诱抗菌激发子诱导黄瓜产生对炭疽病的抗性

用细胞壁提取法从诱抗菌中提取出激发子,经点滴法测定发现该激发子与活菌一样能诱导黄瓜产生对炭疽病的抗性反应。黄瓜经激发子处理后,体内与抗病反应有关的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著增强;过氧化物酶同功酶酶带增多,着色加深;酚类物质和木质素含量也明显提高。     

诱抗菌激发子诱导黄瓜产生对炭疽病的抗性

用细胞壁提取法从诱抗菌中提取出激发子,经点滴法测定发现该激发子与活菌一样能诱导黄瓜产生对炭疽病的抗性反应。黄瓜经激发子处理后,体内与抗病反应有关的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著增强;过氧化物酶同功酶酶带增多,着色加深;酚类物质和木质素含量也明显提高。     

蚯蚓粪对黄瓜炭疽病的系统诱导抗性作用

通过试验,研究了蚯蚓粪是否诱导黄瓜产生炭疽病系统抗性．结果表明,盆栽基质中加入蚯蚓粪后,黄瓜炭疽病的发病率比种植在加有草炭基质中的发病率低得多,差异显著(P<0．05)．与经典的系统获得性抗性SAR试验相比没有明显差异(P>0．05),说明盆栽基质中蚯蚓粪的加入,产生了同病原菌诱导植物产生获得性系统抗性同样的作用,控制了病害的发生．进一步试验表明,黄瓜病原菌处理叶与非处理叶中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性与对照比较均有不同程度的提高,加入蚯蚓粪的处理与对照比较,黄瓜病原菌处理叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性差异显著(P<0．05)．第3叶片中加入蚯蚓粪的处理与对照比较,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性差异显著(P<0．05),表明盆栽基质中加入蚯蚓粪后,通过启动植物体内的防御酶系,从而诱导了植物产生系统抗性,控制病害的发生。     

牛蒡寡糖诱导黄瓜抗炭疽病的研究

本研究证明了牛蒡寡糖能显著诱导黄瓜对炭疽病的抗性。黄瓜幼苗经0.05%的牛蒡寡糖处理后,以病斑数计算的对炭疽病诱抗效果为50.01%,以病斑面积计算的诱抗效果为56.83%。而用牛蒡寡糖诱导后,四种与植物抗性有关的酶的活性随诱导时间的延长呈现出不同的动态变化。β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在诱导后第4天的活性最高,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)在诱导后第3天活性最高,多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性从诱导后第4天开始持续升高,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性在诱导后则有所降低,与同期对照相比最大降低幅度为29%。     

亚精胺诱导黄瓜幼苗对白粉病抗性的研究

以黄瓜品种‘长春密刺’幼苗为材料,研究了亚精氨(Spd)诱导黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的抗性,并测定Spd处理和白粉菌接种对黄瓜叶片4种防御酶活性及3种防卫基因表达的影响。结果显示:(1)0.2～1.0mmol.L-1 Spd对黄瓜幼苗白粉病抗性均有不同程度的诱抗效果,并以0.8mmol.L-1 Spd处理效果最明显,诱导效率可达55.3%。(2)喷施Spd或接种白粉菌均可提高黄瓜叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,且诱导并接种处理的植株叶片上述酶活性均比只诱导不接种处理的上升速度更快;同时,Spd处理和接种白粉菌可以提高植株叶片中POX、PAL、PR-1a基因的表达量。研究表明,Spd处理可以诱导防卫基因表达的增强,提高防御酶活性,显著降低病情指数,增强黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的抗性。     

日光温室连作土壤酚类物质变化及其对黄瓜根系抗病性相关酶的影响

研究了日光温室连作黄瓜土壤酚类物质变化及其对黄瓜根系抗病性相关酶的影响.结果表明,随着连作年限的增加,对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸、苯甲酸以及总量呈现明显的积累特征:种植5年、7年、9年的含量显著高于1年、3年,且9年的是1年的2倍.在低浓度处理下(0和80 μg·g^-1),前期(2、3叶期)诱导多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性不同程度地升高,植株表现高抗性,在较高浓度下(120和160μg·g^-1),处理前期多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性迅速降低,甚至丧失酶活性.连作土壤酚类物质浓度变化是影响日光温室黄瓜抗病性的主要因素之一.     

丛枝菌根真菌对低温下黄瓜幼苗光合生理和抗氧化酶活性的影响

作者于塑料连栋大棚栽培条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)Glomus mossea-2对低温下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗同化产物积累、光合生理和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性及基因表达的影响。结果表明：低温显著抑制了AMF对黄瓜根系的侵染能力和菌根相对依赖性。接菌后30d—45d AMF为快速侵染期。接种AMF植株的鲜重根冠比、总干重、总鲜重均显著大于未接菌处理。低温胁迫下,接种AMF延缓了光合速率、根系活力、羧化效率和叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量的下降,并且使丙二醛(MDA) 的含量保持相对较低的水平,诱导了抗氧化酶基因的表达及活性提高。接种AMF可以使叶片维持较高的抗氧化酶水平和光合能力,增强了对低温胁迫的抗性。 关键词：黄瓜;丛枝菌根真菌;低温;抗氧化酶     

不同抗性猕猴桃品种感染溃疡病前后几种保护酶活性变化

研究了不同猕猴桃品种展叶孕蕾期自然感染溃疡病菌前后一年生枝条、叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性的变化情况.结果表明:感染溃疡病菌前后,抗病品种和感病品种枝条及成叶中防御酶系活性变化规律存在一定的差异.品种未受溃疡病菌感染时,一年生枝条、叶片中的POD、PPO、SOD、CAT酶活性抗病品种的酶活性均低于感病品种.品种自然感染溃疡病菌后,一年生枝条、叶片POD、PPO、SOD、CAT、PAL酶活性均升高,且酶活性的增加幅度是抗病品种中酶活提高倍数高于感病品种.而且这种增量在不同保护酶类以及不同组织部位是有差异的.     

双孢蘑菇不同品种感染有害疣孢霉后防御酶活性变化

通过测定同一时期不同品种双孢蘑菇子实体接种和未接种情况下,子实体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)等4种防御酶活性变化,为研究双孢蘑菇品种对有害疣孢霉Mycogone perniciosa的抗病性差异提供科学数据。结果表明:以双孢蘑菇As258、As2796和W192为材料,在接种处理后,各品种双孢蘑菇子实体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性变化不同。双孢蘑菇W192品种4种酶活峰值最高,其次是As2796和As258。说明这4种酶与双孢蘑菇抗有害疣孢霉有一定的关联。     

马铃薯不同品种感染早疫病菌后防御酶活性变化

通过测定抗性不同的马铃薯品种接种和未接种情况下叶片内防御酶活性,研究马铃薯品种对早疫病的抗性机制。结果表明,在接种处理后,各品种植株体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均提高,抗病品种酶活性增幅高于感病品种,说明上述4种酶与品种抗性有一定的关联。     

低聚壳聚糖诱导的毛白杨抗病反应与ABA信号通路的关系

脱落酸(ABA)信号通路核心组分有ABA受体(PYR/PYL/RCARs)、2C型蛋白磷酸酶家族中的A亚族成员(PP2Cs)以及蔗糖非酵解型蛋白激酶2家族成员(SnRK2s)。运用BLASTP序列比对方法,在毛果杨中获得14条PtPYR、7条PtPP2C和4条PtSnRK2基因,它们分别与拟南芥AtPYR、AtPP2C和AtSnRK2基因同源。根据系统进化树分析结果,选取基因PtPYRL7、PtPYRL9、PtHAB2、PtPP2CA、PtSnRK2.3和PtSnRK2.6,设计合适的引物。以85号无性系毛白杨组培苗为材料,分别对其根部进行外源ABA和低聚壳聚糖处理,于处理3h、6h、12h和24h4个时间点取样,提取样本叶片总RNA,反转录成cDNA,进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。结果显示:ABA处理和低聚壳聚糖处理均能使PtPYRL7和PtPYRL9基因表达下调,使PtHAB2和PtPP2CA基因表达上调,使PtSnRK2.3和PtSnRK2.6基因表达先上调后下调。研究表明,ABA处理和低聚壳聚糖处理诱导毛白杨叶片中与ABA信号通路相关的基因的表达变化趋势几乎一致,说明ABA信号通路是低聚壳聚糖诱导毛白杨抗病的信号传递途径之一。     

Ultrastructure of Tobacco Ringspot Virus-Induced Local Lesions in Lima Bean Leaves

Lignin is hypothesized to be a factor in the ability of cucurbits to resist fungal infection. To determine if lignin was present around sites of infection, susceptible cucumber plants and cucumber plants with systemic induced resistance were inoculated with Colletotrichum lagenarium, and the ultrastructure of plant and pathogen was examined 24 to 72 hours later. Conidia produced germ tubes with appressoria within 24 hours of inoculation on both control and induced plants. Penetration of plant epidermal cell walls occurred by 48 hours, and papillae formed at the site of penetration. Both elemental bromine and potassium permanganate were used to histochemically stain for lignin. Potassium permanganate, used together with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS), indicated the presence of lignin in papillae and in electron-dense areas of plant cell walls directly beneath the appressoria. Using EDS, silicon was shown to be localized in the electron-dense areas of cucumber leaf cells. This is the first report of silicon in induced cucumber plants. There were no qualitative differences between the resistance reactions of induced and control plants.     

Comparison of local and systemic induction of acquired disease resistance in cucumber plants treated with benzothiadiazoles or salicylic acid.

The accumulation of chitinase and its involvement in systemic acquired disease resistance was analyzed using acibenzolar-S-methyl and salicylic acid (SA). Resistance against scab (pathogen: Cladosporium cucumerinum) and the accumulation of chitinase were rapidly induced in cucumber plants after treatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl. In contrast, SA protected the plants from C. cucumerinum and the accumulation of chitinase was induced only on the treated leaves. The accumulation of chitinase in response to inoculation with the pathogen was induced more rapidly in cucumber plants previously treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl than in plants pretreated with SA or water. Thus, it appears that a prospective signal(s), that induces systemic resistance, can be transferred from leaves treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl to the untreated upper and lower leaves where systemic resistance is elicited. In contrast, exogenously applied SA is not likely to function as a mobile, systemic resistance-inducing signal, because SA only induces localized acquired resistance.     

亚精胺对黄瓜幼苗灰霉病的诱抗作用

采用根际基质注射结合叶面喷洒不同浓度亚精胺（Spd）的方法,测定了灰霉病菌侵染下黄瓜幼苗植株病情指数、防御酶活性和抗病相关物质含量等生理生化指标,以明确Spd对黄瓜幼苗抗灰霉病的诱导作用.结果表明：Spd处理黄瓜灰霉病病情指数比对照最高降低25.4%;苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性最高分别比对照提高48.4%、635.9%和38.9%;总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量也明显增加.表明Spd可诱导黄瓜幼苗对灰霉病的抗性,且最佳处理浓度为150 mg·L^-1.     

Suppression by Red Light Irradiation of Corynespora Leaf Spot of Cucumber Caused by Corynespora cassiicola

The effect of red light irradiation on development of Corynespora leaf spot of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Hokushin) caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Court.) was investigated in greenhouses. In a greenhouse without red light (?Red), lesions enlarged, coalesced, and finally covered the entire leaves of cucumber. In a greenhouse with red light (+Red), however, lesion appearance was delayed relative to that under ?Red and its development was also significantly suppressed. Such difference in disease development was also observed in cucumbers grown under +Red and ?Red in the same greenhouse. Disease suppression under red light was also observed in glasshouse‐grown C. cassiicola‐inoculated cucumbers. Red light did not inhibit the infection behaviour of the pathogen. Our results indicated that the delay and suppression of Corynespora leaf spot of cucumber under +Red were due to induction of resistance in cucumber, and not to differences in environmental conditions or fungal population between the two greenhouses. Red light‐induced resistance might contribute to the development of new methods for controlling Corynespora leaf spot of greenhouse‐grown cucumber.     

Resistenzinduktion gegen systemische Virusinfektionen durch Kulturfiltrate von Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb. ex Link) Hughes

Induced resistance in systemic host-virus combinations by culture filtrates of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb. ex Link) Hughes Culture filtrates of the fungus Stachybotrys chartarum sprayed on systemic hosts decreased the development of symptoms of different elongated and isometric viruses. The degree of induced resistance depended on the host-virus system. An interval of three or five days between application of the filtrate and virus inoculation was sufficient to induce resistance. High inoculum concentration reduced the efficiency of induced resistance in cucumber against CMV. The content of CMV in inoculated andsystemically infected, induced resistant cucumber leaves was decreased. TMV inoculated leaves of induced resistant tobacco plants contained higher, systemically infected leaves lower virus amounts as comparable untreated control leaves. Reduced virus content and distribution in induced resistant plants obviously resulted from inhibition of multiplication and spread of viruses.     

Resistance to 2-tridecanone in Tetranychus urticae: effects of induced resistance,cross-resistance and heritability

Earlier studies of resistance to the tomato toxin 2-tridecanone revealedsimilar levels of resistance among tomato and cucumber strains ofTetranychus urticae, whereas we anticipated the tomatostrains to have a higher resistance. Between-strain differences, however, maybeconcealed by toxin accumulation and/or cross-resistance. Mites do accumulate2-tridecanone to a considerable extent, but we have shown before that thiscannot explain the lack of difference in resistance. In this paper, we provideevidence against cross-resistance: selection for resistance to a homologouscompound from cucumber, 2-nonanone, did not confer resistance to 2-tridecanone.Observed increases in resistance levels over generations may be due toinductionor selection. To study induction, adult females from a cucumber strain and atomato strain were exposed to a sublethal dose of 2-tridecanone. One day afterexposure, the cucumber strain gained in resistance to 2-tridecanone (c.8-fold),whereas the tomato strain showed a decrease in resistance. These changes inresistance disappeared within three days after exposure, the time the mitesneedto dispose themselves of the toxin. The results support earlier findings thatresistance is induced in the cucumber strain, but not in the tomato strain. Toassess the heritability of resistance to 2-tridecanone, offspring was obtainedfrom individual females, and both the mothers and their offspring were testedfor resistance. For the cucumber strain, offspring from susceptible orresistantmothers did not differ in resistance. For the tomato strain, however, offspringfrom resistant mothers were significantly more resistant to the toxin thanoffspring from susceptible mothers. This result provides unambiguous evidencethat resistance to 2-tridecanone can be selected for.     

高温诱导黄瓜抗霜霉病机理

研究了高温对黄瓜霜霉病菌致病力的影响以及高温控制霜霉病发生的效果.结果表明,40 ℃高温处理2 h和45 ℃处理1 h对黄瓜霜霉病的诱导抗病性作用最明显,其在接种后4 d时的防效分别为58.40%和45.81%,到接种后6 d时,防效分别下降为39.35%和37.65%.经高温诱导后,过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶（Cht）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）活性均显著高于对照,与未诱导植株相比,高温诱导后叶片组织的细胞壁表面有大量木质素沉积,表明高温处理后黄瓜表现出对霜霉病的抗病性.     

酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性与葫芦素B含量的关系

采用高效液相色谱分析法,通过测定3种不同抗性甜瓜属作物根系中葫芦素B含量的差异,探讨酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性与葫芦素B含量的关系.结果表明:(1)接种根结线虫前,供试材料根系中的葫芦素B含量以酸黄瓜的最高(1.31μg/g),非洲角次之(0.85μg/g),北京截头最低(0.35μg/g),表明酸黄瓜中葫芦素B的本体含量较高;接种根结线虫后,酸黄瓜、非洲角、北京截头根系中的葫芦素B含量升高至3.88、2.67和0.49μg/g,较相应未接种对照分别升高了2.57、1.82和0.14μg/g,表明酸黄瓜经线虫诱导后葫芦素B含量上升较大.(2)酸黄瓜受线虫危害低于非洲角并显著低于北京截头,说明酸黄瓜的抗线虫能力较强;供试材料受害程度与葫芦素B含量相关性分析表明,作物的抗线虫能力与根系中的葫芦素B含量呈正相关关系,其含量越高,抗性越强.研究认为,酸黄瓜的高葫芦素B含量是其南方根结线虫病抗性的化学证据.