普通小麦－华山新麦草异附加系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用普通小麦与华山新麦草（２ｎ＝１４,ＮＮ）杂交与回交产生的七倍体杂种（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ,２ｎ＝４９）,再与普通小麦回交,即产生单体附加（２ｎ＝４３）,当以七倍体作父本时,产生单体附加的频率（２４．２％）高于七倍体作母本的频率（１２．２８％）。单体附加自交产生二体附加的频率为７．１９％。不同附加系的细胞学稳定性有差异,并随着逐代选择而有所提高。     

普通小麦——华山新麦草异附加系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用普通小麦与华山新麦草（２ｎ＝１４,ＮＮ）杂交与回产产生的七倍体杂种（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ,２ｎ＝４９）再与普通小麦回交,即产生单体附加（２ｎ＝４３）当以七倍体作父本时,产生单体附加的频率（２４．２％）高于七倍体母本的频率（１２．２８％）单体了会加自交产生二体附加的频率为７．１９％,不同附加系的细胞学稳定性有差异,并随着逐代选择而有所提高。     

八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

本文对八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及附加染色体的传递及丢失规律进行了研究和讨论。结果表明,ＢＣ１Ｆ１与Ｆ２相比较,染色体分离范围小,并且分离向染色体数目减少偏移,有利于４３、４４条染色体的分离;双单体附加和单体附加后代异染色体丢失严重,分别为６５．７９％和６１．９９％,双单体附加分离出单体附加占１０．５３％,单体附加的传递率为２６．９２％,单体附加后代分离出的二体附加为５．５６％,二体附加自交世代中,异染色体的丢失率为２９．０３％,传递率为５６．４５％;ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体构型为２１．７０Ⅱ＋０．０５Ⅰ＋０．０２Ⅲ＋０．０１Ⅳ,２ｎ＝２２Ⅱ的细胞占８８．９６％。选育的附加系及具４２条染色体的株系,不同程度地表现出大穗、大粒、优质、抗病等滨麦的优良性状。     

普通小麦与东方旱麦草异附加系和异代换系的选育与原位杂交检测

旱麦草属（Ｅｒｅｍｏｐｙｒｕｍ）是用于小麦品种改良的又－潜在的植物资源。为了筛选小麦－旱麦草异附加系、异代换系,对普通小麦品种 Ｆｕｋｏｈｏ×东方旱麦草属间杂种的 ＢＣ２Ｆ３代材料的９６粒种子进行了染色体数目的检测,共检出１５粒２ｎ＝４３的种子, ８粒 ２ｎ＝ ４４的种子,进一步对以上材料进行的基因组ＤＮＡ原位杂交,共鉴定出３个单体附加系,２个二体附加系,１个双单体附加,１个小麦三体单体附加,１个附加３条东方旱麦草染色体的小麦单体,在染色体数为４２的个体中,检测出１个单体代换,１个双单体代换。根据ＢＣ２Ｆ３代自交品系来源的不同,初步认为由双单体附加自交比单体附加自交选择异附加系的效率高。     

余倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

本文对八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及附加染色体的传递及丢失规律进行了研究和讨论。结果表明,ＢＣ１Ｆ１与Ｆ２相比较,染色体分离范围小,并且分离向染色体数目减少偏移,有利于４３、４４条染色体的分离;双单体附加和单体附加后代异染色体丢失严重,分别为６５．７９％和６１．９９％,双单体附加分离出单体附加占１０．５３％,单体附加的传递率为２６．９２％,单体附加后代分离出的二体附加为５．５６％,二     

小麦-大麦异代换系的创制及鉴定研究

利用"缺体回交法"以小大麦二体异附加系WBA9816作父本与阿勃缺体小麦杂交,创制小大麦异代换系.F1再用该异附加系回交,回交后代通过细胞学鉴定,筛选2n=43的双单体植株套袋自交,从自交后代群体培育出WBS02126;用原位杂交GISH和染色体C-分带技术鉴定表明,WBS02126为2D/2H异代换系;田间试验结果显示,WBS02126生长发育良好,育性基本正常,表现弱春性,叶片宽厚上挺,叶色淡绿,棒状穗,小穗排列紧密,长芒,早熟,综合抗病性好.     

将大赖草种质转移给普通小麦的研究：Ⅶ.一个普通小麦—大赖草等臂？…

通过花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ染色体配对构型分析ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－分带,从普通小麦－大赖草第７条染色体二体异附加系自交后代中选育并鉴定出了９３Ｇ５１－９和９３Ｇ５２－８２个等臂染色体异附加系,该异附加系在花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ,其等臂染色体自身两臂配对频率高,染色体易发生断裂,且又携带有较抗赤霉病的基因,是向小麦转移大赖草赤霉病抗性基因的有用中间材料。     

小麦—冰草异源附加系的创建：Ⅱ,异源染色质的检测与培育途径分析

为了建立一套小麦－冰草异源二体附加系,利用形态学、细胞学、同工酶和原位杂交方法,对普通小麦品种Fukuho×冰草Z559杂交组合所衍生的BC2到BC5世代的866株进行了细胞学分析和外源染色质的检测。结果表明,（1）形态学和细胞学检测是其他检测方法的基础;（2）在建立小麦－冰草异源二体附加系的研究中,异源单体和双单体附加系并非良好的基础材料;（3）从BC2到BC5,随着回交世代的提高产生异源二体附加系的频率提高（0→4．12％）;（4）从染色体结构呈22Ⅱ＋nⅠ的材料中不仅比较容易衍生出异源二体附加系而且是相异;（5）首次获得了11个在表型性状上有明显差异的小麦－冰草异源二体附加系。     

八倍体小滨麦与缺体小麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

八倍体小滨麦与缺体小麦杂交和回交,其后代ＢＣ１Ｆ１与Ｆ２相比较,染色体分离范围小,有利于４１条染色体类型的分离,若用异源双单体附加作父本与缺体回交,４１条染色体类型的分离率还会提高２倍左右;单体代换在自交世代的传递率为３１．９１％,二体代换的分离率为１９．３７％,异染色体的丢失率为２９．３４％;二体代换在自交世代的传递率为８５．２６％,异染色体的丢失率为９．２１％;ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体构型为２０．７６”＋０．３１’＋０．０３＂＋０．０１””,相对紊乱系数为０．０１,２ｎ＝２１”的细胞占８６．０９％。选育的二体代换系,不同程度地表现出大穗、多花、优质、抗多种病害等滨麦的优良性状。     

一种小麦蓝粒标记单体代换系4E（3D）的创制

以中国春3D单体和小麦-长穗偃麦草4E二体异附加系为材料,通过杂交、回交结合染色体鉴定等方法,培育出了一种具有蓝粒标记的小麦4E(3D)单体代换系.该小麦4E(3D)单体代换系籽粒为浅蓝色,能够正常生长,自交结实率为36.1%,其自交后代可分离出深蓝籽粒小麦4E(3D)二体代换系、浅蓝籽粒小麦4E(3D)单体代换系和白粒小麦3D缺体.结果表明,长穗偃麦草4E染色体对小麦3D染色体缺失有一定的补偿功能,对以染色体定向代换方式快速创制蓝粒标记小麦单体系统具有一定的参考价值.     

应用基因组原位杂交及RFLP标记鉴定小麦中的大麦染色体

用生物素（Biotin-6-dUTP)标记的大麦Betzes基因组DNA作探针,以普通小麦中国春总DNA作封阻进行基因组原位杂交（Genomeinsituhybridization,简称GISH）,从13株小麦-大麦杂交后代中鉴定出2个含有3条大麦Betzes2H染色体的材料（2n＝43）;2个2H单体异代换系（2n＝42）;7个2H二体异代换系（2n＝42）。用已定位在小麦第2部分同源群短臂上的探针psr131进行RFLP分析,结果表明大麦Betzes、代换系A5有1条区别于小麦中国春的特异带,A     

大白菜-结球甘蓝5号和8号单体异附加系的筛选和鉴定

为建立成套的大白菜-结球甘蓝异附加系,以大白菜-结球甘蓝异源三倍体（AAC,2n=3x=29）与二倍体大白菜（AA,2n=2x=20）回交世代BC1为材料,对其进行细胞学观察并从中筛选单体异附加系。结果表明,BC1群体植株发生了染色体数目变异,变异范围为2n=20～29,其中以2n=23～24的非整倍体植株居多,占总观察株数的51．44％;对2个2n=21的植株进行核型分析,初步鉴定为大白菜-结球甘蓝5号和8号单体异附加系,分别命名为CO-5—1和CO-8—2。     

Transmission of alien chromosomes from selfed progenies of a complete set of Allium monosomic additions: the development of a reliable method for the maintenance of a monosomic addition set.

Selfed progeny of a complete set of Allium fistulosum - Allium cepa monosomic addition lines (2n = 2x + 1 = 17, FF+1A-FF+8A) were produced to examine the transmission rates of respective alien chromosomes. All eight types of the selfed monosomic additions set germinable seeds. The numbers of chromosomes (2n) in the seedlings were 16, 17, or 18. The eight extra chromosomes varied in transmission rate (%) from 9 (FF+2A) to 49 (FF+8A). The complete set of monosomic additions was reproduced successfully by self-pollination. A reliable way to maintain a set of Allium monosomic additions was developed using a combination of two crossing methods, selfing and female transmission. FF+8A produced two seedlings with 18 chromosomes. Cytogenetical analyses, including GISH, showed that the seedlings were disomic addition plants carrying two entire homologous chromosomes from A. cepa in an integral diploid background of A. fistulosum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that a double dose of the alien 8A chromosome caused fluorescence intensity values spurring in DNA content, and isozyme analysis showed increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity at the gene locus Gdh-1.     

Variation of the Wheatgrass Chromosomes in Wheat-wheatgrass Disomic Addition Line TAI 14 Revealed by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization

The karyotype of the primary wheat-wheatgrass disomic addition line TAI-14 was 2n = 44 in which all of the chromosomes were metacentric and submetacentric. However, in the progeny of the TAI-14, a pair of telocentric chromosomes were observed. In order to clarify whether the telocentric chromosomes were of common wheat or of wheatgrass, the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was employed. It was revealed that the wheat chromosomes exhibited red fluorescence while the ditelocentric chromosomes green fluorescence. Therefore, the primary TAI-14 was conversed from the disomic addition line into the ditelocentrie addition line. The possible explanation for such a variation and the potential significance of the ditelocentric addition line were discussed briefly.     

A Brassica campestris-alboglabra addition line and its use for gene mapping,intergenomic gene transfer and generation of trisomics

Summary Brassica campestris-alboglabra monosomic addition lines were developed from a trigenomic Brassica hybrid (2 n=3 x=29, AAC) obtained by backcrossing a resynthesized B. napus (2 n=4 x=38, AACC) line to its parental B. campestris (2 n=2 x=20, AA) line. One addition line was characterized genetically with three loci specific for the alien chromosome and cytologically by meiotic analysis. The following results were obtained. (1) The same chromosome in the B. alboglabra (2 n= 2 x=18, CC) genome carried the three loci, E _c, W _c and Lap-1 C ^c, which control the biosynthesis of erucic acid, white flower colour and the faster migrating band of leucine aminopeptidase, respectively. The linear order and possible positions of the three loci were inferred. The meiotic behaviour of the alien chromosome was documented and its transmission frequency was assessed. (2) Intergenomic recombination frequently occurred in the monosomic addition line, resulting in the introgression of one or two loci from the alien chromosome into the B. campestris genome. (3) B. campestris trisomics were found in the progeny of the monosomic addition line. (4) The removal of the other eight C-genome chromosomes from the trigenomic Brassica hybrid led to a dramatic increase in the erucic acid content of the monosomic addition line. (5) No offspring of the trigenomic Brassica hybrid showed evidence of intergenomic recombination and introgression of the W _c locus into the B. campestris genome. It is questioned whether such a difference might be due to a possible regulating mechanism for homoeologous chromosome pairing.     

Variation of wheatgrass chromosomes in wheat-wheatgrass alien addition line "TAI-27"revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

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