培养过程对基因工程菌稳定性的影响

重组质粒不稳定性是基因工程菌生产中的主要问题,从培养过程的角度综述了选择压力、操作方式、培养基组成、溶氧、培养温度、ｐＨ等因素对质粒稳定性的影响,为基因工程菌的发酵提供参考。     

基因工程菌中重组质粒的稳定性研究进展

基因工程菌(细胞)是现代生物工程中的微型生物反应器,是基因工程的研究主体之一.获得使外源基因高效稳定表达的基因工程菌或细胞是基因工程的核心步骤与最终目的.基因工程菌重组质粒稳定性问题是基因工程菌工业化生产与实验研究中的最主要问题,就其在基因工程中的重要性、影响因素及提高稳定性策略方面作简要介绍并展开综述.     

基因工程菌发酵研究进展

基因工程菌发酵主要目标是获取高产外源基因表达蛋白。介绍并分析了基因工程菌发酵过程中表达系统、培养基、温度、pH值、溶解氧和诱导条件等因素对发酵的影响;论述了工程菌高密度培养所需的培养方式,并总结了基因工程菌发酵领域近年来的一些进展。     

基因工程菌生产氨基酸的研究进展

利用基因工程菌合成氨基酸是目前氨基酸生产研究的热点。本研究对基因工程菌生产氨基酸进行分析,为氨基酸工业化生产提供参考价值。阐述了氨基酸生产存在光学活性和效益差等现状以及固定化技术在应用生产中的价值,介绍基因工程定向诱变微生物发酵生产L-氨基酸的技术,分析基因工程菌培养中存在的问题,并对近些年来利用基因工程菌生产氨基酸的进展进行了综述。     

植酸酶基因工程菌构建及其生产应用中问题分析

简要分析了植酸酶的生物学特性以及构建植酸酶基因工程菌和酶生产应用中存在的问题,提出了对植酸酶基因的重组改造、载体表达宿主筛选的方法和途径,以求构建高效表达、高活性和高稳定性的酶基因工程菌,促进酶的生产和应用。     

基因工程菌高密度培养补料调控策略的研究进展

补料调控策略是基因工程菌实现高密度培养的关键技术之一。本文结合大量实例,着重介绍了基因工程菌高密度培养补料控制策略在国内外的发展现状及发展趋势。并探讨了模式识别技术、人工神经网络、PSO优化算法等在补料策略及其控制系统中的应用情况及发展趋势。     

大质粒DNA疫苗pSVK-CAVA高稳定性宿主菌的筛选与鉴定

目的:从多种大肠杆菌感受态细胞中筛选出适合该研究大分子质粒DNA疫苗的宿主菌,鉴定其达到中试要求。方法:将疫苗质粒pSVK-CAVA(14.7kb)转化4种大肠杆菌化学感受态细胞并提取质粒,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳实验检测质粒的形态结构。对基因工程菌进行生化检测,并通过连续传代法和酶切鉴定进行稳定性检测,同时将质粒DNA瞬时转染至293T细胞中检测质粒表达能力。选取质粒含量最高和稳定性最好的宿主菌作为原始种子分装冻存,将原始种子库扩大培养,逐级建立好主种子库和工作种子库即三级种子库。通过摇瓶培养实验在4种常用基础培养基中挑选出最适合质粒生产的培养基。结果:确定了XL-10 Gold作为质粒DNA疫苗pSVK-CAVA的宿主菌,基因工程菌传代稳定性和结构稳定性良好,质粒能在293T细胞中体外表达。筛选出TB培养基为基础培养基,质粒容积产量达到9.9mg/L,比LB培养基提高了接近1倍。结论:该研究筛选出大肠杆菌XL-10 Gold作为质粒DNA疫苗的宿主菌,解决了大质粒在常用宿主菌中不稳定的难题,并对基础培养基进行了初步优化。     

海参溶菌酶枯草芽孢杆菌基因工程菌构建

通过基因重组等技术构建重组海参溶菌酶的枯草芽孢杆菌基因工程菌,并对此基因工程菌进行生长曲线的测定和稳定性分析。结果表明,海参溶菌酶基因特异引物在400 bp处扩增出特异性条带,与预期的海参溶菌酶基因大小一致;重组表达质粒pHT43-SjLys经双酶切验证得8 000 bp和400 bp左右的片段;重组海参溶菌酶的枯草芽孢杆菌基因工程菌与原始菌株WB600相比生长趋势基本一致,外源基因的插入对菌体的生理代谢未造成太大影响;在无选择压力的条件下,重组质粒的稳定性良好,连续传5次后的遗传稳定性为94%,并且提取质粒和双酶切验证后发现工程菌没有发现重排或丢失现象。表明重组海参溶菌酶基因工程菌pHT43-SjLys/WB600构建成功。     

重组大肠杆菌高密度高表达培养研究进展

随着基因工程的发展,基因工程菌培养研究也得到了发展。与常规低密度培养相比,高密度高表达培养具有以下优点:1)使单位体积设备的生产能力提高几倍甚至几十倍。2)减小设备体积,有利于保证基因工程的安全性。3)对下游纯化有利,能减小纯化设备、纯化步骤。     

非随机方法构建酿酒酵母基因工程菌

酿酒酵母是基因工程产品研究和生产的一个重要表达系统,表达载体和宿主细胞是构成表达系统的两大要素,虽然外源基因表达的方式、强度主要由表达载体控制．但宿主细胞的选择对最终获取产品的质量和数量也具有十分关键的作用。酿酒酵母基因工程宿主菌除要求具有高的DNA转化效率、细胞生长密度和稳定性、低的内源蛋白水解酶活性外,还必须具备与表达载体相对应的营养缺陷筛选标记,用传统随机诱变方法得到的营养缺陷变异株,因含有本底和隐性突变,在细胞生长密度和稳定性方面往往不能满足基因工程产品研究和生产的要求,甚至不能有效地表达外源基因。本文报道用重组技术,通过非随机方法构建了酿酒酵母基因工程宿主茁。研究表明用该方法得到的宿主菌在细胞生长密度、稳定性和表达外源基因方面优于用传统随机诱变方法得到的宿主菌。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor