中国鲤形目鱼类的中轴骨骼数及其生态适应性

为探讨中国鲤形目鱼类中轴骨骼数及其与系统发育和生态习性的相关性,采用X光透视照相法对157种鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鳅科(Cobitidae)、平鳍鳅科(Balitoridae)鱼类的脊椎骨数、肋骨数、尾椎数进行了比较分析。结果显示,中国鲤形目鱼类的脊椎骨数在30-52枚之间,均值39.45?4.44;肋骨数在8-28对之间,均值15.27?3.08;尾椎数在14-34枚之间,均值21.08?2.89。依据脊椎骨数、肋骨数、尾椎数对鲤科各亚科进行聚类,显示鲤科12个亚科分为2大类：雅罗鱼类,包括雅罗鱼亚科、鲌亚科、鲴亚科、裂腹鱼亚科等4亚科;鲃类,包括鲢亚科、鮈亚科、鱼丹亚科、鲃亚科、野鲮亚科、鳅鮀亚科、鲤亚科、鱊亚科等8亚科。单因素方差分析显示,鲤科肉食性鱼类的肋骨数与脊椎骨数的比值显著少于植食性鱼类(P＜0.05),而脊椎骨数、尾椎数则显著多于植食性鱼类(P＜0.05)。中上层鱼类的脊椎骨数、尾椎数显著多于下层鱼类(P＜0.05)。极小型鱼类的脊椎骨数、肋骨数,以及肋骨数与脊椎骨数之比显著少于大型鱼类(P＜0.05)。表明鲤科鱼类的中轴骨骼数与其系统发育和生态习性及体型具有明显的相关性。     

中国鲤形目鱼类的脊椎骨数及其生态适应性

为探讨中国鲤形目鱼类脊椎骨数及其与系统发育和生态习性的相关性,采用X光透视照相法对鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鳅科(Cobitidae)、爬鳅科(Balitoridae)鱼类共157种的脊椎骨数、肋骨数和尾椎数进行了比较分析。结果显示,中国鲤形目鱼类的脊椎骨数30~52枚,均值39.5±4.4;肋骨数8~28对,均值15.3±3.1;尾椎数14~34枚,均值21.1±2.9。依据脊椎骨数、肋骨数、尾椎数对鲤科各亚科进行聚类,显示鲤科12个亚科可归为2大类:Ⅰ类包括雅罗鱼亚科、鲌亚科、鲴亚科、裂腹鱼亚科4亚科;Ⅱ类包括鲢亚科、亚科、亚科、鲃亚科、野鲮亚科、鳅亚科、鲤亚科、亚科8亚科。对鲤科89种所作的单因素方差分析显示,肉食性鱼类的肋骨数与脊椎骨数的比值显著小于植食性鱼类(P0.05),而脊椎骨数、尾椎数则显著多于植食性鱼类(P0.05)。中上层鱼类的脊椎骨数、尾椎数显著多于下层鱼类(P0.05)。极小型鱼类的脊椎骨数、肋骨数以及肋骨数与脊椎骨数之比显著少于或小于大型鱼类(P0.05)。表明鲤科鱼类的脊椎骨数与其生态习性及体型具有明显的相关性。     

基于细胞色素b基因序列的鲤科鱼类系统发育研究(鱼纲: 鲤形目)

鲤科是鱼类最大的科, 在中国淡水鱼类组成中鲤科鱼类的成分占一半以上. 鲤科鱼类的演化过程代表了东亚淡水鱼类的整体演化过程. 为探讨东亚鲤科鱼类系统发育关系, 共分析了包括18种新测序列在内的54种鲤科鱼类细胞色素b基因的全序列. 分析的物种涵盖了鲤科鱼类的12个亚科并对问题较多的亚科(Danioninae)和雅罗鱼亚科(Leuciscinae)进行了广泛的采样. 系统发育树的建立使用了多种方法, 包括邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法. 亚口鱼科(Catostomidae)的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)被指定为外类群, 3种方法所得结果非常相似, 并支持一些亚科的单系性, 如鲌亚科(Cultrinae)、鯝亚科(Xenocyprinae)、鮈亚科(Gobioninae)(包括鳅鮀亚科Gobiobotinae). 从分子水平上证明亚科不是一个单系类群, 雅罗鱼亚科被分为两个互不相关的类群; 东亚雅罗鱼群与鲌亚科和鯝亚科形成一单系类群; 而欧洲、西伯利亚、北美的雅罗鱼形成另一个单系群. Howes所定义的鲤亚科在NJ树和ML树中得到有力的支持并位于系统树的基部. 高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)代表的鳑鲏亚科的系统位置没有得到解决. 显示鲤科鱼类可分为3个大的类群并与其3个进化阶段相对应: 老第三纪类群包含亚科的东南亚种类和Howes的鲤亚科; 北方冷水性类群包含北方雅罗鱼、鮈亚科和鳑鲏; 东亚类群包含鲌亚科、鯝亚科、雅罗鱼东亚种类和亚科东亚种类. 老第三纪类群代表鲤科鱼类的原始阶段, 北方冷水性类群对应于鲤科鱼类对全球变冷的反应, 而东亚类群则显示青藏高原急剧隆升后, 在东亚季风气候条件下鲤科鱼类的大量分化.     

异华鲮属鱼类口唇及其相关结构形态学的研究

异华鲮属鱼类为我国特有的小型流水性鲤科鱼类,分布于长江和珠江中下游水系,具有独特的口唇及其相关结构,隶属于野鲮亚科。多样化的口唇及其相关结构是野鲮亚科与鲤科其他类群的分歧所在,也是其属级单元分类的主要依据。但是野鲮亚科鱼类口唇及其相关结构的多态现象成为其类群相关关系分析的难题。因此,异华鲮属鱼类以往被认为与不同的类种有密切的关系。本文和比较形态学方法,对异华鲮属鱼类口唇及其相关结构的特征进行了研究     

鲈鱼寄生逆转指环虫的分类地位

采用单个虫体PCR扩增、序列测定与分析的方法,对寄生于鲈鱼及鲤科鱼类的4种指环虫的核糖体28SrRNA基因5'端部分序列和内转录间隔区1(ITS1)进行了研究,并采用PAUP软件中的最大简约法(most parsimo-ny,MP)和邻接法(neighborjoining,NJ)构建了28S rDNA分子系统树.结果显示,逆转指环虫明显地嵌合于其它3种指环虫之间,不宜将其从指环虫属中移出另立似小突虫属,从而进一步明确了逆转指环虫的分类地位.     

额尔齐斯河流域湖拟鲤寄生指环虫——中国分布新记录种十字花指环虫

2021年7月在额尔齐斯河哈巴河河段于湖拟鲤（Rutilus rutilus lacustris）鳃部发现有指环虫寄生。进行形态比较,发现其形态与国内记载寄生于湖拟鲤的指环虫差异明显：本研究采集虫体的交接管基部膨大呈“8”字形,随后管径均匀,延伸呈弯曲状,形似“6”形;中央大钩内突长超过外突长,背连接片呈“一”字型且中部弯曲,腹联结片呈蝶形。与已报道指环虫形态数据比较,本研究采集的虫体偏小,其后吸器与Dactylogyruscaballeroi的形态最为接近,但交接器不同;与其余指环虫相比,十字花指环虫（D. crucifer）的腹联结片呈蝶形,而极小指环虫（D. rarissimus）呈倒“T”字型,湖拟鲤指环虫（D.rutili）呈“十”字型,双髻指环虫（D.sphyrna）和维氏指环虫（D.vistulae）没有腹联结片。在背联结片形态中,十字花指环虫（D.crucifer）呈现“一”字型,而维氏指环虫呈“V”字型。本研究所采集的虫体结构特征明显不同于国内已记载寄生在湖拟鲤上的双髻指环虫、维氏指环虫和湖拟鲤指环虫,而与俄罗斯记载的寄生于湖拟鲤鳃部的十字花指环虫形态高度相似。28S...     

浅议《中国动物志：硬骨鱼纲.鲤形目》(中卷)

《中国动物志:硬骨鱼纲鲤形目》(中卷),陈宜瑜等编著,科学出版社.1998年出版。本卷包括鲤科的、雅罗鱼、、鲴、鲢、、鳅及8亚科,记述达260种和20个亚种;待下卷鲤、、裂腹鱼及野鲮4亚科出版后将达532种,这比我们的师辈王以康编的《鱼类分类学》,1958、张春霖写的《中国系统鲤类志》,1959种数都多。现把个人一些粗浅的不同看法敬书于后,谨供本卷著者和对鱼类学有兴趣的师友们参考评论和指正。1　鱼类分布方面自然地理分布是鱼类分类学的重要内容之一。写各属种的分布时,如有人为的(如引种移殖的)分布区,常予写明,以免混淆。如日本…     

长江中游鱼类单殖吸虫寄生于鯿鲌亚科的指环虫

鳊鲌亚科(Abramidinae)在我国分布广泛,是土著食用鱼类,颇有经济价值。自1961年以来,我们先后检查了产自湖北(武汉市郊野芷湖,武昌、咸宁、蒲圻、嘉鱼四县之间的西涼斧头湖,嘉鱼县三湖连江和所在的长江地段)的12种鳊鲌鱼类,共获指环虫44种。本文报告寄生于11种鳊鲌鱼类鳃上指环虫42种和一种鳊镰爪虫(寄生于似鱎鳃上的种类     

用mtDNA 12S rRNA序列变异检验鲤形目鱼类系统发育关系

通过对鲤形目鱼类5个科的代表类群的完整线粒体12S rRNA进行测序和分析,以检验目前的形态学假说。经序列比对后,有1000个位点,其中467个位点在茎区,533个在环区;有395个位点为变化位点,其中267个为系统发育信息位点。采用邻接法和最大简约法进行了系统发育分析,其结果支持鲤科鱼类成为一个单系群,非鲤科的鲤形目鱼类成为另一个单系群的观点,这与Siebert提出的假说相一致。鲤科鱼类包含3个主要的分支,即鱼丹系、鲤系和雅罗鱼系;但在非鲤科鲤形目鱼类中,其关系不能得到很好的解决,其中鳅科是复系,平鳍鳅科、条鳅亚科和花鳅亚科可能有较近的亲缘关系。     

淡水主要养殖鱼类寄生指环虫的鉴别

近年来,据郎所(1958,1960)、陈启鎏(1962)、吴宝华(1963)等氏的报告,均证实在我国淡水鱼类的寄生虫区系组成中,单殖吸虫占着很突出的地位。单殖吸虫中又以指环虫属Dactylogyrus最丰富,并已知其中有不少种类是导致幼鱼大量死亡的病原体。因此,了解我国淡水主要养殖鱼类(青,草,鲢,鳙,鲤,鲫,鳊,鲂等)寄生指环虫的鉴别特征和方法,对鱼类单殖吸虫病的防治,具有一定的意义。故以浅知写成本文,供初学者和鱼病普查工作者参考。     

Molecular phylogeny of congeneric monogenean parasites (Dactylogyrus): a case of intrahost speciation

Dactylogyrus species (Dactylogyridae: Monogenea) are a group of monogenean gill parasites that are highly specific to freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae. Dactylogyrus species were sampled from 19 cyprinids and one percid collected in Europe. Using partial 18S rDNA and ITS1 sequences, a phylogeny of 51 Dactylogyrus species was reconstructed to investigate the patterns of parasite speciation and diversification. Three main Dactylogyrus lineages were recognized from all phylogenetic trees, that is, analysis of 18S rDNA alone and combined 18SrDNA and ITS1. The first lineage associates the Dactylogyrus species of Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus of the Cyprininae; the second associates Dactylogyrus species of the Gobioninae, Pseudorasbora parva of the Rasborinae, and Ctenopharyngodon idella of the Cyprininae; and the third associates Dactylogyrus species of the Leuciscinae and Alburninae and Barbus barbus of the Cyprininae. Our results suggest that the genus Dactylogyrus is of quite recent origin and that these three lineages separated from each other in a very short period of time. Host subfamily mapping onto the parasite tree inferred from analysis of the combined dataset showed that the Cyprininae could be plesiomorphic hosts for Dactylogyrus. Dactylogyrus parasites would have secondarily colonized the Percidae and representatives of the Leuciscinae, Alburninae, Gobioninae, and Rasborinae. Comparison of host and parasite phylogenetic relationships indicated that a very high number of parasite duplications occurred within two of the three Dactylogyrus lineages. Dactylogyrus diversification can be mainly explained by sympatric intrahost speciation events that seem to be correlated to strict host specificity. Moreover, the present study shows that the congeneric parasites speciating within one host tend to occupy niches within hosts differing at least in one niche parameter.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) inferred from the partial <Emphasis Type="Italic">S6K1</Emphasis> gene sequences and implication of indel sites in intron 1

The family Cyprinidae is widely distributed in East Asia, and has the important phylogenetic significance in the fish evolution. In this study, the 5′ end partial sequences (containing exon 1, exon 2 and indel 1) of S6K1 gene were obtained from 30 representative species in Cyprinidae and outgroup using PCR amplification and sequencing. The phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae were reconstructed with neighbor joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian methods. Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Catostomidae) was assigned to the outgroup taxon. Similar phylogenetic relationships within the family Cyprinidae were achieved with the four analyses. Leuciscini and Barbini were monophyletic lineages respectively with the high nodal supports. Leuciscini comprises Hypophthalmichthyinae, Xenocyprinae, Cultrinae, Gobioninae, Acheilognathinae and East Asian species of Leuciscinae and Danioninae. Monophyly of East Asian clade was supported with high nodal support. Barbini comprises Schizothoracinae, Barbinae, Cyprininae and Labeoninae. The monophyletic lineage consisting of Danio rerio, D. myersi, and Rasbora trilineata was basal in the tree. In addition, the large fragment indels in intron 1 were analyzed to improve the understanding of Cyprinidae relationships. The results showed that the large fragment indels were correlated with the relations among species. Some conserved regions in intron 1 were thought to be involved in the functional regulation. However, no correlation was found between sequence variations and species characteristic size.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) inferred from the partial S6K1 gene sequences and implication of indel sites in intron 1

The family Cyprinidae is widely distributed in East Asia, and has the important phylogenetic signifi- cance in the fish evolution. In this study, the 5′ end partial sequences (containing exon 1, exon 2 and indel 1) of S6K1 gene were obtained from 30 representative species in Cyprinidae and outgroup using PCR amplification and sequencing. The phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae were reconstructed with neighbor joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian meth- ods. Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Catostomidae) was assigned to the outgroup taxon. Similar phylogenetic relationships within the family Cyprinidae were achieved with the four analyses. Leuciscini and Barbini were monophyletic lineages respectively with the high nodal supports. Leuciscini comprises Hy- pophthalmichthyinae, Xenocyprinae, Cultrinae, Gobioninae, Acheilognathinae and East Asian species of Leuciscinae and Danioninae. Monophyly of East Asian clade was supported with high nodal support. Barbini comprises Schizothoracinae, Barbinae, Cyprininae and Labeoninae. The monophyletic lineage consisting of Danio rerio, D. myersi, and Rasbora trilineata was basal in the tree. In addition, the large fragment indels in intron 1 were analyzed to improve the understanding of Cyprinidae relationships. The results showed that the large fragment indels were correlated with the relations among species. Some conserved regions in intron 1 were thought to be involved in the functional regulation. However, no correlation was found between sequence variations and species characteristic size.     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Eastern Asian Cyprinidae (Pisces: Cypriniformes) inferred from cytochrome b sequences

Cyprinidae, the largest fish family, comprises ap-proximately 210 recognized genera and 2010 species that are distributed widely in Eurasia, East Indian Is-land, Africa, and North America[1]. Species richness of this family is the greatest in East Asia, for example, China has 122 genera and more than 600 species. It is difficult to build a comprehensive phylogeny of Cy-prinidae due to the large number of genera and species. The classification of this family has been subject to revisions an…     

Specificity and specialization of congeneric monogeneans parasitizing cyprinid fish

Patterns and likely processes connected with evolution of host specificity in congeneric monogeneans parasitizing fish species of the Cyprinidae were investigated. A total of 51 Dactylogyrus species was included. We investigated (1) the link between host specificity and parasite phylogeny; (2) the morphometric correlates of host specificity, parasite body size, and variables of attachment organs important for host specificity; (3) the evolution of morphological adaptation, that is, attachment organ; (4) the determinants of host specificity following the hypothesis of specialization on more predictable resources considering maximal body size, maximal longevity, and abundance as measures of host predictability; and (5) the potential link between host specificity and parasite diversification. Host specificity, expressed as an index of host specificity including phylogenetic and taxonomic relatedness of hosts, was partially associated with parasite phylogeny, but no significant contribution of host phylogeny was found. The mapping of host specificity into the phylogenetic tree suggests that being specialist is not a derived condition for Dactylogyrus species. The different morphometric traits of the attachment apparatus seem to be selected in connection with specialization of specialist parasites and other traits favored as adaptations in generalist parasites. Parasites widespread on several host species reach higher abundance within hosts, which supports the hypothesis of ecological specialization. When separating specialists and generalists, we confirmed the hypothesis of specialization on a predictable resource; that is, specialists with larger anchors tend to live on fish species with larger body size and greater longevity, which could be also interpreted as a mechanism for optimizing morphological adaptation. We demonstrated that ecology of host species could also be recognized as an important determinant of host specificity. The mapping of morphological characters of the attachment organ onto the parasite phylogenetic tree reveals that morphological evolution of the attachment organ is connected with host specificity in the context of fish relatedness, especially at the level of host subfamilies. Finally, we did not find that host specificity leads to parasite diversification in congeneric monogeneans.     

Molecular evidence for the monophyly of East Asian groups of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) derived from the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 sequences

The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest families of fishes in the world and a well-known component of the East Asian freshwater fish fauna. However, the phylogenetic relationships among cyprinids are still poorly understood despite much effort paid on the cyprinid molecular phylogenetics. Original nucleotide sequence data of the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 were collected from 109 cyprinid species and four non-cyprinid cypriniform outgroup taxa and used to infer the cyprinid phylogenetic relationships and to estimate node divergence times. Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis retrieved the same clades, only branching order within these clades varied slightly between trees. Although the morphological diversity is remarkable, the endemic cyprinid taxa in East Asia emerged as a monophyletic clade referred to as Xenocypridini. The monophyly for the subfamilies including Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, as well as the tribes including Labeonini, Gobionini, Acheilognathini, and Leuciscini, was also well resolved with high nodal support. Analysis of the RAG2 gene supported the following cyprinid molecular phylogeny: the Danioninae is the most basal subfamily within the family Cyprinidae and the Cyprininae is the sister group of the Leuciscinae. The divergence times were estimated for the nodes corresponding to the principal clades within the Cyprinidae. The family Cyprinidae appears to have originated in the mid-Eocene in Asia, with the cladogenic event of the key basal group Danioninae occurring in the early Oligocene (about 31-30 MYA), and the origins of the two subfamilies, Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, occurring in the mid-Oligocene (around 26 MYA).     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Eastern Asian Cyprinidae (Pisces: Cypriniformes) inferred from cytochrome <Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis> sequences

Complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of 54 species, including 18 newly sequenced, were analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationships within the family Cyprinidae in East Asia. Phylogenetic trees were generated using various tree-building methods, including Neighbor-joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods, with Myxocyprinus asiaticus (family Catostomidae) as the designated outgroup. The results from NJ and ML methods were mostly similar, supporting some existing subfamilies within Cyprinidae as monophyletic, such as Cultrinae, Xenocyprinae and Gobioninae (including Gobiobotinae). However, genera within the subfamily “Danioninae” did not form a monophyletic group. The subfamily Leuciscinae was divided into two unrelated groups: the “Leuciscinae” in East Asia forming as a monophyletic group together with Cultrinae and Xenocyprinae, while the Leuciscinae in Europe, Siberia, and North America as another monophyletic group. The monophyly of subfamily Cyprininae sensu Howes was supported by NJ and ML trees and is basal in the tree. The position of Acheilognathinae, a widely accepted monophyletic group represented by Rhodeus sericeus, was not resolved.     

Cyprinid phylogeny based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data: implications for Cyprinidae systematics

Cyprinidae is the biggest family of freshwater fish, but the phylogenetic relationships among its higher-level taxa are not yet fully resolved. In this study, we used the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 and the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes to reconstruct cyprinid phylogeny. Our aims were to (i) demonstrate the effects of partitioned phylogenetic analyses on phylogeny reconstruction of cyprinid fishes; (ii) provide new insights into the phylogeny of cyprinids. Our study indicated that unpartitioned strategy was optimal for our analyses; partitioned analyses did not provide better-resolved or -supported estimates of cyprinid phylogeny. Bayesian analyses support the following relationships among the major monophyletic groups within Cyprinidae: (Cyprininae, Labeoninae), ((Acheilognathinae, ((Leuciscinae, Tincinae), Gobioninae)), Xenocyprininae). The placement of Danioninae was poorly resolved. Estimates of divergence dates within the family showed that radiation of the major cyprinid groups occurred during the Late Oligocene through the Late Miocene. Our phylogenetic analyses improved our understanding of the evolutionary history of this important fish family.     

Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family

The family Cyprinidae is the largest freshwater fish group in the world, including over 200 genera and 2100 species. The phylogenetic relationships of major clades within this family are simply poorly understood, largely because of the overwhelming diversity of the group; however, several investigators have advanced different hypotheses of relationships that pre- and post-date the use of shared-derived characters as advocated through phylogenetic systematics. As expected, most previous investigations used morphological characters. Recently, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and combined morphological and mtDNA investigations have been used to explore and advance our understanding of species relationships and test monophyletic groupings. Limitations of these studies include limited taxon sampling and a strict reliance upon maternally inherited mtDNA variation. The present study is the first endeavor to recover the phylogenetic relationships of the 12 previously recognized monophyletic subfamilies within the Cyprinidae using newly sequenced nuclear DNA (nDNA) for over 50 species representing members of the different previously hypothesized subfamily and family groupings within the Cyprinidae and from other cypriniform families as outgroup taxa. Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships are constructed using maximum parsimony and Basyesian analyses of 1042 sites, of which 971 sites were variable and 790 were phylogenetically informative. Using other appropriate cypriniform taxa of the families Catostomidae (Myxocyprinus asiaticus), Gyrinocheilidae (Gyrinocheilus aymonieri), and Balitoridae (Nemacheilus sp. and Beaufortia kweichowensis) as outgroups, the Cyprinidae is resolved as a monophyletic group. Within the family the genera Raiamas, Barilius, Danio, and Rasbora, representing many of the tropical cyprinids, represent basal members of the family. All other species can be classified into variably supported and resolved monophyletic lineages, depending upon analysis, that are consistent with or correspond to Barbini and Leuciscini. The Barbini includes taxa traditionally aligned with the subfamily Cyprininae sensu previous morphological revisionary studies by Howes (Barbinae, Labeoninae, Cyprininae and Schizothoracinae). The Leuciscini includes six other subfamilies that are mainly divided into three separate lineages. The relationships among genera and subfamilies are discussed as well as the possible origins of major lineages.