酶法制备壳寡糖及其生物学功能

用正交试验方法考察温度、酶浓度、pH对蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的影响,筛选蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的最佳反应条件,采用SDS-PAGE方法分析降解产物,制备具有生物学功能的壳寡糖。用不同浓度的壳寡糖处理人肝癌HepG2细胞,观察细胞形态学变化,MTT法检测壳寡糖对其增殖的影响,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA变化,流式细胞术检测凋亡率(AR)。结果表明:蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的产物主要是聚合度为4以上的寡糖,更多的接近壳六糖。最佳反应条件为pH 4.0、温度40℃、酶和底物质量比为4∶50;壳寡糖质量浓度在2~4 mg/mL时,对HepG2细胞增殖有抑制效应,细胞经壳寡糖处理48 h后,开始空泡化,DNA出现明显的凋亡条带,AR明显高于对照组。在最佳反应条件下蜗牛酶能较好地降解壳聚糖,制备的壳寡糖在一定浓度范围内能通过诱导HepG2细胞发生凋亡而抑制其增殖,其作用呈浓度依赖性。     

壳寡糖诱导植物防御反应中一氧化氮信号的研究

壳寡糖可以增强植物对病虫害的防御能力,为了深入研究壳寡糖的作用机理,首次运用荧光酶标仪及一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)荧光探针Diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA)对壳寡糖诱导的NO信号进行研究。研究发现,不同浓度的壳寡糖均可诱导烟草悬浮细胞产生NO;NO的清除剂Carboxy-PTIO potassium salt(cPTIO)和一氧化氮合酶(Nitric oxide synthase,NOS)抑制剂N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl Ester(L-NAME)可以明显抑制NO的产生;硝酸还原酶(Nitrate reductase, NR)的抑制剂叠氮化钠和钨酸钠对NO的产生无影响;Ca²⁺流相关抑制剂氯化镧和钌红均可抑制NO的产生。NO和Ca²⁺流的相关抑制剂可明显抑制壳寡糖诱导的抗性相关基因的表达。结果显示:壳寡糖主要通过NOS酶催化合成NO,且NO参与调节壳寡糖诱导的抗性相关基因的表达,在此过程中,Ca²⁺可以调节NO的合成。     

壳寡糖对烟草悬浮细胞茉莉酸合成基因转录的影响

采用RT-PCR方法研究了不同浓度壳寡糖对烟草悬浮细胞茉莉酸合成酶基因的转录调控。结果表明, 50 μg.mL-1壳寡糖能够明显诱导烟草悬浮细胞茉莉酸合成途径的关键酶——磷脂酶A2、13-脂氧合酶、丙二烯氧化物合成酶、丙二烯氧化物环化酶和12-氧-植物二烯酸还原酶基因的表达, 而且该浓度的壳寡糖对这些基因的诱导作用相同(似)。在实验设定时间内均诱导表达编码磷脂酶A2的基因, 对其它基因的诱导时间均为8小时, 表明50 μg.mL-1壳寡糖在诱抗过程中启动了茉莉酸合成途径。而200 μg.mL-1壳寡糖的处理对这些基因的表达无显著影响。表明不同浓度的壳寡糖对烟草悬浮细胞的作用模式存在差异, 且高浓度的壳寡糖在烟草悬浮细胞中启动的信号通路可能没有茉莉酸信号的参与。     

壳寡糖诱导水稻过敏性细胞死亡及抗病性的提高

作为真菌细胞壁的主要成分之一的壳寡糖(Oligo-GlcNAc)能够诱导水稻悬浮细胞和幼叶细胞发生过敏性死亡,并伴有H2O2的积累.以1 μg*mL-1壳寡糖处理水稻悬浮细胞12 h后细胞明显死亡;诱导水稻幼叶细胞出现明显的死亡所需壳寡糖浓度为5 μg*mL-1.以壳寡糖处理的水稻抗稻瘟病性也明显增强.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

壳寡糖诱导黄瓜抗黄瓜黑星病的初步研究

本文研究了壳寡糖诱导黄瓜对黑星病的抗性作用。利用6 mg/mL壳寡糖溶液对苗期黄瓜诱导,进行病情调查统计及测定处理前后黄瓜叶片的主要防御酶系———苯丙氨酸解氨酶,过氧化物酶,多酚氧化酶,超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化氢酶的活性变化。结果显示,壳寡糖对黄瓜黑星病在10 d和17 d的诱抗效果分别为60.25%和47.59%,且作为诱导因子可显著提高黄瓜叶片内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性也有所提高,但叶片内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无较明显变化。研究结果表明壳寡糖对黄瓜抗黑星病产生诱导作用,为研究壳寡糖作为新型生物农药提供了依据。     

壳寡糖抑制脂多糖诱导的PIECs表达IL-8和VCAM-1作用的初步研究

目的：观察壳寡糖对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的猪髋动脉内皮细胞（PIECs）炎症损伤的影响以及潜在的分子机制。方法：以脂多糖（1g／mE）＊《激PIECs细胞,建立炎症损伤模型,以RT—PCR和Westernblot的方法观察壳寡糖（COS）预保护PIECs细胞24h,对白介素－8（IL－8）和血管细胞粘附分子．1（VCAM－1）表达水平的影响,以及对JNK信号蛋白磷酸化和c-Fos转录因子表达的影响。结果：壳寡糖可抑制脂多糖刺激的PIECs表达IL－8和VCAM－1,并抑制JNK信号通路的磷酸化和转录因子c-Fos的表达。结论：壳寡糖对脂多糖刺激的PIECs细胞中IL－8和VCAM—1表达的抑制作用是通过抑制上游的JNK信号通路磷酸化和转录因子c-Fos的表达实现的,从而缓解脂多糖对细胞造成的炎症损伤。     

聚合度7-15的壳寡糖抑制脂多糖刺激的单核细胞产生TNF-α和IL-8的作用研究

本文通过建立脂多糖刺激的单核细胞炎症损伤模型,观察聚合度7-15的壳寡糖对炎性单核细胞白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响,及对p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases,p38MAPK)信号通路磷酸化的影响。采用p38信号通路抑制剂(SB203580)验证抑制p38信号通路对脂多糖诱导的单核细胞表达IL-8和TNF-α的作用,从而探索壳寡糖抑制单核细胞炎性损伤的分子机制。结果表明壳寡糖可抑制脂多糖诱导的单核细胞表达IL-8和TNF-α,并且抑制p38信号蛋白的磷酸化水平。因此,初步认为壳寡糖可能通过抑制炎性U937细胞中p38MAPK信号通路抑制IL-8和TNF-α的表达。     

壳寡糖对烟草悬浮细胞茉莉酸合成基因转录的影响

采用RT-PCR方法研究了不同浓度壳寡糖对烟草悬浮细胞茉莉酸合成酶基因的转录调控。结果表明,50μg·mL^-1壳寡糖能够明显诱导烟草悬浮细胞茉莉酸合成途径的关键酶——磷脂酶A2、13-脂氧合酶、丙二烯氧化物合成酶、丙二烯氧化物环化酶和12-氧-植物二烯酸还原酶基因的表达,而且该浓度的壳寡糖对这些基因的诱导作用相同（似）。在实验设定时间内均诱导表达编码磷脂酶A2的基因,对其它基因的诱导时间均为8小时,表明50μg·mL^-1壳寡糖在诱抗过程中启动了茉莉酸合成途径。而200μg·mL^-1壳寡糖的处理对这些基因的表达无显著影响。表明不同浓度的壳寡糖对烟草悬浮细胞的作用模式存在差异,且高浓度的壳寡糖在烟草悬浮细胞中启动的信号通路可能没有茉莉酸信号的参与。     

壳寡糖诱导烟草对TMV长距离移动的影响

采用ELISA-DSM法和半叶枯斑法,测定了壳寡糖(50μg/mL)诱导后普通烟(Nicotiana tabacum)植株体内TMV浓度的变化.ELISA-DSM测定显示,在接种后10 d,仅在接种叶的上位叶和新生叶片中检测到病毒,且病毒浓度仅为不诱导对照的52.7%和38.8%,在下位叶中未检测到病毒;同时,接种叶内病毒增殖严重受抑,接种后10 d,病毒浓度仅为不诱导对照的23.52%.半叶枯斑法检测获得了相同结果,以壳寡糖处理植株的不同叶位的叶片为毒源,产生的枯斑数目都大幅度低于不诱导对照.以上结果证明,壳寡糖处理后TMV的上行和下行长距离移动均明显延迟和减少,下行移动受到的影响更大.透射电镜检查发现,处理植株接种叶的下位叶片韧皮部细胞中没有病毒晶体和病毒粒子,在上位叶片筛管伴胞中仅见少量病毒粒子,两者都未发现任何诱导新生物,也未见其他细胞结构变化.结果表明,壳寡糖处理使烟草对TMV病毒侵染产生了诱导抗病性,系统侵染症状明显减弱;壳寡糖处理对病毒长距离移动的不利影响可能是接种叶片病毒增殖减少所造成的.     

Scavenging effect of benzophenones on the oxidative stress of skeletal muscle cells.

Benzophenone is an ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing agent that has been used in industry and medicine for more than 30 years. Consumers of cosmetics and sunscreens containing UV-absorbers are exposed to benzophenones on a daily basis, owing to the widespread use of these compounds. However, the efficacy of these compounds as scavengers of oxidative stress is still not well established. In the present study, we investigate the antioxidative capacity of six sunscreen benzophenone compounds. A primary myoblast culture was mixed in vitro with 100 microM menadione. The cytotoxic effect by menadione-induced oxidative stress was monitored by the lucigenin- or luminol-amplified chemiluminescence, methylthiotetrazole (MTT) assay, and the antioxidative effects of various benzophenone compounds were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of menadione can induce oxidative stress on myoblasts by superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production, which can be eradicated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, respectively, in a dose-dependent mode. The catalase has a protective effect on the cytotoxicity induced by menadione as measured by the MTT assay, while the SOD does not. The selected benzophenones also have a significant scavenging effect on the menadione-induced cell death on the myoblasts. The ortho-dihydroxyl structure and other hydroxy groups in the same ring have a stronger scavenging effect on the superoxide anion on myoblasts; thus, a stable penoxy radical may be formed. The mechanism of this effect remains to be clarified.     

Antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effect of kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides and their different derivatives

Antioxidant activity of kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides (OM) and their chemical modification derivatives was investigated employing various established in vitro systems, such as reducing power, iron ion chelation, and total antioxidant activity using beta-carotene-linoleic acid system. The oversulfated (SD), lowly (LAD), and highly acetylated derivatives (HAD) in reducing power assay, the phosphorylated derivative (PD) in metal chelating assay, and oversulfated and phosphorylated derivatives in total antioxidant activity assay exhibited antioxidant activity higher than that of carrageenan oligosaccharides. The results indicated that the chemical modification of carrageenan oligosaccharides can enhance their antioxidant activity in vitro. The protective effects of the carrageenan oligosaccharides and their chemically modified derivatives against H(2)O(2) and UVA (long-wave ultraviolet radiation) induced oxidative damage on rat thymic lymphocyte were investigated by measuring cell viability via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Thymic lymphocyte exposure to H(2)O(2) and UVA, a marked reduction in cell survival was observed, which was significantly prevented by carrageenan oligosaccharides and their derivatives (preincubated for 2h) at 66.7-2000 microg/mL. But both the carrageenan oligosaccharides and their different derivatives showed the similar protective effects on intracellular level. Taken together, these results suggest that carrageenan oligosaccharides and their derivatives show relevant antioxidant activity both in vitro and in a cell system.     

Measurement of Menadione-Mediated DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes Using the Comet Assay

The model quinone compound menadione has been used to study the effects of oxidative stress in mammalian cells, and to investigate the mechanism of action of the quinone nucleus which is present in many anti-cancer drugs. We have used the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) to investigate the effects of low doses of this compound on isolated human lymphocytes. We found that concentrations of menadime as low as 1μM were sufficient to induce strand breaks in these cells. Pre-incubation with the NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor dicoumarol, enhanced the production of menadione-induced strand breaks. In contrast, the metal ion chelator 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited formation of strand breaks, although prolonged incubation with 1,10-phenanthroline in combination with menadione resulted in an increase in a population of very severely damaged nuclei. A marked variation in the response of lymphocytes from different donors to menadione, and in different samples from the same donor was also observed.     

淫羊藿苷促进宫颈癌TC-1细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的:研究淫羊藿苷体外对致宫颈癌TC-1细胞的增殖抑制及促凋亡作用。方法:利用细胞培养,用不同浓度的淫羊藿苷在一定的时间处理致宫颈癌TC-1细胞,光学显微镜直接观察药物对细胞的作用;MTT法检测淫羊藿苷对TC-1细胞的增殖抑制作用;Dapi核染色、Annexinv-FITC/PI流式细胞学检测细胞凋亡。结果:淫羊藿苷对TC-1细胞有显著的抑制作用,且呈时间、剂量依赖,20μg/ml作用72小时后,细胞抑制率达99%;DAPI核染色和流式细胞术检测可发现典型细胞凋亡特征。结论:淫羊藿苷对TC-1细胞增殖有抑制和促凋亡作用,并呈时间浓度依赖性。     

Cytoprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives against menadione-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural polyphenolic compound with many biological activities, has been shown to be protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have synthesized six new catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives and evaluated their cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects against menadione-induced cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results provide some insights into the structural basis of CAPE cytoprotection in this assay, which does not appear to be based solely on direct antioxidant properties.     

Characterization of two partially purified xyloglucan endotransglycosylases from parsley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Petroselinum crispum</Emphasis>) roots

Two forms of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase differing in isoelectric points were isolated from the protein mixture obtained from parsley roots and partially characterized. Both forms were glycoproteins differing in their specific activities but other features were almost the same. Activity and stability of both enzymes in broad pH region were observed with two pH optima, one at acidic pH (5.8) and the second one at basic pH (8.8). The enzymes behaved as typical transglycosylases since no activity was observed in the absence of xyloglucan oligosaccharides in the viscometric assay. Small hetero-transglycosylating activities were observed when hydroxyethyl-or carboxymethyl-celluloses instead of xyloglucan as donor substrate were used as well as when cello-oligosaccharides instead of xyloglucan oligosaccharides were used as the acceptor substrate.     

荔枝核离子交换树脂分离物对肝癌细胞体外增殖及凋亡的影响

为探讨荔枝核提取物对人肝癌细胞HepG-2增殖的影响,采用MTT法检测样品对HepG-2细胞的增殖抑制活性,选取活性最好的组分进行Hoechest 33258染色,检测其对HepG-2细胞的致凋亡能力;细胞凋亡率及细胞周期的改变采用PI染色和流式细胞术进行测定。结果表明,荔枝核提取物及纯化后的多个组分都显示出对HepG-2细胞的增殖抑制活性,其中组分L2．3效果最好,对HepG-2细胞有明显的剂量依赖性增殖抑制作用（P〈0．05）;倒置显微镜下可见经也．3处理72h后细胞形态明显变小变圆,正常存活的细胞随药物浓度增加而减少;Hoechest 33258染色后处理组HepG-2细胞染色质固缩,出现呈致密浓染蓝白色颗粒状荧光的凋亡小体;在100、50μg／mL浓度时,L2．3处理48h后HepG-2细胞凋亡率显著增高（P〈0．05）,G0／G1期细胞减少（P〈0．05）,S期细胞增多（P〈0．01）,G2／M期细胞减少。以上结果证明荔枝核提取物可通过诱导细胞凋亡,影响细胞周期分布抑制HepG-2细胞增殖。     

Anisomycin诱导小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞凋亡

目的:探讨Anisomycin诱导EAC细胞凋亡的机制。方法:利用MTT法观察Anisomycin对EAC细胞增殖的影响;应用AnnexinV-FITC和PI双染色检测Anisomycin作用下EAC细胞凋亡的变化;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测Anisomycin作用下EAC细胞的DNA断裂片断;采用RT-PCR检测Anisomycin作用下Caspase-3 mRNA的转录水平;Western Blot分析Anisomycin处理的EAC细胞内Caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果:Anisomycin对EAC细胞增殖的抑制率随浓度的升高而增高,EAC细胞的凋亡水平也上升,随着Anisomycin浓度升高EAC细胞DNA断裂的寡核苷酸片段亦越趋明显,Caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白水平也上调,并明显高于阿霉素组结论:结果表明,Anisomycin能够抑制EAC细胞的增殖,在体外可能通过激活Caspase-3凋亡信号而诱导EAC细胞的凋亡。     

EGCG 对人结肠癌HT-29 细胞凋亡的影响以及对MMP-2，RECK 的 调节作用

目的:观察表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallaocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG)对人结肠癌HT-29细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨其对MMP-2,RECK的调节作用。方法:体外培养人结肠癌HT-29细胞,MTT比色法检测EGCG对HT-29细胞的生长抑制作用;Histone/DNA ELISA检测细胞凋亡;FITC标记Annexin-V/PI双染流式细胞术分析凋亡细胞百分率;Western Blot和RT-PCR方法检测EGCG对MMP-2,RECK蛋白和mRNA表达的影响。结果:EGCG呈浓度和时间依赖性抑制HT-29细胞的增殖,并且增加HT-29细胞Histone/DNA碎片的渗漏;EGCG诱导HT-29细胞凋亡百分率增高;EGCG抑制MMP-2蛋白和mRNA的表达,促进RECK蛋白和mRNA的表达。结论:EGCG抑制人结肠癌HT-29细胞的增殖,促进其凋亡,并且呈浓度和时间依赖性;其作用机制可能与其下调MMP-2蛋白和mRNA的表达、上调RECK蛋白和mRNA的表达有关。     

Minimum substrate requirements of endoglycosidase activities toward dermatan sulfate by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry

The catabolism of dermatan sulfate (DS) commences with endohydrolysis of the polysaccharide to oligosaccharides by proposed endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase and endohexuronidase activities. To investigate the substrate specificities of these activities, we developed an assay to measure specific products of their action upon oligosaccharide substrates. Tetra- to tetradecasaccharides, rich in glucuronic acid (GlcA) or iduronic acid (IdoA), were obtained from chondroitinase ABC digests of chondroitin sulfate (CS)-A and DS, respectively, separated by gel-filtration chromatography and characterized by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase and endohexuronidase cleavage of these oligosaccharides was then assessed by incubating with cell homogenate (source of endoglycosidase activity) and measuring di- to octasaccharide products derived from the nonreducing end of the substrate by ESI-MS/MS. We found that both activities preferentially degraded the GlcA-rich substrate, with minor activity toward the IdoA-rich substrate and that a minimum of four and five monosaccharides were required on the reducing side of the target glycosidic linkage for endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase and endohexuronidase cleavage, respectively. Thus, the minimum-sized substrates were a hexasaccharide for endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase and an octasaccharide for endohexuronidase. We observed that endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase sequentially removed tetrasaccharides from the nonreducing end of oligosaccharides when unrestricted by substrate length, whereas endohexuronidase activity was random and comparatively low. The activities displayed acidic pH optima and were shown by subcellular fractionation to reside in lysosomes and late endosomes. We suggest that these activities represent the known Hyal-1 and endo-beta-glucuronidase enzymes and that these enzymes act in concert to degrade GlcA-rich domains of DS but are less active toward regions containing IdoA.