红点齿蟾的个体发育及生态的初步研究

2005-2006年对贵州省务川苗族仡佬族自治县4个洞和1条溪流进行了野外考察和标本收集,共获不同年龄蝌蚪134尾、幼体1只、成体3只。并在实验室对部分蝌蚪进行人工喂养、观察、测量。通过各项考察,结果表明红点齿蟾主要生活在水温14～16℃、pH7～8的微碱性水环境中。生活在洞穴的弱光带及黑暗带,小溪生境则躲藏在阴暗潮湿的石缝中。生态环境相似。     

贵州屯上洞洞穴动物对5种重金属富集的研究

2009年7月对贵州施秉县屯上洞洞穴动物进行了调查.共获动物标本454号,隶属3门9纲16目19科20种.对7个动物类群(鲤鱼、泥鳅、红点齿蟾、小戴溪蟹、盲蛛、常雕囊马陆和斑灶马)、洞穴土壤和洞穴水的重金属含量进行了测定,对各动物类群重金属富集系数和洞穴土壤的污染指数进行了评价.结果显示动物体内对重金属镉(Cd)和铜(Cu)有明显的富集.各元素在3个光带(有光带、弱光带和无光带)土壤中的平均值含量中镉(Cd)和汞(Hg)超过了我国的土壤背景值,按顺序排列为:Cu>Pb>As>Hg>Cd;水体中为:As>Cu>Pb>Hg>Cd.单项污染指数显示Cd为轻污染(1.4);Hg为中污染(2.93).综合污染指数显示3个光带的污染系数平均值为1.22,属于轻污染,说明该洞虽有重金属污染但并不严重.     

红点齿蟾的核型、Ag-NORs和C-带的研究

对红点齿蟾Oreolalax rhodostigmatus的核型、Ag-NORs与C-带进行了研究,结果表明,2n＝26＝20m 6sm,NF＝52,一对Ag-NORs位于No.6染色体长臂上,各号染色体均具着丝粒区C-带,将红点齿蟾的核型、Ag-NORs、C-带与同属的几种齿蟾进行了比较.     

瓦屋山国家森林公园锄足蟾科6种的繁殖鸣声特性

在地处四川省洪雅县的瓦屋山国家森林公园录取了锄足蟾科 6种的繁殖期求偶鸣叫声。它们分隶 4属 ,即角蟾属 (Megophrys)、齿蟾属 (Oreolalax)、齿突蟾属 (Scutiger)和掌突蟾属 (Leptolalax)。在IBMPC上用“SIGNAL”软件 (EngineeringDesign ,USA)对获取的鸣声资料进行分析 ,分析的频率范围设置为 0～ 10kHz。声学分析结果表明 :峨山掌突蟾 (L oshanensi) ,小角蟾 (M minorr) ,角蟾 1种 (M sp) ,金顶齿突蟾[S (S )chintingensis],峨眉齿蟾 (O omeimontis)和无蹼齿蟾 (O schmidti)的主能峰频率平均值分别是45 2 1 9、 34 5 6 4、 2 2 93 8、 10 76 5、 10 71 0和 1849 4Hz ,每声持续时间的平均值分别是 46 2、 90 8、 99 6、72 2、 78 8和 110 3ms ,声距的平均值分别是 140 4、 2 5 3 0、 6 81 4、 15 17 7、 46 1 3和 6 19 5ms。单因子方差分析结果表明主能峰频率、每声持续时间和各声距在 6个种间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。LSD法多重比较的结果指出金顶齿突蟾和峨眉齿蟾间的主能峰频率无显著差异 (P =0 917>0 0 5 ) ;在每声持续时间上 ,只有峨山掌突蟾与小角蟾、角蟾 1种、峨眉齿蟾、无蹼齿蟾间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;在声距上 ,峨山掌突蟾与小角蟾间无显著差异 ,角蟾 1种与无蹼齿蟾之间、峨     

宁陕齿突蟾蝌蚪的生物学特性

齿突蟾属(ScutigerTheobald,1868)包括齿突蟾亚属(ScutigerDubois,1980)和猫眼蟾亚属(AelurophryneFei,Ye and Li,1989),前者已知有10种,后者7种(费梁等,2005)。在我国有8种齿突蟾亚属物种分布于我国西南和青藏高原及周边地区,其中发现于陕西省宁陕县平河梁的宁陕齿突蟾(S·ningshanensis)是分布最东北的特有珍稀物种。尽管经过20多年来的多次采集,至今仅获得模式和配模标本,对其生物学特性了解甚少(方荣盛,1985;梁刚等,1989;费梁,1999),为这一珍稀齿突蟾的保护带来很大困难。蝌蚪是无尾两栖动物生命史中的一个重要时期,大约有四分之三…     

刘承钊教授生前发表的两栖动物新种

本文介绍刘承钊教授生前本人或与合作者描述发表的两栖动物66个新种,分隶2目9科,计有尾目2科9种,无尾目7科57种(名单见附表)。其中,刘承钊和胡淑琴(1961)《中国无尾两栖类》将以下4种列为同物异名:108页:ＡｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅｂｒｅｖｉｐｅｓＬｉｕ=胸腺猫眼蟾ＡｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｔｕｓＬｉｕ[后改属名,称为胸腺齿突蟾Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｔｕｓ(Ｌｉｕ)]。265页:胡氏树蛙ＲｈａｃｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｈｕｉＬｉｕ=杜氏树蛙ＲｈａｃｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｄｕｇｒｉｔｅｉＤａｖｉｄ[后改属名,称为杜氏泛树蛙Ｐｏｌｙｐｅｄａｔｅｓｄ…     

云南昭通发现红点齿蟾

2019年8月,在云南省昭通市威信县徐家坝一溶洞中发现齿蟾雄性成体1只,并采集到12只蝌蚪标本。雄性成体标本形态特征与红点齿蟾（Oreolalax rhodostigmatus）模式产地标本相符：即鼓膜明显,有鼓环,雄性第一、二指上婚刺粗大,内外掌突长椭圆形,极显著,排成倒“八”形;体侧有10余个极显著的橘红色或浅黄圆疣;腋腺及股后腺大而圆,橘红色。蝌蚪体形肥大,紫色或无色透明,第一行短唇齿的下方,又有一行短唇齿位于左、右第一和二行唇齿之间,两口角处副突多,且有小齿。故鉴定为红点齿蟾,为云南省两栖动物分布新记录种。     

江西南矶湿地斑背大尾莺食性初步分析

为了填补斑背大尾莺食性研究的空白和比较其繁殖期和非繁殖期是否有食性差异,于2011年4月繁殖期,在江西南矶湿地用望远镜观察和录像机拍摄斑背大尾莺亲鸟育雏行为,记录育雏食物的种类和数量;在11月秋季非繁殖期,斑背大尾莺专项环志过程中采集7只意外死亡的个体,进行实验室胃容物解剖分析。两种分析方法分别得出:1)春季取食动物性食物,主要有直翅目蝼蛄科成虫或幼虫、鳞翅目成虫或幼虫、蜻蜓目的成虫,蛛形纲的小型蜘蛛;2)秋季食物由动物性食物(70.24%)和植物性食物(29.76%)组成,动物性食物主要为鞘翅目、直翅目、蜻蜓目、鳞翅目、蜘蛛目等节肢动物,植物性食物为一些植物种子和少量的叶片组织。本研究表明,繁殖期和非繁殖期斑背大尾莺食性有差异,这种差异性是随季节变化生境中的食物组成不同,及育雏期雏鸟需高蛋白营养食物而导致的。     

贵州黑洞内红点齿蟾组织和器官的碳氮稳定同位素分析

应用稳定同位素技术对贵州黑洞红点齿蟾组织和器官的δ13C、δ15N同位素组成进行了研究。结果显示,其胃肠、肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、骨头的δ13C值平均范围为-23.5763‰~-22.5933‰,跨度为0.9830‰,δ15N值平均范围为6.2940‰~7.2193‰,跨度为0.9253‰;其δ13C值大小顺序为骨头肌肉胃肠肾脏肝脏,δ15N值大小顺序为骨头肝脏肾脏肌肉胃肠。红点齿蟾在不同的年龄阶段、不同的性别中,其δ13C、δ15N值也不同,其δ13C值大小顺序为幼体雌性成体雌性幼体雄性成体雄性,δ15N值大小顺序为幼体雄性成体雄性幼体雌性成体雌性。Spearman相关分析结果表明,红点齿蟾肝脏的δ13C值随其体长和湿重的变化而成极显著变化(P≤0.01),其Spearman相关系数分别为0.820和0.833;其肾脏和肝脏的δ15N值也随其体长和湿重的变化而呈极显著变化(P≤0.01),其Spearman相关系数分别为0.812,0.895和0.800,0.883。     

六盘齿突蟾

六盘齿突蟾为六盘山地区特有的珍稀无尾两栖动物。但近几年来六盘山地区人类活动日益频繁,对六盘齿突蟾的生存构成严重威胁,致使其栖息地迅速缩小,种群数量急剧下降,保护该物种已是刻不容缓。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

On the Microanatomy of the Brain and the Innervation and Homologues of the Cephalic Appendages of Hesionidae and Syllidae (Polychaeta)

Abstract Earlier papers dealing with the anatomy of the hesionids and syllids were studied. Thereby it was found that information about the structure of the central nervous system was meagre. As a result, the anterior end appendages, especially the large, laterloventral ones of the Syllidae, have been differently interpreted. This prompted a re-investigation. The circum-oesophageal connectives, the brain commissures and the innervation of the alimentary canal and the cephalic appendages of a number of hesionid and syllid species were studied. The results, summarized in schematic diagrams, were compared with corresponding observations in other polychaete families. Among other things, it was concluded that not only the latero-ventral cephalic appendages of the hesionids but also those of the syllids are homologous with the palps of the nereids and of many other “errant” and “sedentary” families.     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.