人源性天然抗体库的构建及淀粉样蛋白Aβ1-42寡聚体单链抗体的筛选和鉴定

本研究旨在利用噬菌体展示技术构建人源性天然抗体库,以可溶性Aβ1-42寡聚体对抗体库进行筛选获得针对低分子量Aβ1-42寡聚体的特异性单链抗体.利用RT-PCR法从10个健康人外周血淋巴细胞中得到全套人抗体VH和VL基因,经过重叠延伸PCR将VH和VL连接得到scFv片段,将scFv片段酶切后克隆至pCANTAB5E噬菌体载体,电转化TG1感受态菌,获得库容为2.5×109单链抗体库.经辅助噬菌体M13K07拯救,以可溶性Aβ1-42寡聚体为抗原,对抗体库进行4轮筛选,ELISA法筛选特异性识别Aβ1-42寡聚体的阳性克隆,将筛选到的阳性克隆B19转化至E coliHB2151菌,诱导表达可溶性scFv抗体.SDS-PAGE及Western blotting分析结果显示可溶性scFv抗体获得了正确表达,且能够与Aβ1-42三聚体及纤维特异性结合,亲和力(Kd)为9×10-6 mol/L.Aβ1-42寡聚体特异性单链抗体的获得为老年性痴呆(AD)的治疗研究奠定了基础.     

抗TNF-α单链抗体噬菌体展示文库的建立和鉴定

应用噬菌体展示技术构建抗肿瘤坏死因子α(tumornecrosis factor α,TNF-α)单链抗体(single chain Fv,scFv)文库,从中筛选抗TNF-αscFv并进行鉴定.利用重组人TNF-α(rhTNF-α)免疫小鼠,分别扩增小鼠VH和VL基因,经重叠延伸反应将VH和VL基因拼接成scFv基因,以SfiⅠ/NotⅠ位点定向插入pCANTAB 5E噬菌粒载体,转化E.coli TG1,构建了库容为4.6×108的抗TNF-α单链抗体库.对抗体库进行3轮富集筛选后,ELISA检测阳性克隆的抗原特异性,取1株阳性克隆进行测序分析.结果表明,抗TNF-αscFv基因序列长774bp,编码258个氨基酸.将此阳性克隆转化E.coliHB2151,IPTG诱导可溶性scFv的表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western印迹分析,scFv的分子量约为28kD.经亲和纯化后的scFv可与rhTNF-α结合,并可中和由rhTNF-α引起的L929细胞毒性.本文利用噬菌体抗体库筛选到了高亲和力的抗TNF-αscFv,为研制临床免疫治疗的新型抗体奠定了实验基础.     

抗EGFRvⅢ噬菌体抗体库的构建和筛选

目的:应用噬菌体展示技术筛选针对表皮生长因子受体突变体Ш(epidermal growth factorreceptor variant typeⅢ,EGFRvIII)的单链抗体(single chain Fv,scFv)。方法:利用原核表达纯化的人EGFRvIIIex蛋白和高表达EGFRvIIIex的小鼠成纤维细胞系NIH3T3免疫小鼠,扩增VH和VL片段并拼装成scFv基因,连接至噬菌粒pCANTAB5E,电击转化Hpd3cells,构建噬菌体单链抗体库,并进行3轮富集筛选。在第4轮筛选时,采用了降低抗原浓度的方法。然后将筛选得到的阳性克隆测序分析,转化E.coliHB2151,IPTG诱导可溶性scFv的表达。结果:构建了库容为7.9×107的噬菌体单链抗体库。经过第4轮低浓度抗原筛选,得到了较高亲和力的克隆。取单个阳性克隆测序分析结果表明,该抗EGFRvIII scFv基因序列长807bp,编码268个氨基酸。IPTG诱导后表达的可溶性scFv可分别与纯化的EGFRvⅢex抗原以及细胞表面的EGFRvⅢex结合。结论:利用噬菌体抗体库筛选得到了高亲和力的抗EGFRvⅢ scFv,为开发针对EGFRvⅢ...     

抗EGFRvIII噬菌体抗体库的构建和筛选

目的：应用噬菌体展示技术筛选针对表皮生长因子受体突变体Ш (epidermal growth factor receptor variant type Ⅲ, EGFRvIII)的单链抗体 (single chain Fv, scFv)。方法：利用原核表达纯化的人EGFRvIIIex蛋白和高表达EGFRvIIIex的小鼠成纤维细胞系NIH3T3免疫小鼠,扩增VH和VL片段并拼装成scFv 基因,连接至噬菌粒pCANTAB 5E,电击转化Hpd3cells,构建噬菌体单链抗体库,并进行3轮富集筛选。在第4轮筛选时,采用了降低抗原浓度的方法。然后将筛选得到的阳性克隆测序分析,转化E.coli HB2151,IPTG 诱导可溶性scFv 的表达。结果：构建了库容为7.9×107 的噬菌体单链抗体库。经过第4轮低浓度抗原筛选,得到了较高亲和力的克隆。取单个阳性克隆测序分析结果表明,该抗EGFRvIII scFv 基因序列长807 bp,编码268个氨基酸。IPTG诱导后表达的可溶性scFv 可分别与纯化的EGFRvIIIex抗原以及细胞表面的EGFRvIIIex结合。结论：利用噬菌体抗体库筛选得到了高亲和力的抗EGFRvIII scFv,为开发针对EGFRvIII的抗体药物提供了靶向载体分子。     

抗整合素β3胞外区噬菌体抗体库的构建及筛选

用RT-PCR的方法从人胶质瘤BT-325细胞中扩增人整合素β3胞外区,并克隆到载体pET-24a中构建表达载体.表达的人整合素β3胞外区经变性、复性和纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,提取脾脏总RNA,用RT-PCR技术扩增小鼠抗体重链(VH)和轻链(VL)可变区基因,经重叠PCR(SOE-PCR)将VH和VL连接成单链抗体(scFv)基因,并克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,电转化至大肠杆菌TGl,经辅助噬菌体M13KO7超感染,构建噬菌体单链抗体库.通过淘选从该抗体库中筛选特异性识别人整合素β3胞外区的噬菌体单链抗体.结果表明,成功构建了库容为2.6×106的抗人整合素β3胞外区的单链抗体库,初步筛选到了与人整合素β3胞外区特异性结合的单链抗体.     

天然兔源噬菌体单链抗体库的构建与鉴定

目的:构建天然兔源噬菌体单链抗体库。方法:采用RT-PCR法从未免疫的兔子脾脏中克隆得到抗体重链可变区(VH)与轻链可变区(VL)基因,重叠PCR将VH和VL拼接成scFv片段,将scFv连接到噬菌粒pComb3XSS上,电转入XL1-Blue菌中,得到单链抗体库,并用此抗体库筛选抗肌酸激酶抗体。结果:构建了容量为4×108,基因重组率95%的单链抗体库,DNA指纹图谱显示抗体库多样性良好。以肌酸激酶为抗原,从该库中筛到3株抗肌酸激酶的抗体。结论:分析表明构建的天然兔源单链抗体库质量良好,可用于快速筛选、制备多种单链抗体。     

鼠源性人乳腺癌单链抗体库的构建与乳腺癌相关抗体的筛选

目的:获得乳腺癌的噬菌体呈现型单链抗体(scFv)库,筛选与乳腺癌细胞特异结合的抗体,为乳腺癌的诊断和治疗奠定基础。方法:用乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-435免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾脏提取总RNA,用RT-PCR分别扩增抗体重、轻链可变区(VH和VL)基因,经Linker连接形成scFv基因片段。将scFv基因片段与噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E的连接产物转化大肠杆菌TG1。用辅助噬菌体M13KO7进行超感染,获得重组噬菌体抗体。选用乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7和人正常肝细胞系HL02做正负差异的筛选细胞,通过5轮筛选,随机挑取克隆,经phage-ELISA筛选特异性结合MCF-7细胞的scFv。结果:构建了1个库容为1.3×106的单链抗体库。筛选到2株与MCF-7细胞有较高结合活性的噬菌体-单链抗体scFv-873和scFv-874。数据库搜索表明这2株单链抗体基因是与以往抗体序列不同的新基因。用Westernblot检测了这2株单链抗体在琥珀密码子非抑制型菌株TOP10中的表达情况。结论:筛选到2个与乳腺癌细胞结合特异性较好的单链抗体,为乳腺癌的诊断和治疗研究奠定了基础。     

大容量人天然抗体库的构建、鉴定及初步应用

从未经主动免疫的健康志愿者的外周血淋巴细胞中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增人抗体重链(VH)和轻链(VL)可变区基因,得到了6种VH家族基因,11种VL家族基因,这些抗体基因家族覆盖了人抗体基因多样性的95%以上。采用改进的SOEPCR法将VH基因和VL基因连接成人单链抗体(scFv)基因,并克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,将连接产物电转化大肠杆菌TG1,经辅助噬菌体M13KO7超感染,构建了库容为5.58×109的噬菌体单链抗体库。采用BstNI酶切法证明,构建的噬菌体单链抗体库具有良好的多样性。以TNF-α为靶,从该抗体库中筛选到了抗TNF-α抗体,这说明该抗体库可用于人源抗体的筛选。     

幽门螺旋杆菌单链抗体的筛选及鉴定

为了获得幽门螺旋杆菌特异性单链抗体scFv,通过噬菌体展示技术,首次直接用幽门螺旋杆菌细胞Hp对噬菌体单链抗体文库Tomlinson进行单链抗体的筛选,经5轮筛选后,通过ELISA方法检测,从随机挑选的96个克隆中获得了8株阳性克隆。再分别将阳性克隆与10种常见菌进行ELISA的交叉反应,最终得到1株特异性表达抗Hp的scFv的噬菌体JH1。随后又进一步对JH1所表达的scFv基因进行PCR扩增,分别得到scFv的VH片段、VL片段,全长基因分别为527bp、368bp和935bp,这些包含着部分载体序列的DNA片段与理论值相符。通过对scFv全长基因进行测序,在NCBI中进行基因序列比对,与已报道的一种植物RNA病毒的复制酶单链抗体基因序列有96％同源性。     

从大容量噬菌体抗体库中筛选抗Acr蛋白人源单链抗体

目的:从天然的大容量噬菌体抗体库中筛选特异的抗结核分枝杆菌晶体蛋白( alpha-crystallin Acr)的人源抗体.方法:以结核分枝杆菌Acr蛋白包被免疫管,通过对噬菌体抗体库进行4轮“吸附-洗脱-扩增”的过程从大容量抗体库中筛选特异性抗结核分枝杆菌Acr蛋白的抗体,并对可变区序列进行了测序分析.将特异性的噬菌体抗体感染HB2151菌,经IPTG诱导表达,制备了抗结核分枝杆菌Acr蛋白的可溶性单链抗体;对其序列和抗原结合活性进行分析鉴定.结果:经过4轮筛选,获得了43个与结核分枝杆菌Acr蛋白结合的阳性克隆,其中29个特异结合的克隆;测序分析有26不同的可变区片段;通过可溶性单链抗体(scFv)表达筛选到14株特异性结合Acr蛋白的可溶性单链抗体克隆;经过基因测序,分析了可变区基因的亚群.成功制备了可溶性单链抗体.Westren blotting分析证实筛选的人源单链抗体能与天然蛋白结合.结论:利用单链大容量抗体库获得抗结核分枝杆菌Acr蛋白的噬菌体抗体并且成功制备抗结核分枝杆菌Acr天然蛋白的可溶性单链抗体,为今后的研究和应用奠定基础.     

Coelacanths: a human responsibility

The living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae has a unique position in world biodiversity which raises important questions about conservation and ethics. Some relevant details of coelacanth biology are summarized, including those obtained by direct observation from submersibles. The importance of the coelacanth for evolutionary theory and palaeontology is shown to be paralleled in cultural, literary and artistic areas of human heritage. Threats to the Comoran coelacanths from artisanal fishing are described and conservation measures discussed in relation to local customs and economies as well as the promotion of tourism to spread a new awareness and concern for coelacanths worldwide.     

Hematopoiesis: a human perspective

Despite its complexity, blood is probably the best understood developmental system, largely due to seminal experimentation in the mouse. Clinically, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation represents the most widely deployed regenerative therapy, but human HSCs have only been characterized relatively recently. The discovery that immune-deficient mice could be engrafted with human cells provided a powerful approach for studying HSCs. We highlight 2 decades of studies focusing on isolation and molecular regulation of human HSCs, therapeutic applications, and early lineage commitment steps, and compare mouse and humanized models to identify both conserved and species-specific mechanisms that will aid future preclinical research.     

Covalent binding of human thrombin to a human endothelial cell-associated protein

Binding of 125I-thrombin to endothelial cells derived from human umbilical vein was studied in tissue culture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography revealed covalent binding of thrombin in a 72-kDa complex. This binding is specific and requires the catalytically active site of the enzyme. Formation of the complex could be detected as early as 3 min after addition of thrombin or with a thrombin concentration as low as 0.5 nM. This irreversible binding exhibits thrombin dose-dependence and reaches maximum levels at a concentration of 50 nM (10 fmol/10(5) cells). Some characteristics of the 72-kDa complex were compared to those of the complexes formed between thrombin and protease nexin originating from fibroblasts or platelets: (i) its electrophoretic mobility on SDS-PAGE is identical to that of the thrombin-platelet protease nexin complex, (ii) heparin prevents the appearance of the complex on the cell surface, (iii) plasmin in a 100-fold molar excess prevents the covalent linkage of thrombin, suggesting that the protease specificity of the endothelial component involved in the complex might not be restricted to thrombin. Yet no release, nor any secretion of the endothelial protein, could be detected. These results indicate that active thrombin binds covalently to a specific endothelial protein that is in several respects similar to fibroblast or platelet protease nexin and provides a thrombin binding site distinct from thrombomodulin and glycosaminoglycans.     

Attenuation of human influenza a viruses

The attenuation of two human influenza A viruses has been carried out, using the selection of inhibitor-resistant strains and multiple passages at low temperatures. A virus related to A2/Tokyo/3/67 was obtained in an inhibitor-resistant form. When this was compared with the inhibitor-sensitive strain in a volunteer trial it was relatively non-pathogenic. The second virus, A2/Hongkong/1/68, was subjected to much longer treatment, but nevertheless remained slightly sensitive to serum inhibitor. When given to volunteers it was less pathogenic than before but attenuation was incomplete. A2/Hongkong/1/68 was also modified by passage at low temperatures. Many of these passages are apparently necessary for full attenuation.All attenuated viruses were infective and antigenic.     

Identification of a new human coronavirus

Three human coronaviruses are known to exist: human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), HCoV-OC43 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Here we report the identification of a fourth human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, using a new method of virus discovery. The virus was isolated from a 7-month-old child suffering from bronchiolitis and conjunctivitis. The complete genome sequence indicates that this virus is not a recombinant, but rather a new group 1 coronavirus. The in vitro host cell range of HCoV-NL63 is notable because it replicates on tertiary monkey kidney cells and the monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cell line. The viral genome contains distinctive features, including a unique N-terminal fragment within the spike protein. Screening of clinical specimens from individuals suffering from respiratory illness identified seven additional HCoV-NL63-infected individuals, indicating that the virus was widely spread within the human population.