渤海沉积物进行厌氧培养,富集异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原混合菌群。在不同电子受体下,分析铁还原菌群异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)性质。以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为电子受体培养体系,在培养12 h时,累积Fe(Ⅱ)浓度分别为(100.67±0.75)和(53.24±3.63)mg·L~(-1);当培养60h时,累积Fe(Ⅱ)浓度达到(118.95±1.47)和(119.74±3.96)mg·L~(-1)。这表明可溶性与不可溶性电子受体能够显著影响细菌异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程,而对累积Fe(Ⅲ)还原量影响不明显。通过高通量测序技术,分析不同电子受体下的异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原混合菌群多样性与优势菌组成。菌群多样性分析表明,以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为电子受体时,菌群多样性Shannon指数分别是3.40和3.11,较对照组(Shannon指数2.07)高,表明培养体系中加入Fe(Ⅲ)能显著提高铁还原混合菌群多样性。异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原混合菌群在不同电子受体下优势菌主要是Clostridium_sensu_stricto和Romboutsia,属于梭菌目Clostridiales,这表明梭菌是参与Fe(Ⅲ)还原的优势菌。     

松嫩草地80种草本植物叶片氮磷化学计量特征

以松嫩草地常见草本植物为研究对象, 分析了各生活型和功能群叶片氮磷化学计量特征。结果显示: 松嫩草地80种草本植物的叶片氮、磷质量浓度分别为(24.2 ± 0.96) mg·g ^-1和(2.0 ± 0.10) mg·g ^-1, 面积浓度分别为(13.0 ± 0.54) mg·cm ^-2和(1.0 ± 0.05) mg·cm ^-2, 氮磷比为13.0 ± 0.39, 氮磷比与叶片磷质量浓度、叶片氮、磷面积浓度有显著相关关系; 松嫩草地植物生长受到氮限制。一年生植物叶片氮、磷质量浓度和变异系数高于其他生活型, 各生活型之间氮面积浓度和氮磷比差异不显著。豆科植物叶片氮的质量浓度、面积浓度和氮磷比高于其他功能群。在不同生活型或功能群之间, 植物叶片磷的面积浓度差异不显著, 都在1.0 mg·cm ^-2左右; 适当地增加群落中豆科植物的比例, 可能有助于提高松嫩草地产量和质量。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic, and antibacterial activity of tetraazamacrocyclic complexes of trivalent chromium,manganese, and iron

A new series of macrocyclic complexes of type [M(TML)X]X₂, where M = Cr(III), Mn(III), or Fe(III), TML is tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, and X = Cl^?, NO₃^?, CH₃COO^? for Cr(III), Fe(III) and X = CH₃COO^? for Mn (III), has been synthesized by condensation of benzil and succinyldihydrazide in the presence of metal salt. The complexes have been so formulated due to the 1:2 electrolytic nature of these complexes as shown by conductivity measurements. The complexes have been characterized with the help of various physicochemical techniques such as elemental analysis, molar conductance, electronic and infrared spectral studies, and magnetic susceptibility. On the basis of these studies, a five-coordinate distorted square pyramidal geometry, in which two nitrogens and two carbonyl oxygen atoms are suitably placed for coordination toward the metal ion, has been proposed for all the complexes. The complexes have been tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Some of the complexes show remarkable antibacterial activities against some selected bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations shown by these complexes have been compared with those shown by some standard antibiotics such as linezolid and cefaclor.