大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中iNOS在大脑皮层和海马的表达

目的研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中iNOS在不同脑区的表达.方法用改良的血管内栓线技术制造大鼠局灶性脑缺血与再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学技术检测脑组织中的iNOS的表达.结果 (1)脑缺血再灌注损伤24h后,缺血组缺血侧大脑皮层、海马CA1区、CA3区神经元iNOS的表达显著增强,与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)脑缺血再灌注损伤24h后,缺血组对照侧大脑皮层、海马CA1区、CA3区神经元iNOS的表达也明显增强,与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);(3) 与对照侧比较,脑缺血再灌注大鼠缺血侧皮质的iNOS表达显著增强(P<0.05),而海马CA1区、CA3区缺血侧的iNOS表达与对照侧相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后,缺血侧皮层和海马iNOS表达显著升高,未缺血脑区(对照侧)iNOS反应性也较对照组者升高.     

姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后海马神经元损伤及RANTES表达的影响

目的：探讨姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）脑缺血/再灌注后认知功能及海马神经元损伤和调解活化正常T细胞表达和分泌的趋化因子（RANTES）表达的影响。方法：雄性Wistar-Kyoto大鼠（WKY）和SHR,随机分为5组：假手术组（W-Sham、S-Sham）、缺血/再灌注组（W-I/R、S-I/R）和姜黄素组（S-Cur）,各组按再灌注时间分为3h、12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d 5个亚组（n=6）。采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血/再灌注模型,HE染色观察海马CA1区神经细胞形态,Nissl染色计数海马CA1区平均锥体细胞密度,ELISA法检测海马RANTES表达,于再灌注后7 d观察行为学。结果：与假手术组大鼠比较,缺血/再灌注组大鼠学习和记忆能力下降,海马CA1区神经元损伤加重,海马RANTES蛋白表达上调（P〈0.05）;与W-I/R大鼠比较,S-I/R大鼠学习和记忆能力下降,海马CA1区神经元损伤加重,海马RANTES蛋白表达上调（P〈0.05）;姜黄素组大鼠学习和记忆能力明显改善,海马CA1区神经元损伤减轻,海马RANTES蛋白表达下调（P〈0.05）。结论：缺血/再灌注更易导致SHR海马神经元损伤。姜黄素减轻SHR脑缺血/再灌注海马神经元损伤,其机制可能与抑制RANTES蛋白的表达有关。     

肢体缺血预处理减轻大鼠海马缺血/再灌注损伤

目的:探讨肢体缺血预处理(LIP)对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响.方法: 36只大鼠椎动脉凝闭后随机分为假手术(Control)组、脑缺血组、肢体缺血组、LIP 0 d组(LIP后即刻行脑缺血)、LIP 1 d组(LIP后1 d行脑缺血)和LIP 2 d组(LIP后2 d行脑缺血).重复夹闭大鼠双侧股动脉3次(每次10 min,间隔10 min)作为LIP,夹闭颈总动脉进行全脑缺血8 min后再灌注.硫堇染色观察海马CA1区组织学分级及锥体神经元密度以判断海马损伤程度.结果:脑缺血组海马CA1区锥体神经元损伤严重,与Control组比较,组织学分级明显升高,神经元密度明显降低(P<0.01).LIP 0 d组海马CA1区神经元损伤较脑缺血组明显减轻,组织学分级明显降低,神经元密度明显升高(P<0.01).而LIP 1 d组和LIP 2 d组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞缺失较多,仍有明显的组织损伤.结论:LIP可减轻随后立即发生的脑缺血/再灌注损伤,但对间隔1 d后的脑缺血/再灌注损伤无显著对抗作用.     

姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠海马缺血/再灌注损伤神经元凋亡核通路的影响

目的:探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)脑缺血/再灌注损伤海马神经元凋亡c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)核通路的变化特点,以及姜黄素对其保护作用可能机制。方法:雄性Wistar-Kyoto大鼠(WKY)和SHR,随机分为5组:WKY假手术组(W-Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(W-I/R组)和SHR假手术组(S-Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(S-I/R组)、姜黄素100mg/kg预处理组(S-Cur组),上述5个实验组按再灌注时间又分为再灌注2h、6h、1d、3d、7d5个亚组(n=6)。采用四动脉结扎法制备脑缺血/再灌注模型,以TUNEL法检测海马CA1区的细胞凋亡,免疫组化法分析海马CA1区c-jun、c-fos的动态变化。结果:S-Sham组大鼠海马CA1区TUNEL细胞数量和c-jun、c-fos表达高于W-Sham组(P0.05),S-I/R组TUNEL细胞数量和c-jun、c-fos表达高于S-Sham组及W-I/R组(P0.05);S-Cur组TUNEL细胞数量和c-jun、c-fos表达较S-I/R组明显降低(P0.05)。结论:缺血/再灌注更易导致SHR海马神经元凋亡。姜黄素可抑制SHR脑缺血/再灌注损伤海马神经元凋亡,其作用机制可能与抑制c-jun、c-fos蛋白的表达有关。     

丁基苯酞预处理对大鼠脑组织缺血/再灌注后HSP70表达的影响

目的:探讨丁基苯酞预处理对缺血/再灌注大鼠海马迟发性神经元死亡以及热休克蛋白70表达的影响。方法:126只大鼠分为实验对照组(36只)、脑缺血组(36只)、丁基苯酞组(6只)、丁基苯酞+脑缺血组(36只)、槲皮素+丁基苯酞+脑缺血组(6只)、DMSO+丁基苯酞+脑缺血组(6只)。建立大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型后。实验对照组、脑缺血组、丁基苯酞+脑缺血组下另加设5个亚组,为手术后6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d组。用硫堇以及免疫组织化学染色的方法观察丁基苯酞对缺血/再灌注大鼠海马神经元迟发性死亡以及HSP70表达的影响。结果:丁基苯酞预处理可以减轻大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤引起的海马CA1区锥体神经元迟发性死亡,明显增加CA1区HSP70的阳性表达,且持续时间较长(6 h-5 d);应用HSP70抑制剂可以阻断丁基苯酞预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受。结论:丁基苯酞可能参与脑缺血/再灌注损伤的神经元保护作用,这一作用可能是通过上调HSP70的表达完成的。     

三七总皂苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑内NGF和bFGF表达的影响

目的:观察三七总皂苷(PNS)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑组织神经生长因子(NGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)蛋白表达的影响.方法:采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.实验动物随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注模型组、模型 PNS治疗组和模型 尼莫地平治疗组.用免疫组织化学方法检测脑内皮质、海马等区域NGF和bFGF蛋白表达.结果:缺血2h再灌注46h后,脑内海马和皮质区的NGF表达降低,PNS能显著上调海马、皮质区及丘脑区域NGF的表达.缺血2h再灌注46h后,bFGF的表达各脑区无明显差异;但PNS能显著上调缺血再灌注损伤后胼胝体区域内bFGF的表达.结论:局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,PNS能上调缺血脑组织内NGF和bFGF表达,尤其是促进了NGF的表达,这可能是PNS对脑缺血后损伤神经元的保护机制之一.     

镁预处理对兔全脑缺血神经保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨硫酸镁预处理对兔全脑缺血神经保护作用及其机制.方法 45只兔随机分为3组:对照组(n=15)、缺血组(n=15)和镁预处理组(n=15).阻断血管,诱导全脑缺血,缺血时间为 6 min.测定缺血再灌注30 min 兔海马谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和甘氨酸含量.检测缺血再灌注3 d 海马CA1区神经元密度和凋亡神经元密度.结果 (1)镁预处理组海马天冬氨酸和甘氨酸显著低于缺血组(P<0.01),而γ-氨基丁酸含量显著高于缺血组(P<0.05);(2)镁预处理组正常神经元密度显著高于缺血组 (P<0.01),缺血神经元密度显著低于缺血组(P<0.01);(3)镁预处理组凋亡神经元密度显著低于缺血组(P<0.01).结论 (1)硫酸镁预处理对兔全脑缺血有神经保护作用;(2)该保护作用的机制可能有:1)抑制兔全脑缺血再灌注30 min 海马天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的过度释放以及抑制γ-氨基丁酸的耗竭;2)抑制兔全脑缺血再灌注3 d 海马CA1区神经元凋亡.     

金属硫蛋白-ⅢmRNA表达与神经元缺血性损伤的关系

目的：探讨大鼠前脑缺血／再灌注后海马结构MT-ⅢmRNA表达变化规律及其与神经元缺血性损伤之间的关系。方法：建立前脑缺血／再灌注模型,用原住杂交法检测海马结构MT-ⅢmRNA表达,并观察缺血后各时相点海马神经元的病理变化。结果：①前脑缺血／再灌注后72h海马CAl区开始出现神经元变性,96h更为明显,7d时CAl区神经元多已坏死;②前脑缺血／再灌注后海马CAl区锥体细胞和齿状回颗粒细胞内MT-ⅢmRNA表达逐渐增加,96h达高峰,7d又降低至缺血前水平。结论：前脑缺血／再灌注后,海马神经元MT—ⅢmRNA表达增加,可能对神经元缺血性损伤产生影响。     

PEP-1 超氧化物歧化酶对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2 的影响

目的:观察细胞穿透肽-铜,锌超氧化物歧化酶(PEP-1-SOD1)预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用及其脑保护机制。方法:线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血6h后再灌注损伤模型,进行神经行为评分,并通过HE染色在光镜下观察神经细胞损伤变化,免疫组化法检测B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白的阳性表达。结果:盐水对照组(缺血再灌注组或模型组)神经障碍显著高于假手术组(P<0.05),与模型组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组可降低神经障碍评分(P<0.05);光镜下,假手术组神经细胞结构正常,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组和缺血再灌注组均有不同程度的缺血再灌注损伤,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组较缺血再灌注组损伤轻;假手术组Bcl-2蛋白表达极弱,缺血再灌注组和PEP-1-SOD1预处理组在脑缺血再灌注后6h在缺血半暗带周围出现Bcl-2蛋白阳性表达,24h达到高峰,48h表达开始减少。与假手术组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组和缺血再灌注组Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数显著增多(P<0.05);与缺血再灌注组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数显著增多(P<0.05)。结论:PEP-1-SOD1对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,PEP-1-SOD1可通过上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达发挥脑保护作用。     

异丙酚对全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马iNOS表达的影响

目的观察异丙酚对全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马神经元诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的影响,探讨异丙酚对迟发性脑神经元损伤保护作用机制。方法采用Pulsinelli-Brierley四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血模型。全脑缺血20min再灌注24h后断头取脑,采用Western blot方法检测大鼠海马iNOS的蛋白表达。结果与缺血/再灌注组相比较,异丙酚处理组大鼠海马iNOS蛋白表达明显降低,存活的神经元数目明显增加,统计结果差异均有显著性(P<0.05或0.01)。结论异丙酚通过抑制iNOS蛋白表达对大鼠脑迟发性神经元损伤起保护作用。     

δ-Opioid Receptor Activation Rescues the Functional TrkB Receptor and Protects the Brain from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Rat

Objectives

δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activation reduced brain ischemic infarction and attenuated neurological deficits, while DOR inhibition aggravated the ischemic damage. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not well understood yet. In this work, we asked if DOR activation protects the brain against ischemic injury through a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -TrkB pathway.

Methods

We exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to focal cerebral ischemia, which was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). DOR agonist TAN-67 (60 nmol), antagonist Naltrindole (100 nmol) or artificial cerebral spinal fluid was injected into the lateral cerebroventricle 30 min before MCAO. Besides the detection of ischemic injury, the expression of BDNF, full-length and truncated TrkB, total CREB, p-CREB, p-ATF and CD11b was detected by Western blot and fluorescence immunostaining.

Results

DOR activation with TAN-67 significantly reduced the ischemic volume and largely reversed the decrease in full-length TrkB protein expression in the ischemic cortex and striatum without any appreciable change in cerebral blood flow, while the DOR antagonist Naltrindole aggregated the ischemic injury. However, the level of BDNF remained unchanged in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus at 24 hours after MCAO and did not change in response to DOR activation or inhibition. MCAO decreased both total CREB and pCREB in the striatum, but not in the cortex, while DOR inhibition promoted a further decrease in total and phosphorylated CREB in the striatum and decreased pATF-1 expression in the cortex. In addition, MCAO increased C11b expression in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus, and DOR activation specifically attenuated the ischemic increase in the cortex but not in the striatum and hippocampus.

Conclusions

DOR activation rescues TrkB signaling by reversing ischemia/reperfusion induced decrease in the full-length TrkB receptor and reduces brain injury in ischemia/reperfusion     

局灶性脑缺血再灌损伤时神经细胞内Ca~(2+)时空动态变化的实验研究

本文用插线法制作局灶性脑缺血／再灌损伤模型,利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察活体脑片细胞内Ｃａ２＋的分布及动态变化,结果表明：（１）缺血／再灌时间不同,梗塞面积不同,缺血４小时梗塞面积占同侧半球的１６．３％,缺血４小时再灌２０小时梗塞面积增加到２５．９％,缺血２４小时梗塞面积占同侧半球的６０．４％。（２）本文首次观察到在缺血４小时纹状体区域的Ｃａ２＋变化明显高于皮层,并且再灌后皮层及纹状体区域Ｃａ２＋的含量明显增加     

Folic acid stimulates proliferation of transplanted neural stem cells after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Folic acid (FA) stimulates neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation in vitro and enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The effect of FA supplementation on exogenous NSCs transplanted in MCAO rats was observed to determine if FA can stimulate NSC replacement after focal cerebral ischemia. Rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: MCAO; MCAO and exogenous NSC transplantation (MCAO+NSCs); and MCAO, NSC transplantation and FA (MCAO+NSCs+FA). FA (0.8 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by gavage daily for 28 days before MCAO and 23 days afterward. NSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prior to transplantation into the striatum, contralateral to the ischemic zone, at 2 days post-MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging tracking and fluorescent immunohistochemistry, as well as measurement of serum folate concentration, were performed at intervals up to 21 days after transplantation. FA supplementation caused sustained increases of 400–600% in serum folate concentration. Magnetic resonance images indicated that SPIO-labeled NSCs were more abundant at the transplantation and ischemic brain sites in MCAO+NSCs+FA rats than in MCAO+NSCs rats. Similarly, immunohistochemistry showed that the numbers of Sox-2/BrdU double positive cells at the transplantation and ischemic sites were higher in the rats that received FA. In conclusion, after focal cerebral ischemia, FA supplementation stimulates transplanted NSCs to proliferate and migrate to ischemic sites.     

局部亚低温联合硫酸镁对局灶性脑缺血大鼠的保护作用

目的:探讨联合应用局部亚低温(32-35℃)及硫酸镁对局灶性脑缺血大鼠的保护作用及其可能机制。方法:通过线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、常温组、亚低温组、硫酸镁组、亚低温+硫酸镁组,每组8例,采用Longa神经功能评分、TTC染色、TUNEL技术,检测和比较各组脑缺血后大鼠的神经功能、脑梗死体积、凋亡细胞数。结果:与常温组相比,亚低温组与亚低温+硫酸镁组的梗死体积、神经功能评分、凋亡细胞数均明显降低,差异有显著意义(P0.05);而与亚低温组相比,亚低温+硫酸镁组局灶脑缺血大鼠的脑梗死体积、神经功能评分、凋亡细胞数均显著减少,差异有显著意义(P0.05)。结论:与单独应用亚低温相比,局部亚低温与硫酸镁联合应用,对局灶性脑缺血大鼠可发挥更有效的脑保护作用,其机制可能与抑制脑缺血后凋亡有关。     

Stroke-induced progenitor cell proliferation in adult spontaneously hypertensive rat brain: effect of exogenous IGF-1 and GDNF

Progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus (DG) and the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles (SVZ) generate new neurons throughout the life of mammals. Cerebral ischemia increases this basal progenitor cell proliferation. The present study evaluated the time frame of proliferation, length of survival and the phenotypes of the new cells formed after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Compared to sham controls, ischemic rats showed a significantly higher number of newly proliferated cells (as defined by BrdU immunostaining) in both the DG (by fourfold, p < 0.05) and the SVZ (by twofold, p < 0.05). DG showed increased proliferation only in the first week of reperfusion and 49% of the cells formed in this period survived to the end of third week. Whereas, SVZ showed a continuous proliferation up to 3 weeks after MCAO, but the cells formed survived for less than a week. In both DG and SVZ, at the end of the first week of reperfusion, majority of the BrdU-positive (BrdU+) cells were immature neurons (DCX positive). In the DG, 28% of the cells formed in the first week after MCAO mature into neurons (NeuN positive). The ischemic cortex and striatum showed several BrdU+ cells which were ED-1 positive microglia/macrophages. At 1 week of reperfusion, MCAO-induced progenitor cell proliferation in the ipsilateral DG was significantly increased by i.c.v. infusion of IGF-1 (by 127 +/- 14%, p < 0.05) and GDNF (by 91 +/- 5%, p < 0.05), compared to vehicle. In the growth factor treated rats subjected to transient MCAO, several BrdU+ cells formed in the first week survived up to the third week.     

Ucf-101对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后Caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

目的观察Ucf—101对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元caspase-3蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的影响,研究其对缺血性脑损伤是否具有保护作用。方法将36只雄性WiStar大鼠随机分为3组：假手术组、缺血组及Ucf—101组,采用线栓法建立大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞（middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO）2h再灌注模型,于再灌注后6h和24h断头取脑,采用TTC法测梗死体积,TUNEL法原位标记DNA片段,检测TUNEL阳性细胞的变化,免疫组化法观察脑皮质神经元caspase-3的表达。结果脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点（6h、24h）,Ucf-101组与缺血组相比梗死体积明显缩小,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;假手术组未见梗死现象。缺血组TUNEL阳性细胞数较假手术组明显增多（P〈0．05）,脑皮质caspase-3的表达较假手术组亦显著增强（P〈0．05）,给予Ucf-101处理后,TUNEL阳性细胞数较缺血组明显减少（P〈0．05）,caspase-3的表达较缺血组亦明显减弱（P〈0．05）。结论Ucf-101能有效地抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤,下调脑皮质神经元Caspase-3蛋白的表达,抑制神经元的凋亡,发挥神经保护作用。     

CGRP和NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马HSP70蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响.方法用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,应用免疫组化和显微图像分析方法检测局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马HSP70的表达.结果假手术组海马未见HSP70阳性细胞,缺血再灌注组海马HSP70阳性细胞数增多.分别注射CGRP或NGF后海马区HSP70阳性细胞平均光密度值明显高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.01),二者合用时平均光密度值较比单独应用高(P<0.05).结论CGRP和NGF上调缺血神经元HSP70的表达,二者合用作用更强,对缺血神经元恢复有促进作用.     

产前应激对子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响

目的：探讨产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响。方法：SD孕鼠随机分为有产前应激处理（妊娠第15到21天每日3次限制活动）和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,共分为产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组（n=10）,于再灌注后第5天检测脑梗死体积,免疫荧光双标染色检测缺血灶边缘区星形胶质细胞形态及促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体A4（EphA4）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的共表达情况,并采用Western blot检测EphA4、GFAP和神经蛋白聚糖（Neurocan）蛋白表达。结果：产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠脑梗死体积百分比、EphA4、GFAP和Neurocan蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加（P均<0.05）,且GFAP阳性细胞形态学改变及EphA4/GFAP共表达也较MCAO组明显。结论：产前应激可能改变子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞上EphA4受体的表达,促进星形胶质细胞活化,产生神经蛋白聚糖。     

Valproic acid reduces brain damage induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: potential roles of histone deacetylase inhibition and heat shock protein induction

Growing evidence from in vitro studies supports that valproic acid (VPA), an anti-convulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, has neuroprotective effects. The present study investigated whether VPA reduces brain damage and improves functional outcome in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model of rats. Subcutaneous injection of VPA (300 mg/kg) immediately after ischemia followed by repeated injections every 12 h, was found to markedly decrease infarct size and reduce ischemia-induced neurological deficit scores measured at 24 and 48 h after ischemic onset. VPA treatment also suppressed ischemia-induced neuronal caspase-3 activation in the cerebral cortex. VPA treatments resulted in a time-dependent increase in acetylated histone H3 levels in the cortex and striatum of both ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemispheres of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats, as well as in these brain areas of normal, non-surgical rats, supporting the in vitro finding that VPA is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Similarly, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels were time-dependently up-regulated by VPA in the cortex and striatum of both ipsilateral and contralateral sides of MCAO rats and in these brain areas of normal rats. Altogether, our results demonstrate that VPA is neuroprotective in the cerebral ischemia model and suggest that the protection mechanisms may involve HDAC inhibition and HSP induction.