甘菊3个ClSCL6基因的克隆及表达分析

GRAS家族HAM亚家族基因是维持植物茎端分生组织(shoot apical meristem,SAM)未分化状态的重要因子,并影响着植物的成花转化进程。该研究基于转录组数据中甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)HAM亚家族基因同源序列设计引物,利用RT PCR技术从甘菊中克隆得到3个HAM类基因。序列分析结果表明,所克隆的3个基因开放阅读框长度分别为1 845、1 479和1 881 bp,分别编码614、492和626个氨基酸。Blastp分析显示,3个基因的编码蛋白均含有典型HAM亚家族蛋白特征,并与菊科植物黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)SCL6蛋白具有较高的一致性,分别达到了94.39%、91.90%和94.27%。进一步分析表明,3个基因的编码蛋白与所有拟南芥GRAS家族中的SCL6蛋白进化关系最近,故将其分别命名为ClSCL6a、ClSCL6b和ClSCL6c。荧光定量分析显示,3个ClSCL6基因均在甘菊茎中表达量最高,而在根和花中表达量普遍较低。在不同发育时期的花器官中,3个ClSCL6基因均有表达,其中ClSCL6a在管状花花粉散开前达到表达高峰,ClSCL6b和ClSCL6c则在小花蕾时期表达量最高,在其他时期表达水平差异不大。该研究结果为进一步研究ClSCL6在菊花成花转化过程中的功能奠定了基础。     

小麦TaWRKY47基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦WRKY基因的功能,该研究采用RT PCR方法,在小麦叶片组织中克隆WRKY基因,并对其进行生物信息学和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到1个小麦WRKY基因,命名为TaWRKY47。(2)TaWRKY47基因开放阅读框长度为900 bp,编码299个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域和一个C₂HC锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅲ类成员。(3)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,TaWRKY47蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)荧光定量PCR结果表明,TaWRKY47基因在小麦根、茎、叶、雄蕊和雌蕊中均有表达,其中在雌蕊中表达量最高,且受低温、干旱、盐、ABA和H₂O₂等胁迫表达增强,推测TaWRKY47基因参与了小麦的逆境胁迫过程。该研究结果为进一步研究TaWRKY47基因功能与抗逆机制奠定了理论基础。     

SNF2家族新成员Ercc6l的cDNA克隆与表达分析(英)

SNF2家族蛋白在基因组复制、修复与表达中具有重要作用. 报道了SNF2家族新成员Ercc6l (excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 6-like)的cDNA克隆、特性与表达分析.通过表达序列标签（EST）搜索和组装,获得了cDNA全长4 002 bp的新基因Ercc6l(GenBank Acc.No AY172688),然后通过RT-PCR在小鼠胚胎心脏成功克隆了该基因.Ercc6l在小鼠基因组中由两个外显子和一个内含子组成,定位于X染色体,最大开放阅读框（ORF）编码一个含1 240个氨基酸的假定蛋白质.该假定蛋白质含有SNF2蛋白的8个保守基序（SNF2结构域）.通过与SNF2家族各亚家族的成员进行多重比对,初步确认Ercc6l属于ERCC6亚家族成员.将Ercc6l编码区克隆到pEGFP-C3然后转染HeLa,3T3 和B16细胞,融合蛋白主要定位于胞浆.BLAST搜索检索出69条小鼠EST与Ercc6l同源,这些EST主要来自胚胎和肿瘤组织.对小鼠不同发育时期的多种组织进行RT-PCR,发现Ercc6l在胚胎期强表达,出生产后表达显著下调.这些结果提示Ercc6l在胚胎发育和肿瘤发生中可能具有重要作用.     

茶树开花相关基因家族的克隆及CsMFT基因的可变剪切分析

开花是植物从营养生长到生殖生长转变的关键过程,PEBP(phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein)蛋白家族在植物开花过程中发挥重要调控作用。该研究分别采用信息学分析及RT PCR方法,对茶树CsPEBP基因家族进行了鉴定、克隆和表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得5个PEBP基因家族成员,并分别命名为CsATC、CsMFT、CsBFT、CsFT和CsTFL1,其长度为519~525 bp,分别编码172~174 个氨基酸残基,定位于5条不同染色体。(2)结构分析显示,该蛋白家族不同成员氨基酸序列的相似性高达72.7%,含39.88%~42.28%的自由卷曲,分属于3个亚家族,其亲缘关系与杨树最近。(3)亚细胞定位分析显示,CsATC、CsMFT、CsBFT定位于细胞质, CsFT定位于细胞核,CsTFL1定位于细胞质和细胞核。(4)转录组和荧光定量PCR分析显示,CsMFT基因在茶树不同组织部位和不同非生物胁迫响应下的表达量均高于其他基因;CsFT、CsATC、CsMFT基因在茶树花半开时的表达量最高。(5)启动子元件分析显示,该基因家族的启动子中含有大量的光响应元件和激素响应元件。(6)CsMFT基因存在可变剪切,有 525 bp和689 bp 两个不同长度的转录本。研究推测,该研究所克隆的5个茶树CsPEBP家族成员均参与了调控茶树的开花过程和茶树对多种逆境的响应,为茶树开花调控相关研究奠定了基础。     

CHO/dhfr-细胞定点整合高效表达系统的建立

为了克服随机整合建立高表达细胞株时“位置效应”所带来的不可预知的后果,我们尝试建立基于定点整合的CHO高效表达系统。首先设计一个新的高效筛选载体pMCEscan。该载体含有报告基因(k₂tPA)、扩增基因（dhfr）、重组酶识别序列(FRT)及筛选基因（neo）,且neo基因的表达经过系统的弱化,确保能够对基因组中的整合位点进行大规模的高效筛选。然后利用该载体转染CHO/dhfr^－细胞并进行大规模筛选以获得足够多的阳性克隆,并对阳性克隆进行系统分析,筛选出报告基因表达水平高、单拷贝且扩增效果好的克隆,此克隆被认为筛选载体整合入CHO细胞基因组中转录热点（Hot spot）区域,从而获得了能够实现外源基因在基因组中定点整合和有效表达的CHO/dhfr-细胞系。随后利用位点特异性重组系统（FLP-FRT）将外源基因定点整合到Hot spot区域,以实现外源基因在CHO细胞基因组中的定点整合及高效表达。并利用该细胞系实现了k₂tPA的高表达,表达量达到17.1μg/10⁶cell·24h。该研究致力于CHO细胞基因组中高表达位点的寻找和确认,建立基于定点整合的哺乳动物细胞高效表达系统。     

鹅源新城疫病毒NP、P和L基因的克隆与P基因的表达鉴定

将鹅源新城疫病毒的NP、P和L基因通过RT PCR方法从尿囊液中扩增后分别克隆进pGEM-Teasy载体 ,再分别亚克隆到真核表达载体pCI neo上 ,通过酶切、PCR和测序验证克隆正确。利用P基因开放性阅读框 (ORF)上靠近终止密码上游的AgeI位点 ,将报告基因绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)基因克隆进P基因真核表达重组质粒 ,分别转染COS-1细胞和CEF细胞 ,在倒置荧光显微镜下可见到绿色荧光 ,表明GFP基因已得到表达 ,由此证明P相似文献   

香蕉中4条乙醇脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用RACE技术从香蕉中克隆了4条乙醇脱氢酶基因——MaADH1(GenBank No.KM253748)、MaADH2(GenBank No.KM253749)、MaADH3(GenBank No.KM253750)、MaADH4(GenBank No.KM253753),且在核苷酸水平上4条基因与2A基因组中的乙醇脱氢酶同源性较高;遗传进化树分析显示,MaADH2、MaADH3和MaADH4属于乙醇脱氢酶第I类,而MaADH1不属于第I类,也不属于第Ⅲ类。半定量RT-PCR分析显示,4条基因在不同器官中的表达量不同;不同激素、不同非生物胁迫以及生物胁迫处理后4条基因的表达显示,MaADH2受ABA、乙烯、茉莉酸、水杨酸、干旱和涝害诱导表达,最大表达量分别为 19.14、 428.19、 68.21、 61.79、53.73和108.43;MaADH3受盐胁迫诱导表达,最大表达量为220.27;MaADH1和MaADH4在不同处理后的表达量变化不明显。研究表明,在香蕉中MaADH2可以作为ABA、乙烯、茉莉酸、水杨酸、干旱和涝害的标记基因,MaADH3可以作为盐害的标记基因。     

鼠mPC-1基因的克隆与特性分析

为深入研究人前列腺癌相关基因PC-1的生物功能和进化保守状况,从小鼠肾脏中克隆了全长cDNA序列,命名为mPC-1（GenBank Acc No.AY048852）.mPC-1基因cDNA全长为2 193 bp,主要定位于小鼠染色体3A1-A2区域.mPC-1基因最大开放阅读框编码的蛋白质由224个氨基酸组成,与人PC-1蛋白编码区存在82%的序列一致性,含有coiled-coil结构域和PEST结构域.生物信息学分析表明,由6个外显子组成的mPC-1基因与mD52高度同源,其中,第一外显子代表该基因的特异性序列,实验证据显示mPC-1基因具有自己的启动子,推测mPC-1与小鼠mD52可能是重叠基因.对小鼠20种组织器官和不同发育阶段的胚胎组织cDNA的RT-PCR检测证实,该基因主要在前列腺、肾和眼组织中表达,在胃和平滑肌中有少量表达,在其他组织中表达很弱或不表达.而mD52基因则几乎广泛存在于小鼠的各个组织器官中,因此,两个基因虽然序列上高度重叠却是独立调控的.综上所述,mPC-1基因可能是一个与人PC-1基因结构功能类似的新基因.     

白菜型油菜RbohC和RbohF基因克隆与表达分析

该研究以白菜型油菜（Brassica rapa L.）‘陇油6号’为实验材料,采用RT PCR方法克隆油菜RbohC和RbohF基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对RbohC、RbohF基因在不同组织及非生物胁迫下的表达进行分析,为深入研究油菜RbohC、RbohF基因的生物学功能提供依据。结果显示：(1) 成功克隆得到2个全长分别为3 050 bp和2 995 bp的油菜RbohC (GenBank登录号：XM_009134386) 和RbohF (GenBank登录号：XM_009114548) 基因序列。(2) 生物信息学分析显示,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因开放阅读框（ORF）分别为2 733 bp和2 847 bp,编码910和948个氨基酸,推测二者的蛋白质分子量分别为103 kDa和108 kDa,理论等电点分别为9.47和9.21; 油菜RbohC、RbohF编码的氨基酸序列与萝卜等多种植物相应蛋白氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,且这些序列高度保守并含有NADPH氧化酶的典型保守结构域,包括2个可以与Ca²⁺结合的EF手性模体结构、6个跨膜结构域、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸结合结构域、NAD焦磷酸结合结构域和C末端区域中的NADP核糖保守结合位点。(3) 油菜RbohC和RbohF基因在根、茎、叶和下胚轴中均表达,无组织特异性,但RbohC基因在根中表达量最高, RbohF基因在下胚轴中表达量最高。(4) 低温、干旱、盐、ABA、H₂O₂处理都能够诱导油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达,但抗寒性强的 ‘陇油6号’的RbohC和RbohF基因对胁迫的响应更敏感,且RbohC基因的表达量均高于RbohF基因。(5) 用H₂O₂清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD、MAPKK抑制剂U0126处理后,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达均较对照下降,说明U0126和DMTU对油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达有抑制作用。研究认为,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因在油菜适应逆境胁迫中具有重要作用,两基因的表达均受MAPK激酶信号途径的调节,并受到H₂O₂的反馈调节,而且抗寒性强的‘陇油6号’品种中RbohC和RbohF基因对H2O2和MAPK激酶信号途径的响应更敏感。     

蔗茅EfMYB1基因的克隆与表达分析

为了充分利用蔗茅(Erianthus fulvus)野生资源,挖掘其优良的抗性基因,丰富转基因甘蔗育种候选基因库,该研究结合蔗茅转录组数据,以蔗茅99 1无性系为试验材料,利用RT PCR技术克隆蔗茅MYB基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析及胁迫表达分析,以解析蔗茅的耐寒机理,为转基因甘蔗育种奠定理论基础。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到一个蔗茅MYB基因,命名为EfMYB1基因(登录号ON586646)。(2)生物信息学分析表明,EfMYB1基因全长1 000 bp,ORF为759 bp,编码251个氨基酸;编码蛋白具有一个保守的SANT结构域,无跨膜结构和信号肽,有多个磷酸化位点;二级结构与三级结构主要以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主;与南荻相似性最高,遗传距离最近。(3)qRT PCR分析结果发现,EfMYB1基因在蔗茅根和叶组织中的相对表达量随低温胁迫时间的持续而逐渐显著上调,并于胁迫72 h时达到最大值,而在茎中的表达则几乎没有变化;茉莉酸甲酯胁迫下,EfMYB1基因的相对表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,且在处理6 h时达到最高值;脱落酸胁迫下EfMYB1基因的表达水平较0 h时极显著降低。研究认为,EfMYB1基因属于低温胁迫响应基因,可能参与蔗茅低温胁迫下的应答反应。     

牛卵核移植技术的应用

用去核的牛卵母细胞进行核移植,形成重构胚,胚胎移植后,可产生克隆牛。将克隆牛的肉和奶制成肉粉和奶粉饲喂大鼠,大鼠的生理功能不受影响。牛卵核移植技术为珍稀动物的保护提供了一条重要途径,对于细胞治疗的研究也具有重要意义。通过牛卵核移植技术,可构建异种克隆胚胎,用以研究核质相互作用。将牛卵核移植技术和体细胞基因修饰技术相结合,可生产转基因克隆牛。     

Chronological Changes of Bovine Follicular Oocyte Maturation in Vitro

Chronological changes of bovine follicular cumulus-oocyte-complexesi were studied after in vitro maturation over a period of 48 h. According to their thickness and compactness of cumulus investments they were classified into 4 groups and cultured in enriched Ham’s F-10 medium with or without human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and estradiolbenzoate (EB) for 0, 6, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 48 h. Representative samples were taken at each time interval for evaluation of nuclear maturation stages, ooplasm quality and size of the peri vitelline space (PVS). The results showed that oocyte nuclear breakdown (ONBD) required 6 to 12 h culture, and the peak of the first polar abstriction occurred at 24 h. The culture period required for ONBD and abstraction of the first polar body were related to the thickness and compactness of cumulus investments with and approximately 6 h delay in heavily compacted complexes. Ooplasm quality evaluation failed to show a clear trend, but the PVS increased in size from 0 h to 30 h and then, retracted again from 30 to 48 h. The overall maturation rate in the presence of hCG and EB was 79.1 %, and a substantial proportion (68.8 %) of nude or partially covered oocytes reached metaphase II stage. In the presence of hCG and EB no block at either metaphase I or at anaphase-telophase I was observed. In the absence of hCG and EB the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II was much lower (48.6%) in comparison with oocytes matured in the presence of these hormones (79.1 %). It was concluded a very high proportion of slaughterhouse oocytes could be matured in vitro and that the cumulus investments and addition of certain hormones affected the maturation rate.     

Demecolcine化学辅助去核技术在牛体细胞核移植中的初步研究

本实验目的是研究demecolcine辅助去核的卵母细胞能否支持牛的核移植胚胎的发育。通过化学药物demecolcine处理牛MII期卵母细胞来辅助去除牛卵母细胞核,并用去核的卵母细胞做受体,进行核移植的研究。实验结果显示,demecolcine辅助去核后的卵母细胞质膜有明显一个或二个突起,并且突起内都含有卵母细胞染色体组,显示去核效果较好（57.89%～73.3%）。药物处理一小时为最适时间,去核率可达73.3%。对demecolcine辅助去核的卵母细胞的核移植胚胎发育情况显示囊胚率较盲吸法核移植胚胎较好（12.5%VS10.2%）,但二者差异不显著(p>0.05)。Demecolcine药物处理后的卵母细胞能够支持核移植胚胎的发育。Demecolcine辅助去核可以在牛体细胞核移植中的到应用。     

Proteomics-Based Systems Biology Modeling of Bovine Germinal Vesicle Stage Oocyte and Cumulus Cell Interaction

Background

Oocytes are the female gametes which establish the program of life after fertilization. Interactions between oocyte and the surrounding cumulus cells at germinal vesicle (GV) stage are considered essential for proper maturation or ‘programming’ of oocytes, which is crucial for normal fertilization and embryonic development. However, despite its importance, little is known about the molecular events and pathways involved in this bidirectional communication.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We used differential detergent fractionation multidimensional protein identification technology (DDF-Mud PIT) on bovine GV oocyte and cumulus cells and identified 811 and 1247 proteins in GV oocyte and cumulus cells, respectively; 371 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between each cell type. Systems biology modeling, which included Gene Ontology (GO) and canonical genetic pathway analysis, showed that cumulus cells have higher expression of proteins involved in cell communication, generation of precursor metabolites and energy, as well as transport than GV oocytes. Our data also suggests a hypothesis that oocytes may depend on the presence of cumulus cells to generate specific cellular signals to coordinate their growth and maturation.

Conclusions/Significance

Systems biology modeling of bovine oocytes and cumulus cells in the context of GO and protein interaction networks identified the signaling pathways associated with the proteins involved in cell-to-cell signaling biological process that may have implications in oocyte competence and maturation. This first comprehensive systems biology modeling of bovine oocytes and cumulus cell proteomes not only provides a foundation for signaling and cell physiology at the GV stage of oocyte development, but are also valuable for comparative studies of other stages of oocyte development at the molecular level.     

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in the Pro-Mature Complex Form Enhances Bovine Oocyte Developmental Competence

Developmental competence of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes needs to be improved and this can potentially be achieved by adding recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) or growth differentiation factor (GDF9) to IVM. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a purified pro-mature complex form of recombinant human BMP15 versus the commercially available bioactive forms of BMP15 and GDF9 (both isolated mature regions) during IVM on bovine embryo development and metabolic activity. Bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro in control medium or treated with 100 ng/ml pro-mature BMP15, mature BMP15 or mature GDF9 +/− FSH. Metabolic measures of glucose uptake and lactate production from COCs and autofluorescence of NAD(P)H, FAD and GSH were measured in oocytes after IVM. Following in vitro fertilisation and embryo culture, day 8 blastocysts were stained for cell numbers. COCs matured in medium +/− FSH containing pro-mature BMP15 displayed significantly improved blastocyst development (57.7±3.9%, 43.5±4.2%) compared to controls (43.3±2.4%, 28.9±3.7%) and to mature GDF9+FSH (36.1±3.0%). The mature form of BMP15 produced intermediate levels of blastocyst development; not significantly different to control or pro-mature BMP15 levels. Pro-mature BMP15 increased intra-oocyte NAD(P)H, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were increased by both forms of BMP15 in the absence of FSH. Exogenous BMP15 in its pro-mature form during IVM provides a functional source of oocyte-secreted factors to improve bovine blastocyst development. This form of BMP15 may prove useful for improving cattle and human artificial reproductive technologies.     

Exosomal and Non-Exosomal Transport of Extra-Cellular microRNAs in Follicular Fluid: Implications for Bovine Oocyte Developmental Competence

Cell-cell communication within the follicle involves many signaling molecules, and this process may be mediated by secretion and uptake of exosomes that contain several bioactive molecules including extra-cellular miRNAs. Follicular fluid and cells from individual follicles of cattle were grouped based on Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) staining of the corresponding oocytes. Both Exoquick precipitation and differential ultracentrifugation were used to separate the exosome and non-exosomal fraction of follicular fluid. Following miRNA isolation from both fractions, the human miRCURY LNA™ Universal RT miRNA PCR array system was used to profile miRNA expression. This analysis found that miRNAs were present in both exosomal and non-exosomal fraction of bovine follicular fluid. We found 25 miRNAs differentially expressed (16 up and 9 down) in exosomes and 30 miRNAs differentially expressed (21 up and 9 down) in non-exosomal fraction of follicular fluid in comparison of BCB- versus BCB+ oocyte groups. Expression of selected miRNAs was detected in theca, granulosa and cumulus oocyte complex. To further explore the potential roles of these follicular fluid derived extra-cellular miRNAs, the potential target genes were predicted, and functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed most of these pathways are known regulators of follicular development and oocyte growth. In order to validate exosome mediated cell-cell communication within follicular microenvironment, we demonstrated uptake of exosomes and resulting increase of endogenous miRNA level and subsequent alteration of mRNA levels in follicular cells in vitro. This study demonstrates for the first time, the presence of exosome or non-exosome mediated transfer of miRNA in the bovine follicular fluid, and oocyte growth dependent variation in extra-cellular miRNA signatures in the follicular environment.     

Effects of Different Maturation Systems on Bovine Oocyte Quality,Plasma Membrane Phospholipid Composition and Resistance to Vitrification and Warming

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different maturation systems on oocyte resistance after vitrification and on the phospholipid profile of the oocyte plasma membrane (PM). Four different maturation systems were tested: 1) in vitro maturation using immature oocytes aspirated from slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT; n = 136); 2) in vitro maturation using immature oocytes obtained by ovum pick-up (OPU) from unstimulated heifers (IMA; n = 433); 3) in vitro maturation using immature oocytes obtained by OPU from stimulated heifers (FSH; n = 444); and 4) in vivo maturation using oocytes obtained from heifers stimulated 24 hours prior by an injection of GnRH (MII; n = 658). A sample of matured oocytes from each fresh group was analyzed by matrix associated laser desorption-ionization (MALDI-TOF) to determine their PM composition. Then, half of the matured oocytes from each group were vitrified/warmed (CONT VIT, IMA VIT, FSH VIT and MII VIT), while the other half were used as fresh controls. Afterwards, the eight groups underwent IVF and IVC, and blastocyst development was assessed at D2, D7 and D8. A chi-square test was used to compare embryo development between the groups. Corresponding phospholipid ion intensity was expressed in arbitrary units, and following principal components analyses (PCA) the data were distributed on a 3D graph. Oocytes obtained from superstimulated animals showed a greater rate of developmental (P<0.05) at D7 (MII = 62.4±17.5% and FSH = 58.8±16.1%) compared to those obtained from unstimulated animals (CONT = 37.9±8.5% and IMA = 50.6±14.4%). However, the maturation system did not affect the resistance of oocytes to vitrification because the blastocyst rate at D7 was similar (P>0.05) for all groups (CONT VIT = 2.8±3.5%, IMA VIT = 2.9±4.0%, FSH VIT = 4.3±7.2% and MII VIT = 3.6±7.2%). MALDI-TOF revealed that oocytes from all maturation groups had similar phospholipid contents, except for 760.6 ([PC (34:1) + H]⁺), which was more highly expressed in MII compared to FSH (P<0.05). The results suggest that although maturation systems improve embryonic development, they do not change the PM composition nor the resistance of bovine oocytes to vitrification.     

Oocyte growth.

The main elements of reproduction are exposed with emphasis on its preparation during the larval stage. The system oocyte-nurse cells-follicular cells is described and the principal features of egg morphogenesis are indicated. Two types of problems are concentrated on : 1) sequential determination of growth and evolution of the follicle in the ovarian tube, 2) morphological and biochemical aspects of chorion formation. Variation in the functioning of the oocyte's morphogenetic system is explored with discussion of the role of larval alimentation, temperature, hormonal environment and genetic factors.