Much Improved Water Use Efficiency of Rice under Non-Flooded Mulching Cultivation

Water shortage is increasingly limiting the luxury use of water in rice cultivation. In this study, non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice only consumed a fraction of the water that was needed for traditional flooded cultivation and largely maintained the grain yield. We also investigated the growth and development of rice plants and examined grain yield formation when rice was subjected to non-flooded mulching cultivation. One indica hybrid rice combination was grown in a field experiment and three cultivation methods, traditional flooding （TF）, non-flooded straw mulching cultivation （SM） and non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation （PM）, were conducted during the whole season. Grain yield showed that there was no significant difference between SM and TF rice, but the grain yield of SM cultivation was significantly higher than that of PM. The tiller numbers were inhibited in the early stage under non-flooded mulching cultivation, but the situation was reversed at the later period. Both SM and PM rice reduced dry matter accumulation of shoot, but increased root dry weight, enhanced the remobilization of assimilates from stems to grains and increased the harvest index. During the middle and later grain filling period, mulched plants showed a faster decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic rates of flag leaves and root activity than TF rice, indicating that non-flooded mulching cultivation enhanced plant senescence. In comparison, SM treatment produced higher grain yield and, more dry matter accumulation and panicle numbers than the PM treatment. The overall results suggest that high yield of non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice can be achieved with much improved irrigaUonal water use efficiency.     

Arabidopsis Coordinates the Diurnal Regulation of Carbon Allocation and Growth across a Wide Range of Photoperiods

In short photoperiods, plants accumulate starch more rapidly in the light and degrade it more slowly at night, ensuring that their starch reserves last until dawn. To investigate the accompanying changes in the timing of growth, Arabidopsis was grown in a range of photoperiods and analyzed for rosette biomass, photosynthesis, respiration, ribosome abundance, polysome loading, starch, and over 40 metabolites at dawn and dusk. The data set was used to model growth rates in the daytime and night, and to identify metabolites that correlate with growth. Modeled growth rates and polysome loading were high in the daytime and at night in long photoperiods, but decreased at night in short photoperiods. Ribosome abundance was similar in all photoperiods. It is discussed how the amount of starch accumulated in the light period, the length of the night, and maintenance costs interact to constrain growth at night in short photoperiods, and alter the strategy for optimizing ribosome use. Significant correlations were found in the day- time and the night between growth rates and the levels of the sugar-signal trehalose 6-phosphate and the amino acid biosynthesis intermediate shikimate, identifying these metabolites as hubs in a network that coordinates growth with diurnal changes in the carbon supply.     

Response of Growth Dynamics of Two Spring Geophytes to Light Regime in a Lime-Beech Forest

Blomaee accumulation, leaf longevity and growth rate of two spring forest geophytes, Scllla blfolla L. and Arum maculatum L. were estimated separately for three size groups within each population of these species. Despite the differences in leaf longevity, both species showed a similar pattern of blomass accumulation In relation to their phenologles and reproductive demands. Eco-physlological acclimation to changing light environment was assumed through photosynthetic parameters and dynamics of leaf area Index In the predominant size group of each species. A light response curve was measured under natural light for each species through the continuum of Its phenology to quantify the photosynthetic photon flux density at light saturation, light-saturated photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and dark respiration. Light-saturated assimilation per leaf area basis, dark respiration rate and light compensation points were significantly higher in S. blfolla relative to A. maculatum. However, the acclimation of photosynthesis that would respond to light changes in environment was not found in S. bifolla. In contrast, In A. maculatum a marked shift In the light dependence of photosynthesis through the season was noticed, which resulted In a strong photosynthetic acclimation to the low-light conditions. Accompanied by significant leaf area Index, this efficient low-light photosynthesis enabled greater leaf longevity, and consequently longer accumulative period to A. maculatum. From the different parameters that we determined （both photosynthetic acclimation and growth strategy） it would appear that these species belong to two distinct subgroups： S. blfolla to the early and A. maculatum to the late vernals.     

Anterograde and Retrograde Regulation of Nuclear Genes Encoding Mitochondrial Proteins during Growth,Development, and Stress

Mitochondrial biogenesis and function in plants require the expression of over 1000 nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins （NGEMPs）. The expression of these genes is regulated by tissue-specific, developmental, internal, and external stimuli that result in a dynamic organelle involved in both metabolic and a variety of signaling processes. Although the metabolic and biosynthetic machinery of mitochondria is relatively well understood, the factors that regu- late these processes and the various signaling pathways involved are only beginning to be identified at a molecular level. The molecular components of anterograde （nuclear to mitochondrial） and retrograde （mitochondrial to nuclear） signaling pathways that regulate the expression of NGEMPs interact with chloroplast-, growth-, and stress-signaling pathways in the cell at a variety of levels, with common components involved in transmission and execution of these signals. This positions mitochondria as important hubs for signaling in the cell, not only in direct signaling of mitochondrial function per se, but also in sensing and/or integrating a variety of other internal and external signals. This integrates and optimizes growth with energy metabolism and stress responses, which is required in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells.     

Annual uptake and distribution of N15-labelled ammonia and nitrate in young Jonathan/MM104 apple trees grown in solution cultures

Summary By using N¹⁵-labelled calcium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, the uptake of ammonia and nitrate by young Jonathan/MM104 apple trees grown in a glasshouse in water culture was determined. A batch of 4 trees was exposed to the appropriate tracer for seven days and then sampled. This procedure was repeated at 4 weekly intervals during a 12-month period. The results show that the uptake by apple trees of either ammonia or nitrate is continuous throughout the year with a relative high peak (expressed in μg N/100 mg dry weight) in December (summer period) and low values during August-September (winter period). The total uptake in the whole tree was steady for December to June inclusive and decreased from July, with the lowest uptake during August-September period. The young trees, previously receiving nitrogen as ammonium plus nitrate (1: 7), absorbed both ions in nearly equivalent amounts, except for the winter period when the uptake of ammonia was in excess of that for nitrate. This difference in uptake of both ions probably results from a lower activity of the enzymic nitrate reducing system during the time of low temperature. Low activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme results also in a restricted uptake of nitrate by apple trees previously receiving only ammonia nitrogen. A detailed analysis of total nitrogen content showed the lowest nitrogen values (0.77%) in February, near the end of the second growth period of the first year. From then on, the total nitrogen percentage of the apple trees steadily increased to reach a peak of 1.57% N during the flush of early spring growth of the second year. Leaves, fruit, soft twig growth, blossoms and roots had the highest N levels at this time. The total nitrogen percentage of the whole tree then gradually decreased. The established distribution pattern of absorbed nitrogen from both N¹⁵-labelled compounds showed that the relatively highest incorporation of absorbed nitrogen from both sources was in newly grown tissues during early spring growth flush of the second year, indicating the importance of currently absorbed nitrogen for early spring growth. With the increase in rate of growth in the later period, the value of the nitrogen stored within the apple trees became evident.     

Presowing Seed Treatment with Cytokinins and Its Effect on Growth, Photosynthetic Rate, Ionic Levels and Yield of Two Wheat Cultivars Differing in Salt Tolerance

The effects of presowing seed treatment with different concentrations of cytokinins （kinetin and benzylaminopurine; 100, 150, and 200 mg/L） on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and ion homeostasis were investigated in two spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） cultivars, namely MH-97 （salt sensitive） and Inqlab- 91 （salt tolerant）. Primed and non-primed seeds were sown in a field in which NaC1 salinity of 15 dS/m was developed. Of the different concentrations of priming agents tested, the effect of a moderate concentration of kinetin （150 mg/L） was very pronounced, particularly in improving growth and grain yield, in both cultivars. In addition, priming with kinetin alleviated the adverse effect of salt stress on gaseous exchange characteristics （net CO2 assimilation rate and water use efficiency） in both cultivars. Seed priming with a moderate concentration of kinetin also altered the pattern of accumulation of Na^＋ and Clˉ in the shoots, irrespective of the wheat cultivar, under conditions of salt stress. However, all other priming agents at the different concentrations tested did not show any consistent effect on ion levels, except hydropriming, which increased K^＋ levels in the shoots of both cultivars under salt stress. In conclusion, a moderate concentration of kinetin showed a consistent effect in altering the growth and grain yield of both wheat cultivars, which was related to the beneficial effects of kinetin priming on water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate under conditions of salt stress.     

Overexpression of sweet pepper glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene enhanced thermotolerance of photosynthetic apparatus in transgenic tobacco

In order to investigate the relationship between the lipid composition in thylakoid membrane and thermostability of pho-tosynthetic apparatus, tobacco transformed with sweet pepper sense glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPA T) gene were used to analyze the lipid composition in thylakoid membrane, the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under high temperature stress. The results showed that the saturated extent of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), suifoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in thylakoid membrane of transgenic tobacco T1 lines increased generally. Particularly, the saturated extent in MGDG increased obviously by 16.2% and 12.0% in T1-2 and T1-1, respectively. With stress temperature elevating, the maximum efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ the two lines and wild type tobacco plants decreased gradually, but those parameters decreased much less in transgenic plants. Even though the recovery process appeared differently in the donor and acceptor side of PSII in transgenic tobacco compared with wild-type plants, the entire capability of PSII recovered faster in transgenic tobacco, which was shown in Increase in saturated extent of thylakoid membrane Iipids in transgenic plants enhanced the stability of photosynthetic apparatus under high temperature stress.     

Relationship between leaf photosynthetic function at grain filling stage and yield in super high-yielding hybrid rice (Oryza sativa. L)

The characteristics of dry matter production before and after heading and the relationships between photosynthesis of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation in panicles were investigated on super high-yielding rice cv. Xieyou 9308 (the yield of up to 12 t/ha) with rice cv. Xieyou 63 as a control. The results showed that (i) the capacity of dry matter production before and after heading in Xieyou 9308, i.e. biomass and daily dry matter production, was remarkably higher than that in Xieyou 63, especially after heading; (ii) CO2 assimilation capacity in flag leaves in Xieyou 9308, namely Leaf Source Capacity (LSC), was also significantly higher than that in Xieyou 63, and the supply of photosynthate in leaves and the demand of grain filling were completely synchronous in Xieyou 9308, but photosynthetic function in flag leaves in Xieyou 63 declined sharply 20 days after heading and it was not enough to meet the demand of grain filling. These results confirmed that high efficient photosynthetic function in     

不同种植模式对烤烟根系和叶片衰老特性的影响

以烤烟品种K326为试材,采用大田试验研究了广东南雄地区不同种植模式（单行种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜、单行种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草、双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜和双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草）对烤烟根系和叶片衰老特性,以及烤后烟叶经济性状的影响.结果表明：与其他种植模式相比,双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草处理显著促进了各时期烤烟根系生长,根系活力提高;叶片叶绿素含量和保护酶(SOD、POD)活性均较高,而MDA含量较低,烤后烟叶的产量、产值、均价和上等烟比例等经济性状均显著高于其他处理.双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草处理可以改善烤烟根系和叶片衰老特性,提高烤后烟叶经济性状,是广东南雄地区优质烟叶生产的有效种植模式.     

低纬高原两个亚生态区烤烟种植生态适应性

选择地处低纬高原地区海拔存在显著差异的云南省昭通市昭阳区(海拔1949.5m)和大关县(海拔1065.5m)2个种植烤烟的亚生态区,研究了烤烟品种K326在旺长期至成熟期的碳同位素组成(δ13C)、光合色素及抗性生理特征。结果表明:大关烟叶的δ13C值高于昭阳,成熟期与旺长期相比,昭阳烟叶δ13C值升高了0.19‰,而大关烟叶δ13C值降低了0.16‰;昭阳烟叶叶绿素降低速率和丙二醛的累积速率都比大关快;昭阳烟叶旺长期至成熟期总多酚的累积量大于大关;昭阳烟叶比叶重显著高于大关(P<0.05),且昭阳烟叶的比叶重从旺长期至成熟期的增加幅度更大。试验结果说明,烤烟K326在同化能力和抗性生理等方面对不同生态环境条件的适应性存在差异。     

半干旱黄土高原地区春小麦地膜覆盖研究概述

在黄土高原半干旱地区春小麦上进行的地膜覆盖试验表明,地膜覆盖通过改善耕层土壤生态环境条件,即通过改善水,热状况,活化土壤养分,对提高水分和养分利用效率,实现粮食增产具有重要作用,但近年来在生产实践和科学实验中发现,不合理的长期全生育期地膜覆盖,因在作物生长前期和中期覆膜作物较不覆膜作物生长好,覆膜作物在生长期水分蒸腾损失严重,土壤水分的蒸散（蒸发＋蒸腾）损失远比不覆膜土壤严重,在作物生长后期降水少或没有补充灌溉时,会产生严重的水分肋迫现象,显著抑制小穗分化和灌浆,最终导致收获得指数和产量下降,同时,地膜覆盖的增产作用在一定程度上是以耗竭土壤肥力,特别是在有机物质为代 的,因此,不正确的地膜覆盖（如全生育期的地膜覆盖）,不仅有时起不到显著的增产作用,而且易造成土壤养分,特别是土壤中硝态氮的累积和损失,肥料利用效率降低,土壤生态条件恶化,下降,难以持续高产,因此在确定地膜覆盖范式时,必须要考虑底墒,作物生育期降水,地膜覆盖的阶段性和氮肥的施用等。     

覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,研究了不同覆盖方式(夏季覆膜,T₁;秋季覆膜,T₂;小麦碎秆覆盖,T₃;小麦整秆覆盖,T₄;夏季覆膜+麦秆还田,T₅;旧膜二茬利用,T₆;无覆盖对照,CK)对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响.结果表明: T₆在各时期、各土层土壤含水量普遍高于CK,其他5个覆盖处理可明显改善开花前0～90 cm土壤墒情,但开花后0～90 cm土层以及全生育期90～200 cm土层含水量普遍低于CK.全生育期0～200 cm土层平均含水量T₆显著高于CK,两者差值为0.9%,其余处理均低于CK.0～200 cm土层平均含水量秸秆覆盖处理高于覆膜处理,旧膜二茬利用高于新覆膜.覆膜处理单位面积籽粒产量较CK提高20.3%～29.0%,秸秆覆盖处理较CK提高5.0%～16.7%,冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.77^*).     

不同覆盖物对烤烟根温及生长和生理特性的影响

分别以大棚膜、稻草+大棚膜、普通膜、稻草、稻草+遮阳网和遮阳网为覆盖材料,研究覆盖物对烤烟根温以及生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明,各覆盖处理22 d对5和15 cm土壤总积温的影响明显不同,5 cm土壤总积温最高为大棚膜处理（424.75 ℃）,最低为稻草+遮阳网处理（378.75 ℃）,22 d 的15 cm土壤总积温最高为大棚膜处理（396.75 ℃）,最低为遮阳网处理（368.31 ℃）.随着土壤总积温的升高,烟株地上部和地下部干重都呈增长趋势,光合作用增强,根系活力提高;揭膜后第10天烟株根系干重有所增加,普通地膜处理的根系生物量增加最多,稻草+遮阳网处理最少.     

地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响

通过大田试验研究了地膜覆盖对土壤水温状况及春小麦产量形成的影响．结果表明,地膜覆盖对土壤的增温作用在春小麦生育期内呈“U”型变化,地膜覆盖可以通过防止蒸发和提升土壤深层水分至作物可利用层来增加土壤中有效水含量,利于作物利用．地膜覆盖的增温保墒作用利于作物前期生长和水分利用,在生育后期覆膜,作物根系发育受到抑制,作物蒸散量和水分利用效率下降,影响产量的形成．对照(CK)、播前灌水(W)、全程覆膜(M)、播前灌水 覆膜30d(WM30)、播前灌水 覆膜60d（WM60)及播前灌水十全程覆膜(WMw)6个处理的产量分别为2554、2424、2750、3138、3305、3123kg·hm^-2,最佳覆膜时间在40—60d．     

有色膜遮光对烤烟生长和光合特性及其初烤品质的影响

以自然光为对照,采用红色、白色、蓝色、黄色4种有色薄膜于2010~2011年从团棵期开始对大田烤烟进行遮光处理,研究不同光质对烤烟生长、光合特性及初烤品质指标的影响。结果显示:(1)红膜处理最大叶长宽比最小、叶面积最大,黄膜处理则相反。(2)红、蓝膜处理烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显高于自然光处理,白、黄膜处理略高于对照或与对照持平,且遮膜处理前期红膜高于蓝膜处理,后期蓝膜高于红膜处理。(3)红、蓝膜处理有利于提高倒5叶SPAD值,黄膜处理则相反。(4)红膜处理显著降低了中部叶蛋白质、总氮含量和氮碱比,提高了施木克值,并显著提高了上部叶可溶性糖含量和氮碱比,降低了施木克值;蓝膜处理显著提高了中部叶烟碱和多酚含量,降低了可溶性糖含量、施木克值及氮碱比,并显著提高了上部叶蛋白质、总氮、烟碱和多酚含量,降低了施木克值,提高了氮碱比;黄膜处理显著降低了中上部叶蛋白质、总氮、烟碱和多酚含量,提高了上部叶施木克值、降低了氮碱比。研究表明,红、蓝膜处理更利于烟叶发育和光合特性的提高,初烤烟叶化学成分更协调,利于优质烟叶的形成。     

全膜覆土下施有机肥对春小麦旗叶碳氮比、光合特性和产量的影响

于2016和2017年,以春小麦品种‘陇春27'为试验材料,在甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区设置定位试验,分析全膜覆土平作穴播(PMS)、全膜覆土平作穴播+有机肥(PMO)、裸地平作穴播(CK)3个处理春小麦抽穗至灌浆阶段土壤水分与群体冠层温度、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、旗叶C/N、旗叶全氮之间的相互关系,探讨不同处理对产量及其构成要素的影响。结果表明: 施用有机肥可提高小麦生育中后期土壤含水量,PMO抽穗至灌浆阶段0～300 cm土层土壤贮水量较PMS和CK分别提高4.6%和8.5%,群体冠层温度分别降低0.1～1.3 ℃和1.4～4.9 ℃,P_n分别提高9.3%和29.7%,g_s分别提高30.9%和103.8%,T_r分别提高5.1%和55.0%,全氮含量分别提高6.6%和18.9%,C/N分别降低6.4%和22.8%。收获后,PMO较PMS和CK显著促进穗粒数和千粒重增加,籽粒产量分别提高9.1%和53.7%。抽穗至灌浆阶段旗叶P_n和g_s与C/N呈负相关性;C/N与籽粒产量呈显著负相关。因此,半干旱区全膜覆土穴播条件下施有机肥可提高春小麦抽穗至灌浆阶段土壤含水量,促进旗叶光合作用,有利于降低生理干旱胁迫强度和旗叶氮吸收同化限制,促进穗粒数和粒重增加,使产量提升。     

秸秆隔层对盐碱土水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区通过微区试验,研究了秸秆深埋(S)、上盖秸秆下埋秸秆(简称上秸下秸,S+S)、上盖地膜下埋秸秆(简称上膜下秸,P+S)和地膜覆盖(对照,CK)4种耕作措施对0-40 cm土层水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同措施对土壤水盐调控的效果与作用时期差异较大.P+S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度较低,控盐效果显著;S+S仅在苗期能保墒控盐,但控盐效果比P+S差,后期出现水减盐增现象,保墒控盐效果也不佳;S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度最高,控盐效果最差;CK在整个生育期内土壤水分含量变化不大,而盐分含量较高,控盐效果也不明显.(2)不同措施对土壤水盐运移调控程度的差异,导致食葵光合特性也有明显变化.与CK、S、S+S相比,P+S由于其较低的盐溶质浓度环境,明显改善了其光合特性,在苗期、蕾期和花期能提高净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr),增加气孔导度(Gs),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),从而使其作物长势和干物质积累明显高于其它措施.综合试验结果,P+S是内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地改良中优选的控抑盐耕作措施.     

地表覆盖对温室黄瓜生长及生理特性的影响

研究了地表覆盖秸秆、地膜和秸秆加膜对日光温室嫁接和非嫁接黄瓜生长与生理特性的影响.结果表明,地表覆盖可有效促进植株生长,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜与秸秆的株高和茎粗依次比对照增加91、71、57 cm和0127、0.086、0.111 cm,非嫁接黄瓜增幅较小;地表覆盖可增强光合作用,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜、秸秆的净光合速率分别比对照增加2.63、2.08与1.36 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,非嫁接黄瓜增幅较小;嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜和秸秆的叶绿素含量比对照增加1.8%和3.15%,而覆盖地膜的叶绿素含量降低了3.8%,非嫁接黄瓜的叶绿素含量变幅较小;嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜、秸秆的根系活力比对照提高0.98、0.48和0.8 mg TTC·g^-1FW,同一处理的非嫁接黄瓜根系活力增幅较小;地表覆盖可增加单株干物重,提高早期产量和总产量,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜与秸秆的单株产量比非嫁接黄瓜分别增加16%、5.3%和3.4%.