靶向UL27shRNA抑制Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒在HEK293细胞中的复制

按照shRNA(small hairpin RNA)设计原则,针对Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2)的UL27基因序列保守区域筛选设计、合成4条干扰靶序列并构建表达UL27序列特异性siRNA(short interfering RNA)的质粒载体pGPU6/GFP/Neo．通过脂质体介导重组表达载体转染HEK293细胞 (human embryonic kidney 293 cell)再接种HSV-2．采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR)技术检测UL27各组的mRNA转录水平,终点滴定法检测细胞上清液中的病毒滴度,四甲基偶氮唑盐(four methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT)法测定细胞存活率,Western印迹法检测蛋白表达效果．结果显示,UL27shRNA75组对UL27基因mRNA表达抑制效果最佳,同时能显著抑制感染细胞的CPE(cytopathic effect, CPE),降低上清液中的病毒感染滴度,提高细胞的生存率,抑制UL27基因的蛋白表达．提示本研究构建的pGPU6/GFP/Neo-UL27表达载体能在细胞水平上不同程度地干扰HSV-2 UL27基因表达,抑制HSV-2在HEK293细胞中复制．     

Kozak序列+4G提高绿色荧光蛋白在HEK293细胞中的表达

构建含不同Kozak序列的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因真核表达载体, 并检测它们在HEK293细胞中的表达差异。 通过设计突变的PCR引物改变目的基因GFP的Kozak序列, +4 位碱基分别为A和G, 且不改变氨基酸编码, 将PCR扩增的GFP片段与载体pcDNA3.1进行酶切、连接、转化、鉴定。成功构建的pHGFP-A, pHGFP-G质粒采用脂质体法转染HEK293细胞, 荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光表达, 流式细胞术检测目的蛋白GFP的荧光表达阳性率, Western blot检测目的蛋白GFP的表达。构建的两质粒均能有效转染 HEK293细胞, 其中流式细胞术分析显示: pHGFP-A组GFP阳性率约为15%, pHGFP-G组GFP阳性率约为45%; Western blot 显示pHGFP-G的GFP表达量约为pHGFP-A的GFP表达量3.87倍。结果表明, Kozak序列+4G(?3位为嘌呤碱基时)在蛋白表达中发挥重要作用, 可以使绿色荧光蛋白GFP在HEK293细胞中的表达量提高约4倍。     

Kozak序列+4G提高绿色荧光蛋白在HEK293细胞中的表达

构建含不同Kozak序列的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因真核表达载体, 并检测它们在HEK293细胞中的表达差异。 通过设计突变的PCR引物改变目的基因GFP的Kozak序列, +4 位碱基分别为A和G, 且不改变氨基酸编码, 将PCR扩增的GFP片段与载体pcDNA3.1进行酶切、连接、转化、鉴定。成功构建的pHGFP-A, pHGFP-G质粒采用脂质体法转染HEK293细胞, 荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光表达, 流式细胞术检测目的蛋白GFP的荧光表达阳性率, Western blot检测目的蛋白GFP的表达。构建的两质粒均能有效转染 HEK293细胞, 其中流式细胞术分析显示: pHGFP-A组GFP阳性率约为15%, pHGFP-G组GFP阳性率约为45%; Western blot 显示pHGFP-G的GFP表达量约为pHGFP-A的GFP表达量3.87倍。结果表明, Kozak序列+4G(?3位为嘌呤碱基时)在蛋白表达中发挥重要作用, 可以使绿色荧光蛋白GFP在HEK293细胞中的表达量提高约4倍。     

siRNA介导多药耐药相关蛋白(MRP1)的表达沉默

利用pSIREN-RetroQ载体构建了3个沉默多药耐药相关蛋白（MRP1）基因表达质粒pSI REN-siRNAs.并通过限制性内切酶酶切鉴定和DNA测序鉴定,将截断MRP和全长MRP1 cDNA分别克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-N2和pcDNA3.1中,产生了pEGFP-MRP1T和pcDNA-MRP1表达质粒．质粒pEGFP-MRP1T分别与3个pSIREN-siRNAs共转染HEK293细胞沉默MRP1T-GFP靶基因,pSIREN-siRNA1作为阴性对照.荧光显微镜下显示结果表明,与pSIREN-siRNA1相比,pSIREN-siRNA2和pSIREN-siRNA3产生的siRNA能够有效沉默MRP1T-GFP融合蛋白的表达．为了沉默全长MRP1基因的表达,pcDNA-MRP1分别与3个pSIREN-siRNAs共转染HEK293细胞．Western印迹和MTT分析表明,pSIREN-siRNA2和pSIREN- siRNA3能有效抑制190 kD MRP1在HEK293细胞中的表达,而pSIREN-siRNA1则不能．pSIREN-siRNA2和pSIREN-siRNA3能逆转MRP1转染HEK293细胞产生的多药耐药性．RNA二级结构预测结果分析表明,siRNA1靶序列mRNA局部自由能热动力参数ΔG低于siRNA2和siRNA3靶序列mRNA局部自由能热动力参数,siRNA1的GC含量和Tm值高于siRNA2和siRNA3．这些数据提示,siRNA和局部靶结构可能影响siRNA对MRP1 mRNA表达的沉默作用．     

RNA干扰技术抑制内源性绿色荧光蛋白的表达

目的建立稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的细胞株;构建短发夹RNA(shRNA)表达质粒并观察其对内源性GFP的抑制作用。方法转染pEGFP-N1至HepG2细胞,利用G418筛选获得稳定表达GFP的细胞株(HepG2.GFP);设计合成针对GFP基因的siRNA对应的DNA片段,插入转录载体pTZU6 1,构建shRNA表达载体pSHGFP,转染HepG2.GFP,荧光显微镜观察细胞荧光强度,以western blot检测GFP蛋白水平,以RT-PCR检测mRNA水平。结果利用PCR方法从HepG2.GFP细胞基因组DNA中检测到GFP基因;pSHGFP能够显著抑制该细胞中GFP的表达。结论GFP基因成功整合至HepG2细胞基因组中,pSHGFP能够显著抑制内源性GFP的表达,该系统能够用于RNA干扰机制等研究中。     

siRNA抑制HIV-1基因表达的研究

RNA干扰(RNAinterfering,RNAi)现象是动植物体内的一种序列特异性的、转录后基因沉默的过程.在哺乳动物细胞中,19～25个核苷酸长短的双链siRNA(smallinterferingRNA)可有效地抑制基因表达.利用pBS/H1SP载体,它表达的双链RNA的转录产物可以用来抑制特异性HIV-1基因的表达.在siRNA实验中,为了比较由H1启动子转录的siRNA在细胞内的作用,使用以绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)为报告基因的载体——pEGFP-C1质粒,在荧光显微镜下,很容易地看到EGFP在细胞中表达.将HIV-1siRNA表达载体与表达相应EGFP-HIV融合基因的质粒,共转染人胚肾293细胞,结果表明,和对照质控载体相比,转染了pHIV-siRNA质粒的细胞中EGFP-HIV的表达得到显著抑制.通过该途径,筛选出能抑制HIV-1基因表达的有效siRNA.此外,还在同一载体上表达两种或三种siRNA,分别针对不同的HIV基因,获得了良好的抑制效果.     

USP22基因克隆及其融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建

目的克隆人类泛素水解酶22（ubiquitin—specific processing enzyme22,USP22）基因,构建与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的真核载体。方法利用RT—PCR技术以HeLa细胞总RNA为模板分别扩增USP22基因cDNA序列两片段,依次插入真核表达载体pEGFP—N1;重组质粒转染HEK293T细胞,观察融合蛋白表达及绿色荧光的分布。结果测序结果显示USP22序列与GenBank收录数据一致,酶切显示重组质粒pEG—FP—USP22构建无误,质粒转染后有80％左右HEK293T细胞表达绿色荧光,且在胞质与胞核中广泛分布。结论成功克隆USP22基因并构建与GFP融合表达的真核载体,为进一步深入研究USP22基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

利用载体介导小干扰RNA诱导RSRC1基因沉默

目的：设计并构建人RSRC1基因小干扰RNA（siRNA）的真核表达载体,并观察其沉默效果。方法：以人RSRC1基因的cDNA序列为靶标,设计含有小发卡结构的2条寡核苷酸序列,并将其克隆到siRNA表达载体pSliencer2.1-U6neo上,转化大肠杆菌DH5α菌株,抽提质粒,测序正确后将重组质粒转染人胚肾293T细胞,通过Western blot和荧光分析检测其抑制效果。结果：重组体测序成功后,Western blot分析证明构建的siRNA能有效抑制外源性及内源性RSRC1表达;将siRNA重组质粒和带GFP标签的RSRC1共转染293T细胞,荧光显微镜下GFP的亮度明显减弱。结论：获得了2条人RSRC1siRNA真核表达载体,均能有效地抑制RSRC1基因表达。     

siRNA表达载体稳定沉默肺癌A549细胞MEKK3基因的细胞株建立

目的构建人MEKK3基因的小干扰RNA（siRNA）表达载体并建立稳定沉默MEKK3基因表达的肺癌A549细胞克隆株。方法设计并合成针对人MEKK3基因4个不同部位siRNA靶点的模板DNA序列,以BamHI及Hindm酶切位点分别克隆入pSilencer4．1-CMVhygro载体,测序鉴定后以脂质体分别转染入A549细胞,Western印迹检测它们对MEKK3表达的抑制,并选择抑制效率最高的表达载体转染入A549细胞,潮霉素筛选后获得含该载体的抗性细胞克隆株,荧光实时定量PCR检测该细胞克隆株中MEKK3表达抑制。结果测序鉴定表明4个MEKK3siRNA表达载体正确无误;Western印迹结果显示对MEKK3的表达有抑制作用,其中pSilencer4．1-MEKK3siRNA2的抑制率达84％;荧光实时定量PCR结果表明,pSilencer4．1-MEKK3siRNA2可稳定沉默MEKK3mRNA的表达,有效率达83％。结论成功地构建了针对人MEKK3基因的siRNA表达载体,并成功地建立了能高效且稳定地沉默MEKK3基因表达的肺癌A549细胞克隆株。     

基于逆转录病毒载体的外源基因表达系统的评价和应用

逆转录病毒表达系统是基因治疗研究和RNA干扰技术广泛采用的外源基因表达系统。文中以增强型绿色荧光蛋白 (EGFP) 基因的表达水平和稳定性为指标,比较逆转录病毒表达载体pQCXIN和pcDNA3.1(+) 表达质粒介导的外源基因在HEK293细胞和CHO-K1细胞的表达效率。病毒感染HEK293细胞和CHO-K1细胞的相对荧光强度 (Relative fluorescence intensity,RFI) 均约为对应的质粒转染细胞的2倍。多轮反复感染逆转录病毒表达载体能有效提高HEK293细胞表达EGFP的效率。HEK293细胞经4轮病毒感染后的RFI值较1次病毒感染HEK293细胞的RFI值约提高2倍。此外,逆转录病毒表达载体介导的外源基因表达的稳定性优于质粒转染的外源基因表达。采用携带人重组活性蛋白C (Recombinant human activated protein C,rhAPC) 基因的pQCXIN和HEK293细胞进一步验证了逆转录病毒载体介导的外源基因表达效率,构建了rhAPC表达水平为10~15 mg/(106 cells·d) 的HEK293细胞系。研究结果表明,逆转录病毒表达系统是有应用价值的介导外源基因在哺乳动物细胞高效表达的技术途径。     

A simple and visualized method to screen for effective siRNAs by using green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a reporter

To screen for effective small interference RNA (siRNA), a simple and visualized method was developed using the green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a reporter. Candidate siRNAs targeting macrophage migration inhibition factor genes (MIF) were identified. By using the pEGFP-N3 vector, the MIF-GFP expression plasmid, pEGFP-MIF, was constructed with the same Kozak con-sensus translation initiation site and start code ATG for the MIF-EGFP coding sequence. Based on the siRNA expression vector pSilencer-4,1,3 candidate MIF siRNA expression plasmids were constructed and co-transfected with the pEGFP-MIF into the H EK293 cells, respectively. The GFP expression in HEK293 cells could be viewed by fluorescence microscopy and the MIF mRNA expressions were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The 3 candidate MIF siRNA expression plasmids were also co-transfected with the MIF expression plasmid into the HEK293 cells, respectively, and the MIF mRNA expres-sions were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The results show that the down-regulated expression of the MIF mRNA was consistent with the GFP expression and the same effective MIF siRNAs were screened by using the pEGFP-MIF or MIF expression plasmid with the candidate MIF siRNAs expression plasmids. Therefore, by using the GFP as a reporter, a useful method was provided to screen for effective siRNAs tar-geting specific genes co-expressed with the GFP. This may be a good strategy for screening for effective siRNAs tar-geting different genes.     

A simple and visualized method to screen for effective siRNAs by using green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a reporter

To screen for effective small interference RNA (siRNA), a simple and visualized method was developed using the green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a reporter. Candidate siRNAs targeting macrophage migration inhibition factor genes (MIF) were identified. By using the pEGFP-N3 vector, the MIF-GFP expression plasmid, pEGFP-MIF, was constructed with the same Kozak consensus translation initiation site and start code ATG for the MIF-EGFP coding sequence. Based on the siRNA expression vector pSilencer-4.1, 3 candidate MIF siRNA expression plasmids were constructed and co-transfected with the pEGFP-MIF into the HEK293 cells, respectively. The GFP expression in HEK293 cells could be viewed by fluorescence microscopy and the MIF mRNA expressions were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The 3 candidate MIF siRNA expression plasmids were also co-transfected with the MIF expression plasmid into the HEK293 cells, respectively, and the MIF mRNA expressions were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The results show that the down-regulated expression of the MIF mRNA was consistent with the GFP expression and the same effective MIF siRNAs were screened by using the pEGFP-MIF or MIF expression plasmid with the candidate MIF siRNAs expression plasmids. Therefore, by using the GFP as a reporter, a useful method was provided to screen for effective siRNAs targeting specific genes co-expressed with the GFP. This may be a good strategy for screening for effective siRNAs targeting different genes. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2007, 23(3): 231–235 [译自: 中国生物化学与分子生物学报]     

用Rnase Ⅲ制备的小干涉RNA降解SARS冠状病毒基因的细胞内转录物

SARS冠状病毒是引起重症急性呼吸综合症的主要原因,目前尚没有特效药物或疫苗对抗这种新病毒。RNA干涉是指双链RNA可以特异地降解细胞内同源基因的Mrna。在哺乳动物细胞中,<30bp的小双链RNA能引起RNA干涉,又可以避免干扰素反应。通过体外转录得到SARS病毒3种基因RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶、刺突蛋白及核衣壳蛋白部分片段的长双链RNA,然后用Rnase Ⅲ有限切割成长度<30bp的小干涉RNA。同时把上述3种基因片段分别连接到质粒Pgl3-Control中,得到的3个质粒Pgl-R、Pgl-S和Pgl-N可以分别在细胞内转录出荧光素酶RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶、刺突蛋白、核衣壳蛋白的杂合Mrna。上述质粒分别和相应的小干涉RNA共转染HEK293F细胞,测定荧光素酶活性,结果小干涉RNA使相应质粒表达荧光素酶的活性显著下降;用逆转录定量PCR反应测量Mrna丰度,结果表明上述小干涉RNA可以特异地降解相应的病毒基因转录物。     

RNA Interference Induces Effective Inhibition of mRNA Accumulation and Protein Expression of SHEV ORF3 Gene In vitro

RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful promising approach to inhibit viral infection specifically. To explore the possibility of using RNAi as a strategy against HEV infection, which is a serious public health problem in developing countries of Asia, Middle East, Africa, and in Mexico, after the fusion protein expression plasmids pEGFP-ORF3 which contain the EGFP reporter gene and SHEV ORF3 as silencing target, were constructed; EGFP-ORF3 fusion protein expressing HEK 293 cell lines were established; and four siRNAs targeting ORF3 gene were designed, synthesized, and used to transfect the stable cell lines. At 24, 48, and 72 h after transfection, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot were used to assess the expression level of ORF3. The results demonstrated that specific siRNAs which are sequence dependant effectively inhibited mRNA accumulation and protein expression of SHEV ORF3 in HEK 293 cells. These findings provide useful information for the development of RNAi-based prophylaxis and therapy for SHEV infection.     

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated during 2006–2008 outbreaks in Pakistan reveals genetic diversity

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern with more than two billion individuals currently infected worldwide. Because of the limited effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, development of novel antiviral strategies is urgently needed. Heat stress cognate 70 (Hsc70) is an ATP-binding protein of the heat stress protein 70 family. Hsc70 has been found to be required for HBV DNA replication. Here we report, for the first time, that combined siRNAs targeting viral gene and siHsc70 are highly effective in suppressing ongoing HBV expression and replication. We constructed two plasmids (S1 and S2) expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting surface open reading frame of HBV(HBVS) and one plasmid expressing shRNA targeting Hsc70 (siHsc70), and we used the EGFP-specific siRNA plasmid (siEGFP) as we had previously described. First, we evaluated the gene-silencing efficacy of both shRNAs using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter system and flow cytometry in HEK293 and T98G cells. Then, the antiviral potencies of HBV-specific siRNA (siHBV) in combination with siHsc70 in HepG2.2.15 cells were investigated. Moreover, type I IFN and TNF-α induction were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. Cotransfection of either S1 or S2 with an EGFP plasmid produced an 80%–90% reduction in EGFP signal relative to the control. This combinational RNAi effectively and specifically inhibited HBV protein, mRNA and HBV DNA, resulting in up to a 3.36 log10 reduction in HBV load in the HepG2.2.15 cell culture supernatants. The combined siRNAs were more potent than siHBV or siHsc70 used separately, and this approach can enhance potency in suppressing ongoing viral gene expression and replication in HepG2.2.15 cells while forestalling escape by mutant HBV. The antiviral synergy of siHBV used in combination with siHsc70 produced no cytotoxicity and induced no production of IFN-α, IFN-β and TNF-α in transfected cells. Our combinational RNAi was sequence-specific, effective against wild-type and mutant drug-resistant HBV strains, without triggering interferon response or producing any side effects. These findings indicate that combinational RNAi has tremendous promise for developing innovative therapy against viral infection.     

miR-122过表达转基因小鼠质粒构建及其功能验证

目的:比较两种miR-122转基因小鼠过表达载体构建方法,为建立miR-122过表达转基因小鼠奠定基础。方法:PCR扩增长约291bp的pre-miR-122的序列,分别定向克隆到pBROAD3-GFP载体GFP基因上游内含子或下游3'UTR区域,两种质粒分别转染293T细胞,Q-PCR检测miR-122和GFP的表达水平,并观察GFP绿色荧光。miR-122 sensor reporter是将3个miR-122成熟序列的反义序列串联克隆至psiCHECK2载体luciferase 3'UTR中,然后分别与2种miR-122过表达质粒载体共转染293T细胞,最后检测荧光素酶活性来鉴定miR-122调控功能。结果:2种构建方法的miR-122表达水平都明显增高,而只有插入到GFP基因3'UTR的质粒表达GFP功能正常。结论:构建microRNA过表达载体时,microRNA位于报告基因3'UTR区域不会影响microRNA和报告基因的功能;构建的两种miR-122过表达质粒载体都可应用到转基因小鼠研究中,而将miR-122插入到GFP下游的方法则更利于miR-122的表达。     

Selective gene silencing of rat ATP-binding cassette G2 transporter in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model by short interfering RNA

The aim of the present study was to specifically silence the rat ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (rABCG2) gene in brain capillary endothelial cells by transfection of short interfering RNA (siRNA). Four different siRNAs designed to target rABCG2 were each transfected into HEK293 cells with myc-tagged rABCG2 cDNA. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analyses revealed that three of the siRNAs were able to reduce exogenous rABCG2 mRNA and protein levels in HEK293 cells. Moreover, rABCG2-mediated mitoxantrone efflux transport was suppressed by the introduction of these three siRNAs into HEK293 cells. In contrast, the other siRNA and non-specific control siRNA did not significantly affect the mRNA expression, the protein level or the transport activity. Endogenous rABCG2 mRNA and protein expression in a conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB13) was suppressed by the most potent siRNA among the four siRNAs tested. Furthermore, this siRNA did not affect the mRNA levels of other ABC transporters, such as ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG1, and the protein level of ABCB1 in TR-BBB13 cells, suggesting that it can selectively silence rABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier. This should be a useful and novel strategy for clarifying the contribution of rABCG2 to brain-to-blood transport of substrate drugs and endogenous compounds across the blood-brain barrier.