钙处理对中华猕猴桃果实后熟过程的影响

研究了采用钙处理对中华猕猴桃果实的还原性Ｖｃ,还原糖,蛋白质及半乳糖醛酸酶活性的影响,果实采后钙处理,能抑制ＰＧ酶的活性,延缓果实的衰老,同时保持果实的良好品质,利用中华猕猴桃对钙处理的适宜浓度范围较大的特性,可根据市场不同时期的需求采用不同浓度的钙处理。     

采后钙处理对中华猕猴桃果实过氧化物酶活性、呼吸率及乙烯生成的影响

对中华猕猴桃果实采后进行钙处理,结果表明,适当提高果实钙含量,可以抑制过氧化物酶（POD）活性,降低呼吸率及乙烯生成量,延缓果实衰老。本实验以2％CaCl2处理效果最佳。     

钙对不同成熟期番茄果实的PG活性及其合成的影响

本文研究了钙处理不同成熟期番茄果实对果壁组织中钙含量与转化、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性与 PG 合成的影响。结果表明,钙处理绿熟期的番茄果实可使总钙和可溶性钙含量明显增加,并较多转化为结合钙;后期处理,进入和转化的钙都减少。同样,钙处理愈早,对果实 PG 活性的抑制愈强,绿熟期处理可完全抑制 PG 活性。凝胶电泳结合钌红染色,证明绿熟期果实无 PG,PG 是在果实成熟过程中新合成的。钙处理愈早,对 PG 合成的抑制愈强,绿熟期钙处理可完全抑制 PG 合成。     

采后钙处理对中华猕猴桃果实过氧化物酶活性,呼吸率及乙烯生成的 …

对中华猕猴桃果实采用进行钙处理,结果表明,适当提高果实钙含量,可以抑制过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性,降低呼吸率及乙烯生成量,延缓果实衰老,本实验以２％ＣａＣｌ２处理效果最佳。     

PG在番茄果实成熟中的作用及二价金属离子与乙烯对PG活性的影响

对采后番茄果实的电镜观察表明:当果实成熟衰老时,叶绿体数量减少,多数基粒结构丧失;成熟果实胞壁中胶层水解成中空的电子透明区,初生壁的纤丝也发生一定程度的水解,相邻细胞分离;外源 PG(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)提取物处理绿熟期果实组织,也可引起胞壁结构和叶绿体发生与正常衰老相同的变化。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Co~(2+)二价金属离子处理果实,可明显降低番茄红素含量和 PG 活性,延缓果实软化。外源乙烯处理果实,可促进番茄红素的形成,提高 PG活性,并能解除钙对 PG 活性的抑制。本文也对 PG 在乙烯和 Ca~(2+)调节果实成熟中的作用进行了讨论。     

采前二氧化氯处理对‘海沃德’猕猴桃的防腐保鲜效果

研究了采前二氧化氯（ClO2）处理对采后‘海沃德’猕猴桃果实在冷藏条件下的防腐保鲜效果。分别用浓度（有效成分）为0、20、40、60、80mg·L-1的ClO2溶液,在采收前对果实进行喷布处理,在采收后冷藏过程中定期测定相关生理指标,并在贮藏末期（120d）观察统计其腐烂指数。结果表明,浓度60mg·L-1的ClO2采前处理可有效清除猕猴桃果实表面菌落,并能显著延缓冷藏期间果实硬度的下降、抑制可溶性固型物的上升、降低猕猴桃呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、失重和腐烂指数,提高过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的活性。通过比较,确定采前ClO2处理的适宜浓度为60mg·L-1。该浓度的ClO2处理对‘海沃德’猕猴桃具有明显的防腐保鲜效果,可有效延长贮藏期。     

水杨酸延缓猕猴桃果实采后衰老与精氨酸分解代谢的关系

采用1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸(SA)处理‘徐香’猕猴桃果实,测定果实在常温(23±2)℃贮藏过程中失重率、硬度、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及精氨酸分解代谢相关酶活性和物质含量的变化,探究SA处理延缓猕猴桃果实采后衰老的作用机理。结果显示：(1)与对照(不处理)相比,贮藏第20天时,SA处理果实的失重率较对照降低13.77%,硬度较对照提高78.25%,表明SA处理有效抑制了猕猴桃果实硬度和鲜重的下降。(2)贮藏第20天时,SA处理果实的PG活性(13.61 μg·g^-1·h^-1)显著低于对照(16.77 μg·g^-1·h^-1);猕猴桃果实中的MDA含量在贮藏第15天时差异最大,SA处理较对照降低33.40%。(3)与对照相比,在贮藏过程中SA处理显著促进了果实中鸟氨酸的累积以及精氨酸脱羧酶和鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性的升高,同时抑制了多胺氧化酶和二胺氧化酶活性,并显著提高了猕猴桃果实中多胺(腐胺、精胺、亚精胺)的累积。(4)与对照相比,SA处理显著诱导了猕猴桃果实中一氧化氮合酶活性的增强,并促进了果实中一氧化氮(NO)的累积,且在贮藏第5天以后果实中的NO含量显著高于对照。研究发现,SA能够显著延缓常温下猕猴桃果实的采后衰老进程,这可能与SA触发了果实中精氨酸分解代谢的不同途径有关。     

钙对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放和呼吸的影响

不同浓度(0.2 mol/L、0.5 mol/L 0.8 mol/L) CaCl₂溶液真空渗透处理对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放都有明显的抑制作用,其中0.5 mol/L Ca²⁺处理尤为显著,采后5天果实仍保持极低水平的内源乙烯,乙烯峰也延迟2~4天出现。不同品种间没有明显差异。试验结果还表明,Ca²⁺处理对果实采后呼吸不存在明显的抑制作用,但不同品种间有一定差异。     

钙对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放和呼吸的影响

不同浓度ＣａＣｌ２溶液真这渗透处理中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放明显的抑制作用,其中０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ＾２＋处理尤为显著,采用５天果实人有保持极低水平的内源乙烯,乙烯峰也延迟２－４天出现。     

幼果期喷钙对‘黄金梨’采后果实贮藏性能的影响

以‘黄金梨’(Pyrus pyrifolia cv.‘Whangkeumbae’)为试材,研究幼果期喷0.5%氨基酸钙和0.5%硝酸钙对套袋果实采后相关生理指标的影响,旨在为延长‘黄金梨’果实贮藏期提供理论依据及技术途径。结果表明,在‘黄金梨’幼果期喷钙可以有效保持贮藏期间果实硬度,降低乙烯释放量;减少丙二醛(MDA)含量的积累,提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;两种钙处理均可以增加贮藏期‘黄金梨’果实中原果胶含量,降低可溶性果胶含量,对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶活性有明显的抑制作用,改善了果实的贮藏性能。两种喷钙处理中,氨基酸钙的综合效果优于硝酸钙。因此,在幼果期喷钙(尤其是氨基酸钙)是有效延缓采后‘黄金梨’果实衰老、提升贮藏性能的重要措施,具有较高的应用价值。     

Effect of the Calcium on Polygalacturonase (PG) Activity and Synthesis at Different Ripening Stages of Tomato Fruits

It has been reported that PG is a key enzyme related to the tomato fruit ripening and that the application of calcium can dramatically decrease the PG activity and delay the ripening of fruits. In this paper the effects of calcium treament at various ripening stages on the transformation of absorbed calcium, PG activity and PG synthesis in tomato fruits were studicd. According to the analysis of calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was shown that the soluble and total calcium contents in pericarp of fruits treated with calcium at mature-green stage were increased significantly, and that more soluble calcium was transformed into bound calcium. Both the absorption and transformation of calcium decreased in fruits treated with calcium at later stage of ripening. The inhibition of calcium on PG activity was most effective by treatment at mature-green stage, but less effective at later stage of ripening. One reason for the decrease of calcium inhibition was probably due to the decline of calcium absorption as fruit ripening. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of PG showed that PG with a molecular weight of 46.7 kD was absent in mature-green fruits, and PG synthesis occurred only at the later stage of ripening. It seems that the earlier the treatment was done the more effective of the calcium inhibition of PG synthesis. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the PG plays a major role in ripening and senescence of tomato fruits, and both PG synthesis and its activity were inhibited by calcium. In order to delay the ripening and senescence of tomato fruits, the treatment with calcium should be done at mature-green stage.     

Localization of calcium in the pericarp cells of tomato fruits during the development of blossom-end rot

Summary. Blossom-end rot (BER) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits is considered to be a physiological disorder caused by calcium deficiency. We attempted to clarify the localization of calcium in the pericarp cells and the ultrastructural changes during the development of BER. Calcium precipitates were observed as electron-dense deposits by an antimonate precipitation method. Some calcium precipitates were localized in the cytosol, nucleus, plastids, and vacuoles at an early developmental stage of normal fruits. Calcium precipitates were increased markedly on the plasma membrane during the rapid-fruit-growth stage compared with their level at the early stage. Cell collapse occurred in the water-soaked region at the rapid-fruit-growth stage in BER fruits. There were no visible calcium precipitates on the traces of plasma membrane near the cell wall of the collapsed cells. The amount of calcium precipitates on plasma membranes near collapsed cells was smaller than that in the cells of normal fruits and normal parts of BER fruits, and the amount on cells near collapsed cells was small. The amount of calcium precipitates on the plasma membranes increased as the distance from collapsed cells increased. On the other hand, calcium precipitates were visible normally in the cytosol, organelles, and vacuoles and even traces of them in collapsed cells. The distribution pattern of the calcium precipitates on the plasma membrane was thus considerably different between normal and BER fruits. On the basis of these observations, we concluded that calcium deficiency in plasma membranes caused cell collapses in BER tomato fruits.Correspondence and reprints: National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agricultural Research Organization, Ano, Mie, 514-2392, Japan.     

采后钙处理对荔枝果实过氧化物酶活性、呼吸率及乙烯生成的影响

荔枝果实采后用钙处理,结果表明,适当地提高果实钙含量,可以抑制过氧化物酶的活性,降低呼吸作用及乙烯的生成,达到延缓衰老的目的。本实验以8％钙处理效果最佳。     

采后钙处理对梨果实钙的形态和果胶及相关代谢酶类影响的研究

研究了黄花梨经浸钙处理后,果实钙形态转变及果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和果胶甲酯酶（PME）活力的变化,以及果实硬度的变化。结果表明：浸钙处理的果实总钙含量显著提高,其硬度明显高于对照,且有利于细胞膜透性的保持;梨果实中的NaCl溶性钙最多,其次是水溶性钙,醋酸溶性钙和HCl溶性钙含量较少。在果实贮藏21d时,水溶性钙含量有一个上升的过程,而NaCl溶性钙则有一个下降的过程。浸钙处理后,除醋酸溶性钙外,果实中的水、NaCl和HCl溶性钙含量均有显著的提高。浸钙处理明显抑制了果胶的降解进程与PG的活力,但对PME抑制作用不明显。浸钙处理能提高果实硬度可能与浸钙处理抑制了PG活力有关。     

荔枝果实采后钙处理对三种酶活性的影响

用不同浓度的Ca(Ⅱ)对荔枝果实采后处理,测定果实中的果胶酯酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶的活性变化,发现用4%的钙处理,对上述各酶活性都有一定的抑制作用;在冷藏条件下,还能推迟这三种酶活性高峰的来临,甚至使之不出现,从而延缓了果实的衰老。     

钙对香蕉采后果实呼吸的影响

本实验对香蕉成熟过程中水溶性钙的变化及CaCl_2溶液真空浸渗处理对香蕉果实呼吸作用的影响进行研究,结果表明,香蕉成熟期间,水溶性钙含量随成熟度的提高而增加,果实呼吸跃变上升前期,水溶性钙的增加尤为明显,果皮和果肉中水溶性钙含量与采后成熟天数呈正相关。以0.05mol/l和0.1mol/l CaCl_2溶液真空浸渗,可使香蕉果实呼吸跃变高峰延迟,但没有明显降低跃变峰值。     

Nutritional consequences of a change in diet from native to agricultural fruits for the Samoan fruit bat

The Samoan fruit bat Pteropus samoensis Peak, an endemic flying fox that inhabits the Samoan archipelago, prefers to forage on native fruit species. This species has recently been subjected to extreme population threats including hunting and severe storms, as well as large-scale habitat degradation. If habitat destruction continues at its present rate, P. samoensis may be forced to forage more within an agricultural matrix. In this study, we analyzed sixteen species of native fruits and four species of agricultural fruits for five organic components and eight minerals to test whether native fruits provided a higher quality diet or more varied diet than agricultural fruits. Within native fruits, we also focused on four species of figs, because these fruits are often considered an important food item for tropical frugivores. Overall, native fruits provided more variation and had higher average values for several nutrients than agricultural fruits. Native fruits were especially high in biologically important minerals (calcium, iron, and sodium), and provided up to 5 times more calcium, 10.5 times more iron, and 8 times more sodium than agricultural fruits. Figs were found to be an especially rich source of many nutrients, particularly for calcium. Thus. P. samoensis. a sequential specialist, may be better able to adjust its diet to obtain higher levels of minerals when consuming a variety of native fruits than when restricted to the consumption of only agricultural fruits. These findings suggest a need to preserve native habitat and to create parks to sustain the long term health and viability of P. samoensis.     

采前喷施草酸对芒果果实细胞钙含量和分布的影响

利用焦锑酸钾沉淀-透射电子显微镜观察的方法, 观测了采前喷施草酸或钙后采收期芒果（Mangifera indica）果实细胞钙含量和分布情况, 探讨钙含量和分布变化对果实成熟和衰老的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, 采前经草酸或钙处理的果实果皮和果肉细胞排列较规则且致密, 淀粉粒分布较多。采前草酸或钙处理均能显著提高芒果果皮和外果肉组织的钙含量;疏松结合态钙均匀分布在果皮和果肉细胞的细胞壁、细胞膜、液泡膜和质体中, 并在液泡内堆积; 而对照果实的液泡膜模糊, 钙颗粒较少。实验证明采前喷施草酸或钙能维持果实细胞的形态, 提高果实细胞的钙含量, 影响钙的分布, 有利于保持果实的硬度并可增加果实营养。