普通小麦×大麦杂种后代细胞遗传学研究

普通小麦×大麦杂种与普通小麦回交,产生了具有普通小麦细胞质带有部分大麦细胞核的普通小麦－大麦属间杂种后代,对其连续多年套袋自交,测交、细胞学鉴定和定向选择,从自交后代群体中筛选出一部分异附加系、异代换系和易位系街人有大麦某些特性的小析类型,并系统地对本和二体附加系自交后代染色体的分离行为作了遗传分析。结果表明：２ｎ＝４３的单体附加标株自交分离出单体附加的频率为２５．６％,二体附加的频率为１．２％;     

“缺体回交法”选育普通小麦异代换系方法的研究

利用从蓝单体自交分离得到的自花结实的4D缺体小麦(缺72180、缺天选15)作母本与3个不同的八倍体小偃麦(小偃784、小偃7631和小偃78829)杂交,再以缺体作为轮回亲本,从F_1或F_2开始连续回交1—2次,在回交中,缺体无论作父本或母本都得到了异代换系,并且发现:(1)在回交过程中,用缺体作母本比作父本更为有效;(2)F_1自交,在F_2群体中选择生长比较正常,染色体数比较少的植株回交,比F_1作母本直接回交效果更好。并对所得的异代换系的特征特性进行了初步的观察研究,发现中间偃麦草(Agropyron intermedium2n=42) 4E染色体(以下用4Ei表示)、长穗偃麦草(Agropyron clongatum 2n=70)的4E染色体(带蓝粒基因,以下用4Ee表示)和4F染色体(带毛叶基因,以下用4Fe表示)均能正常补偿小麦4D染色体。异代换系生长旺盛,育性正常。初步总结了缺体与八倍体小偃麦杂交,回交过程中异代换系的形成规律,证明了“缺体回交法”可以推广应用于八倍体小偃麦等人工合成的新物种,以选育普通小麦异代换系。     

“缺体回交法”选育普通小麦—山羊草异代换系的研究

利用从兰单体自交分离得到的5个自花结实的4D缺体小麦(映72180、块天选15等)作母本与11个山羊草(Ae.speltoides, Ae.sharonensis等)杂交,再以4D缺体为轮回亲本对杂种进行回交,借助于幼胚培养技术,获得了缺天选15×拟斯卑尔脱山羊草二体异代换系,缺72180×沙融山羊草单体异代换系。代换系生长发育良好,育性基本正常,表明山羊草的4S染色体能够补偿小麦缺失的4D染色体的功能。证明利用“缺体回交法”选育普通小麦—山羊草异代换系是有效的和可行的。     

普通小麦×大麦杂交后代中间材料的GISH及PAGE鉴定

利用基因组荧光原位杂交 (GISH)及种子贮藏蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (PAGE)对普通小麦×大麦杂交后代中间材料进行了鉴定分析。GISH结果表明 ,WBA984和WBA9812为二体小大麦异附加系 ,WBS0 2 15和WBS0 2 6 4为小大麦二体异代换系 ,WBT0 2 12 5和WBT0 2 183为端部易位系 ;种子贮藏蛋白PAGE分析表明 ,WBA9812和WBS0 2 6 4含有大麦特有的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和在γ区含有大麦特有的醇溶蛋白带型 ,WBA9812为大麦 5H附加系 ,WBS0 2 6 4为 1B/ 5H代换系 ,WBT0 2 12 5为 1BL/ 5HL端部易位系。     

普通小麦：华山新麦草异代换系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用缺体小麦－华山新麦草七倍体杂种（２ｎ＝４９,ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ）杂交,Ｆ１再瑟相应的缺体小麦回交２次,在ＢＣ２Ｆ１镜检选出２ｎ＝４１的植株,同时套代自交,选育出５Ａ和３Ｄ两种异代换系。单体找换植侏自交产生二体代换植侏的频率为２３．１６％。５Ａ代换植侏在减数分裂中期Ⅰ２１Ⅱ的出现频率平均为８４．５２％,３Ｄ代换植侏２１Ⅱ的出现频率平均为６２．６１％。异代换系均生长旺盛,结实正常,说明异染色体能较好地     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交育种的研究

利用八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交,创造了一些异附加系和异代换系,选育出一个特早熟、矮秆、抗病、高产、优质小麦新品种－“早优５０４”。总结了八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交育种程序。     

普通小麦与长穗偃麦草的杂交育种及其遗传分析——小麦与偃麦草杂交的研究(三)

本文是普通小麦与长穗偃麦草杂交育种二十年的经验总结。内容介绍了长穗偃麦草的特性和染色体组型,克服杂交不育和杂种不育的方法,杂交育种的程序及其遗传分析和选出的小偃麦八倍体种、异附加系、异代换系与丰产抗病的小偃麦新品种。     

普通小麦与东方旱麦草异附加系和异代换系的选育与原位杂交检测

旱麦草属（Ｅｒｅｍｏｐｙｒｕｍ）是用于小麦品种改良的又－潜在的植物资源。为了筛选小麦－旱麦草异附加系、异代换系,对普通小麦品种 Ｆｕｋｏｈｏ×东方旱麦草属间杂种的 ＢＣ２Ｆ３代材料的９６粒种子进行了染色体数目的检测,共检出１５粒２ｎ＝４３的种子, ８粒 ２ｎ＝ ４４的种子,进一步对以上材料进行的基因组ＤＮＡ原位杂交,共鉴定出３个单体附加系,２个二体附加系,１个双单体附加,１个小麦三体单体附加,１个附加３条东方旱麦草染色体的小麦单体,在染色体数为４２的个体中,检测出１个单体代换,１个双单体代换。根据ＢＣ２Ｆ３代自交品系来源的不同,初步认为由双单体附加自交比单体附加自交选择异附加系的效率高。     

抗白粉病小麦-中间偃麦草种质的选育和SSR鉴定

在从抗白粉痛小麦砷间偃麦草异附加系Ⅱ-1—1与含杀3C配子染色体的农林26杂交井自交的后代中,通过人工接种鉴定,选出4个抗白粉病种质03012、04060、04112、04146。细胞学鉴定表明,4个种质的染色体数目均为2n=42条。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ多形成二价体。03012／烟农15杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ细胞中平均形成2个单价体,可能为异代换系。04060／烟农15、04112／烟农15和04146／烟农15的F1中均出现一定数量的单价体和多价体,可能为易位系。利用SSR标记鉴定表明,引物WMC327是含中间偃麦草抗白粉病基因所在染色体的特异标记;03012可能是一个2D染色体的异代换系。     

植物染色体工程与育种

染色体工程是指依照人们的预先设计,利用染色体工程基础材料,通过附加、代换、削减和易位等染色体操作改变其染色体组成,进而定向改变其遗传特性的新技术。我国利用染色体工程技术,在小麦育种方面有较大进展,创制了一批染色体工程基础材料,如：双二倍体、异附加系、异代换系、易位系、单体系统、缺体系统等。     

小麦—中间偃麦草抗条锈衍生系的分子细胞遗传学研究

应用缺体回交法,以部分阿勃缺体为母本,中4为父本,培育出1个对目前条锈病优势小种和新小种高抗至免疫的小麦－－中间偃麦草衍生系N9025－3－3－2－1－1。研究表明,该选系在形态学和细胞学上已经基本稳定,染色体构型为2n=42=21“,抗病性来自中间偃麦草（Thinopyron intermedium）。以中间偃麦草DNA为探针,对N9025－3－3－2－1－1进行基因组原位杂交分析结果证明,它为小麦－中间偃麦草异代换－易位系。     

一个嵌合型药用野生稻7号染色体单体附加系及其回交后代的分析

对一个药用野生稻(Oryza officinalis Wall ex Watt,基因组型CC)异源单体附加系(monosomic alien addition line,MAAL)及其回交后代进行了分析,应用分子标记技术确定了该异源单体附加系所附加的染色体是一条嵌合的7号染色体,药用野生稻贡献了其长臂部分,而短臂和着丝粒则来源于栽培稻。将该植株与栽培稻亲本回交,得到109株回交后代,考察了回交群体的主要农艺性状并进行了分子标记分析,发现野生稻染色体片段的渗入影响了回交后代的株高、千粒重、结实率、结实密度、叶宽等农艺性状,而且这些性状之间正相关度很大。     

Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of an Oryza officinalis–O. sativa chromosome 4 addition line and its progenies

The wild species Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt (2n = 24, CC) is a valuable genetic resource for rice (O. sativa L., 2n = 24, AA) breeding and genomics research. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and molecular approaches were used to determine the nature and composition of the additional chromosome in a monosomic alien addition line (MAAL) of O. officinalis and its backcross progenies. The extra wild species chromosome in the MAAL (2n = 2x = 25) was a mosaic one, comprising of the long arm of chromosome 4 from O. officinalis and the short arm from O. sativa. Comparative analysis showed that O. sativa and O. officinalis shared high synteny of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and low synteny of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A DNA methylation alteration was revealed at C619 in the MAAL and progenies. Analysis of progenies of the MAAL indicated that introgression segments were small in size and introgression was not evenly distributed along the long arm. One recombination hot spot between C513 and RG177 was identified, which is in a gene-rich region.     

Development and characterization of potato-Solanum brevidens chromosomal addition/substitution lines

Solanum brevidens is a wild diploid potato species possessing high levels of resistances to several major potato diseases. We previously developed fertile somatic hybrids between S. brevidens and the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) in order to introgress disease resistances from this wild species into potato. A series of backcross progenies was developed from a hexaploid somatic hybrid A206. Using a combination of S. brevidens-specific randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and a sequential genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, we identified all 12 S. brevidens chromosomes in the backcross progenies. Seven potato-S. brevidens monosomic chromosome addition lines (chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10) and one monosomic substitution line (chromosome 6) were identified, and the remaining four S. brevidens chromosomes (2, 7, 11, and 12) were included in two other lines. These chromosomal addition/substitution stocks provide valuable tools for potato cytogenetic research, and can be used to introgress disease resistances from S. brevidens into potato.     

阿勃小麦缺体及其细胞学研究

通过阿勃单体自交分离缺体其频率为0.03—5.75%,缺体结实率0—81.65%,所获18个缺体系平均结实率31.24%。在减数分裂中,1B、1D、2A、2D、4B、4D、5A、6A、6B、6D、7A和7B缺体有90%以上的细胞为2n=20",1.65—10.00%的细胞为2n=19"+2',自交后代96%以上为缺体;5D、1A和3A缺体分别有97.55%、16.67%、10.28%的细胞为2n=19"+2',5B、3D和3B缺体除了分别有92.55%、26.98%、25.58%的细胞为2n=19"+2'外,还有少数细胞游离4个至更多的单价体,但这些缺体系自交后代的缺体株率仍为90%左右。     

Introgression of Resistance to Powdery Mildew Conferred by Chromosome 2R by Crossing Wheat Nullisomic 2D with Rye

Using the nulUsomic back-cross procedure, four wheat-rye chromosome substitution 2R （2D） lines with different agronomic performance, designated WR02-145-1, WR01-145-2, WR02-145-3, and WR02-145-4, were produced from a cross between 2D nullisomic wheat （Triticum aestivum L. cv. ＂Xiaoyan 6＂） and rye （Secale cereale L. cv. ＂German White＂）. The chromosomal constitution of 2n=42=21 in WR02-145 lines was confirmed by cytological and molecular cytogenetic methods. Using genomic in situ hybridization on root tip chromosome preparations, a pair of intact rye chromosomes was detected in the WR02-145 lines. PCR using chromosome-specific primers confirmed the presence of 2R chromosomes of rye in these wheat-rye lines, indicating that WR02o145 lines are disomic chromosome substitution lines 2R （2D）. The WR02-145 lines are resistant to the powdery mildew （Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici E. Marchal） isolates prevalent in northern China and may possess gene（s） for resistance to powdery mildew, which differ from the previously identified Pm7gene located on chromosome 2RL. The newly developed ＂Xiaoyan 6＂- ＂German White＂ 2R （2D） chromosome substitution lines are genetically stable, show desirable agronomic traits, and are expected to be useful in wheat improvement.     

Characterization of interspecific hybrids and backcross progenies from a cross between Oryza minuta and Oryza sativa

Oryza minuta, a tetraploid wild relative of cultivated rice, is an important source for the genetic improvement. Interspecific hybrids were obtained from the cross of O. sativa L. (IR24) and O. minuta (Acc. No. 101133) with 5.58% crossability, which ranged from 0.11% to 1.62% in the backcross generations. The chromosome numbers of the backcross progenies were 24 to 48. Seven yield-related traits of the parents, hybrid F₁, and backcross progenies were evaluated. Simple sequence repeat markers analysis showed that the polymorphism ratio of SSR bands between IR24 and Acc. No. 101133 was 93.2%. The average donor segment number, length, donor genome size, and percentage of donor genome of 92 BC₃F₁ plants (2n=24) were 24.1, 17.8 cM, 438.4 cM and 26.2%, respectively. They were complex variation and uneven among the chromosomes. These introgression lines could be used to identify the favorable genes of O. minuta and provide a new platform for the genetic improvement of cultivated rice.     

八倍体小滨麦与缺体小麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

八倍体小滨麦与缺体小麦杂交和回交,其后代ＢＣ１Ｆ１与Ｆ２相比较,染色体分离范围小,有利于４１条染色体类型的分离,若用异源双单体附加作父本与缺体回交,４１条染色体类型的分离率还会提高２倍左右;单体代换在自交世代的传递率为３１．９１％,二体代换的分离率为１９．３７％,异染色体的丢失率为２９．３４％;二体代换在自交世代的传递率为８５．２６％,异染色体的丢失率为９．２１％;ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体构型为２０．７６”＋０．３１’＋０．０３＂＋０．０１””,相对紊乱系数为０．０１,２ｎ＝２１”的细胞占８６．０９％。选育的二体代换系,不同程度地表现出大穗、多花、优质、抗多种病害等滨麦的优良性状。