都柏林念珠菌的鉴定及与白念珠菌3种表型鉴别方法的研究

目的 从临床分离的念珠菌中进一步鉴定都柏林念珠菌,并评价3种表型鉴别白念珠菌和都柏林念珠菌的方法.方法 对17株临床分离并初步鉴定的白念珠菌和1株ATCC白念珠菌标准株,采用PHR1同源序列PCR法检测,鉴定出其中的都柏林念珠菌;分别采用45℃生长试验、YEPD(1%酵母浸膏,2%蛋白胨,2%葡萄糖)液基39℃芽管生成试验、Staib琼脂(鸟食琼脂)厚壁孢子形成试验对两种菌的表型特点进行比较.结果 17株临床分离的白念珠菌中有3株鉴定为都柏林念珠菌;45℃时,两种菌在改良沙堡弱琼脂上均无明显生长,YEPD液基中仅有1株白念珠菌生长良好;YEPD液基39℃培养2种菌均无芽管生成;Staib琼脂培养72h,3株都柏林念珠菌中有2株可形成厚壁孢子,而白念珠菌则无,与PHR1同源序列检测结果基本一致.结论 PHR1同源序列检测是鉴别都柏林念珠菌与白念珠菌的可靠方法,Staib琼脂厚壁孢子形成试验有助于鉴别两菌,45℃生长试验和YEPD液基39℃芽管生成试验则不能有效鉴别两菌.     

鉴别都柏林假丝酵母和白假丝酵母的一种新的烟草琼脂培养基

根据表型特征鉴别都柏林假丝酵母（都柏林念珠菌）和白假丝酵母（白念珠菌）的方法一般不完全可靠，最可信的选择是基于聚合酶链反应（PCR）的分子生物学方法，但因其要求条件较高，不适于推广使用。原本用于鉴定新生隐球菌的Staib琼脂和向日葵琼脂培养基在区分都柏林念珠菌和白念珠菌中的作用逐渐得到肯定,     

聚合酶链反应-酶切分型鉴定广州地区环境水源军团菌

【目的】探讨聚合酶链反应-酶切分型在快速鉴定环境水源军团菌方面的应用价值,并了解广州地区环境水源军团菌的分布状况。【方法】对广州地区采集的44份环境水样,作军团菌分离培养,再对分离菌株进行16Sr DNA PCR-酶切分型鉴定、16S rDNA基因测序和mip基因测序鉴定。【结果】在广州地区环境水源分离的112株军团菌,经聚合酶链反应-酶切分型鉴定、16S rDNA基因测序和mip基因测序鉴定,检出嗜肺军团菌66株,非嗜肺军团菌46株,其中菲氏军团菌20株,戈氏军团菌17株,橡树岭军团菌7株,长滩军团菌2株。【结论】聚合酶链反应-酶切分型检测环境水源军团菌是一种简便、快速、特异的鉴定方法;在广州地区环境水源中普遍存在军团菌,主要是嗜肺军团菌,其次是菲氏军团菌,戈氏军团菌,橡树岭军团菌和长滩军团菌。     

白念珠菌新型耐药基因MXR1的敲除与鉴定

目的 构建用于白念珠菌MXR1基因敲除的载体质粒,并通过Ura-Blaster策略敲除MXR1两条等位基因.方法 分别扩增白念珠菌MXR1基因ORF两侧上下游的片段,通过酶切与连接反应,将上下游片段分别插入到p5921质粒的hisG-URA 3-hisG盒两端,从而形成MXR1敲除载体质粒pUC-MXR1-URA3.通过Ura-Blaster策略将载体质粒转染到白念珠菌RM 1000内,并采用PCR和Southern-blot杂交方法鉴定各步转染、复筛所得的阳性克隆.结果 成功获得MXR1基因缺失的菌株.结论 MXR1基因缺失菌株的构建,有助于深入研究白念珠菌耐药机制.     

近平滑念珠菌ERG 11基因编码区的克隆及生物信息学分析

目的克隆、测序近平滑念珠菌ERG11基因的编码区序列并进行生物信息学分析。方法运用生物信息学的方法 ,通过与白念珠菌ERG11基因碱基序列同源性比对,在近平滑念珠菌基因组(www.sanger.ac.uk/sequencing/Candida/pa-rapsilosis/)中寻找可能的ERG11基因序列(CpERG11),并据此序列设计引物,经PCR扩增近平滑念珠菌标准株(ATCC22019)的ERG11基因片段,产物经电泳、纯化、克隆到质粒prG-AMAI-NotI中,转染DH10B大肠杆菌细胞,并酶切鉴定筛选阳性克隆测序分析。结果近平滑念珠菌ERG11编码区由1569个碱基组成,编码一段含522个氨基酸的多肽。近平滑念珠菌ERG11的编码区序列与白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、酿酒酵母菌ERG11基因的同源性分别为74%、75%、65%、64%。该近平滑念珠菌ERG11的编码区为唑类药物作用靶酶基因。结论成功克隆、测序、并生物信息学分析近平滑念珠菌ERG11基因的编码区序列,为进一步的功能研究奠定基础。     

口腔黏膜真菌鉴定方法的比较

比较常见用于黏膜真菌菌种鉴别的多种方法,探寻最佳的鉴别方法。采集230例普通人群口腔黏膜样本,分别用玉米吐温-80培养观察厚膜孢子法、糖发酵生化反应法、CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法、ITS基因的PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性)法、ITS测序菌种鉴定法,鉴别真菌各菌株。结果显示:有56例菌株至少通过1种方法检出真菌;玉米吐温-80分离培养假丝酵母菌37株;50例菌株ITS基因测序共鉴定出8个菌种,白假丝酵母菌(C.albicans)29株,近平滑假丝酵母菌(C.parapsilosis)10株,热带假丝酵母菌(C.tropicalis)5株,Candida metapsilosis 1株,Lodderomyces elongisporus 1株,克柔假丝酵母菌(Candida krusei)1株,乙醇假丝酵母菌(C.ethanolica)1株,季也蒙毕赤酵母菌(Pichia guilliermondii)2株;CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法鉴定出3种菌株,分别是白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌;PCR-RFLP法检出5种菌株,分别是白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、季也蒙毕赤酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌,与基因的测序鉴定一致率为91%;糖发酵生化反应法阳性标本占被检出真菌例数的46.4%(26/56)。结果表明:ITS基因的测序法可以准确鉴定真菌各个菌种;PCR-RFLP法能鉴定常见的菌种,但操作繁琐;CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法能快速准确鉴别3种常见假丝酵母菌菌种;玉米吐温-80可以准确培养鉴别白假丝酵母菌;糖发酵生化反应法,缺乏足够的敏感度和特异性,难以准确鉴别各个菌种。     

一种鉴别临床常见致病性葡萄球菌方法的建立与初步评价

目的建立一种鉴别临床常见致病性葡萄球菌的聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCRRFLP）方法。方法采用经全自动微生物鉴定系统和分子生物学方法准确鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌各3株,提取细菌DNA,PCR扩增tuf基因,扩增产物Alu I、Hinf I双酶切后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,分析不同葡萄球菌酶切后带型的差异。收集临床分离葡萄球菌142株,采用建立的PCRRFLP对其进行分类鉴别,随机选择分类鉴别的葡萄球菌各20株,PCR扩增16S r DNA,扩增产物测序,将结果与Gen Bank数据库进行比对,初步评价该方法的准确性。结果金黄色葡萄球菌,表皮葡萄球菌,溶血葡萄球菌均能扩增出长668 bp DNA片段。扩增产物经Alu I、Hinf I双酶切后电泳条带不同,金黄色葡萄球菌出现三条带（108 bp/192 bp/217 bp）,表皮葡萄球菌出现两条带（192 bp/304 bp）,溶血葡萄球菌出现两条带（192 bp/217 bp）。PCR-RFLP结果显示,142株葡萄球菌中金黄色葡葡球菌、表皮葡葡球菌和溶血葡葡球菌分别为67、29和46株。随机挑选的20株不同种葡萄球菌16S r DNA测序结果与Gen Bank数据库对应序列的相似性均〉99%,说明建立的PCR-RFLP方法能准确区分三种常见葡萄球菌。结论 PCRRFLP能准确鉴别临床常见的致病性葡萄球菌,为葡萄球菌病的分子诊断奠定了基础。     

多重耐药阴沟肠杆菌质粒型AmpC酶DHA-1基因的检出

目的测定56株同时耐头孢噻肟、庆大霉素和环丙沙星的阴沟肠杆菌质粒型AmpC酶基因型。方法先后用头孢西丁纸片法、三维试验、等电聚焦及酶抑制试验和微量稀释法进行表型检测。接合试验证实酶基因的转移性。多重聚合酶链反应以及基因测序等方法鉴定质粒型AmpC酶基因型。结果受试的56株细菌中有5株三维试验阳性,其中1株能转移接合,接合子多重聚合酶链反应扩增结果呈阳性,等电点为7．8,基因测序表明和DHA-1型AmpC酶一致。结论我国的多重耐药阴沟肠杆菌已获得质粒型DHA基因,DHA基因可通过转化、接合等方式转移给其他细菌且易于传播,因此应加强监控以防DHA基因在革兰阴性菌中流行。     

福建地区94例女性阴道念珠菌感染分离株分型研究

目的 对福建地区临床阴道分泌物分离出的（94株）念珠菌菌株进行分类鉴定,并通过分子生物学及API试验分析传统科玛嘉分类方法的准确性.方法 ①通过科玛嘉显色培养基鉴定菌种,并观察菌株显微镜下形态学表现.②通过ITS区段分子生物学序列分析进行菌种鉴定.③将科玛嘉试验与ITS区段序列分析结果与化验室检验报告结果对比,将鉴定差别菌株进一步行API试验及LSU区段序列分析.结果 ①94株念珠菌经鉴定结果为白念珠菌78株、光滑念珠菌10株、近平滑念珠菌3株、热带念珠菌1株、酿酒假丝酵母菌1株及其中1株为光滑念珠菌及近平滑念珠菌混合感染.②科玛嘉试验可良好的鉴定念珠菌,但对于少见菌种（如酿酒假丝酵母菌）仍缺乏特异性.③一般化验室通过简单菌落形态学及简易科玛嘉检测鉴定仍存在一定误差率（10/94）.④分子生物学方法鉴定菌种准确性高,且可从基因序列分析中鉴定包含C.parapsilosis sensu strico,Candida metapsilosis以及Candida orthopsilosis的近平滑念珠菌复合体菌种.结论 福建地区女性外阴感染的菌种仍以白念珠菌为主,但非白念珠菌的感染也占据相当的比例（16/94）,而在检测方法上,分子生物学技术较科玛嘉试验更能准确的鉴定念珠菌菌种.     

白念珠菌SPE1基因高表达菌株构建及鉴定

目的构建白念珠菌SPEl基因高表达菌株。方法将白念珠菌．SPEl基因的ORF置于高表达质粒载体pCaE—xP的MErF3启动子后面,构建pCaEXP—SPEJ的高表达质粒,然后采用醋酸锂转染法将高表达质粒转染白念珠菌RMl000中,在SD—ura’met—cys-选择性固体培养基上筛选阳性克隆,抽取基因组进行PCR验证,将验证为阳性转染子的菌落采用RealTimeRT．PCR方法进行SPE1基因转录水平的表达验证。结果通过酶切鉴定pCaEXP—SPEl高表达质粒构建正确;通过PCR验证表明SPEl基因整合到亲本菌中的RPl0位点;通过RealTimeRT—PCR方法筛选出sPEJ基因在转录水平高表达的菌株。结论利用高表达质粒载体pCaEXP通过基因同源重组等方法正确构建SPEl基因高表达的白念珠菌。     

Use of molecular methods in identification of Candida species and evaluation of fluconazole resistance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of one of the molecular typing methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) following by RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis in the identification of Candida species and then to differentiate the identified azole susceptible and resistant Candida albicans strains by using AP-PCR (arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction). The identification of Candida species by PCR and RFLP analysis was based on the size and primary structural variation of rDNA intergenic spacer regions (ITS). Forty-four clinical Candida isolates comprising 5 species were included to the study. The amplification products were digested individually with 3 different restriction enzymes: HaeIII, DdeI, and BfaI. All the isolates tested yielded the expected band patterns by PCR and RFLP analysis. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that Candida species can be differentiated as C. albicans and non-C. albicans strains only by using HaeIII restriction enzyme and BfaI maintains the differentiation of these non-C. albicans species. After identification Candida species with RFLP analysis, C. albicans strains were included to the AP-PCR test. By using AP-PCR, fluconazole susceptible and resistant strains were differentiated. Nine fluconazole susceptible and 24 fluconazole resistant C. albicans were included to the study. Fluconazole resistant strains had more bands when evaluating with the agarose gel electrophoresis but there were no specific discriminatory band patterns to warrant the differentiation of the resistance. The identification of Candida species with the amplification of intergenic spacer region and RFLP analysis is a practical, short, and a reliable method when comparing to the conventional time-consuming Candida species identification methods. The fluconazole susceptibility testing with AP-PCR seems to be a promising method but further studies must be performed for more specific results.     

Typing of anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani by restriction analysis of ribosomal DNA

A method based on restriction analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified ribosomal DNA was developed for the rapid characterization of large populations of Rhizoctonia solani at the anastomosis group (AG) level. The restriction maps of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences were compared for 219 isolates of R. solani belonging to AG-1 to AG-12 and AG-BI, representing diverse geographic and host range origins. Four discriminant restriction enzymes (MseI, AvaII, HincII, and MunI) resolved 40 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types among the 219 ITS sequences of R. solani. Each RFLP type could be assigned to a single AG except for two RFLP types, which were common to two AG. A fifth enzyme allowed the discrimination of AG-6 and AG-12. In addition, the combination of four enzymes allowed the discrimination of subsets within AG-1, AG-2, AG-3, and AG-4. The efficiency of the typing method was confirmed by analyzing PCR-amplified ITS sequences of 30 reference strains. Furthermore, the PCR-RFLP method was used to characterize at the AG level 307 isolates of R. solani originating from ten sugar beet fields exhibiting patches of diseased plants in France. The PCR-based procedure described in this paper provides a rapid method for AG typing in R. solani.     

PCR-RFLP patterns of four isolates of Trichinella for rDNA ITS1 region

We have studied the genetic differences among four isolates of Trichinella including a new strain of Trichinella spiralis (ISS 623) recently found from a human case who took a badger in Korea. Because they have a different host origin and came from geographically separated regions, we supposed the genetic pattern of the isolates might be different as had been previously reported. It was analysed by PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA repeat that can readily distinguish a species or strain from others. Isolated genomic DNA of each isolate of Trichinella larvae was amplified with ITS1 specific primers and digested with restriction endonucleases. The PCR product of ITS1 was confirmed using Southern blot analysis to be a 910 bp fragment. The restriction fragments of each isolate had variable patterns when it was digested with Rsa 1 only. According to the RFLP patterns, the estimated genetic divergence between each isolate was different. In conclusion, four isolates of Trichinella including a new strain of T. spiralis obtained from a Korean patient may have genetic differences in the ITS1 region and the Shanghai isolate was genetically more similar to the Japanese unknown isolate than others in the ITS1 region.     

白念珠菌抗氧化基因体外表达研究

目的检测白念珠菌体外抗氧化及调节转录的基因表达情况,进一步了解白念珠菌抗氧化机制在体外生长状态下的作用。方法选取白念珠菌标准株sc5314、3株临床分离保存株及7例临床念珠菌性阴道炎分泌物分离株（白念珠菌）,接种培养鉴定为白念珠菌后,分别将体外SDB振荡培养2 h、6 h、24 h、72 h、120 d的菌液（含未培养0h）,用Trizol法提取总RNA,反转录为cDNA后进行实时荧光定量PCR,检测体外各时间点抗氧化基因及抗氧化转录因子的基因表达情况,运用Ct值比较法进行表达量的相对定量分析。结果与0 h相比,体外6 hSOD2表达增加7.47倍,经Wilcoxon配对符号秩和检验显示P值小于0.01,差异具有统计学意义。其他各基因2 h及6 h分别与0 h相比P值均〉0.01,其表达差异不具有统计学意义。体外培养1 d后各基因表达明显增加,CaHog1、CAP1、CAT及SOD5在第3天达最高,分别为24.23、3.34、33.64及14.72倍;SOD2在第1天达最高为68.95倍;CaSkn7在第5天达最高为7.21倍。经Wilcoxon配对符号秩和检验显示SOD5第1天P值为0.013,其余基因表达P均〈0.01,表达差异具有统计学意义。结论当外界营养逐渐耗竭时,白念珠菌会动态加强抗氧化基因的表达,以抵抗机体内、外产生的氧化压力,其中SOD2可能是最早增加表达的抗氧化基因,3条抗氧化感受通路的转录调节基因均有增加表达,提示3条抗氧化感受通路在适应体外营养限制过程中起了重要作用。     

RFLP analysis of cry1 and cry2 genes of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from India

The PCR-RFLP method has been useful for detection of known genes and identification of novel genes. In the present study, degenerate primers were designed from five groups of cry1 genes for PCR-RFLP analysis. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates from different regions were evaluated for PCR amplification of various cry1 genes using newly designed primers and cry2 genes using reported primers. PCR analysis showed an abundance of cry1A genes and especially cry1Ac genes in isolates from all regions. RFLP analysis revealed the presence of multiple cry1A genes in isolates from central and southern regions. Unique digestion patterns of cry1A genes were observed in isolates from each region. Few of the isolates represented a digestion pattern of cry1A genes that did match to any of the known cry1A genes. RFLP analysis suggested an abundance of cry2Ab along with a novel cry2 gene in Bt isolates from different regions of India. Sequence analysis of the novel cry2 gene revealed 95% sequence identity to cry2Ab and cry2Ah genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the novel cry2 gene could have diverged earlier than the other cry2 genes. Our results encourage finding of more diverse cry2 genes in Bt isolates. Rarefaction analysis was used to compare cry1A gene diversity in isolates from different soil types. It showed a higher degree of cry1A gene diversity in isolates from central region. In the present study, we propose the use of novel degenerate primers for cry1 genes and the PCR-RFLP method using a single enzyme to distinguish multiple cry1A and cry2 genes as well as identify novel genes.     

Comparison between conventional methods, ChromAgar Candida® and PCR method for the identification of Candida species in clinical isolates

The increase in the incidence of yeast species causing fungemia in susceptible immunocompromised patients in the last two decades and the low sensitivity of conventional blood culture has led to the need to develop alternative approaches for the early detection and identification of causative species. The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of molecular testing by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional methods to identify clinical isolates of different species, using the ID32C ATB system (bioMérieux, France), chromogenic culture Chromagar Candida? (CHROMagar, France) and morphogenesis in corn meal agar. We studied 79 isolates, in which the most prevalent species using the system ID32C and PCR was C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C .krusei. PCR patterns obtained for the identification of clinical isolates were stable and consistent in the various independent studies and showed good reproducibility, concluding that PCR with species-specific primers that amplify genes ITS1 and ITS2 for rRNA or topoisomerase II primers is a very specific and sensitive method for the identification of C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. albicans, and with less specificity for C. tropicalis.     

临床皮炎外瓶霉荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立基于TaqMan探针技术的皮炎外瓶霉荧光定量PCR检测方法.方法 通过对皮炎外瓶霉ITS区域基因组序列（GenBank：JN675373.1）进行分析,设计合成特异性引物和荧光标记探针,优化荧光定量PCR反应条件.以临床标本中分离的皮炎外瓶霉为阳性菌株,及其他种类真菌和细菌作为阴性对照菌株,从特异性、敏感性及重复性方面对该方法检测效果进行评价.结果 该研究设计的引物和探针能扩增皮炎外瓶霉特异性序列.临床分离得到的皮炎外瓶霉在反应中有明显扩增曲线,而甄氏外瓶霉、棘状外瓶霉、烟曲霉、白色念珠菌、新生隐球菌、马内菲青霉等20株菌在CT值≤38范围内均未有扩增;利用基因重组构建的标准品完成了标准曲线的绘制,在1.0×103～1.0×107拷贝数（Cp）内具有良好的线性关系（R2=1.000）,最低可检出量为10 Cp/μL.结论 成功建立了荧光定量PCR检测皮炎外瓶霉方法,该法特异度强、敏感度高、重复性好,将有助于临床皮炎外瓶霉感染的早期诊断和针对性治疗.     

rDNA-RFLP identification of Candida species in immunocompromised and seriously diseased patients

PCR was used to amplify a targeted region of the ribosomal DNA of 76 Candida spp. isolates from immunocompromised and seriously diseased patients. Thirty-seven strains isolated from different anatomical sites of 11 patients infected with HIV (Vitória, ES, Brazil), 26 isolates from patients under treatment at Odilon Behrens Hospital and 13 isolates from skin and urine samples from S?o Marcos Clinical Analysis Laboratory (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were scored. Fragments of rDNA were amplified using primer pairs ITS1-ITS4, for the amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 regions, including the gene for the 5.8 s subunit. Amplification resulted in fragments ranging in size from 350 to 950 bp. Amplicons were digested with eight restriction enzymes. A pattern of species-specificity among the different medically important Candida species could be identified following restriction digestion of the PCR products. Candida albicans was the species most frequently observed, except for the group of newborns under treatment at the Odilon Behrens Hospital and for the isolates from the clinical analysis laboratory. C. parapsilosis was the species most frequently observed in these two groups.     

ATB FUNGUS2法在念珠菌属和新生隐球菌抗真菌药敏试验中应用的评价

目的评价ATBFUNGUS2半固体培养基法在测定念珠菌属和新生隐球菌对4种常用抗真菌药物敏感性中的应用价值。方法利用CLSIM27．A2微量液基稀释法和ATBFUNGUS2法同时测定131株念珠菌和20株新生隐球菌对两性霉素B（AmB）、氟康唑（FLC）、氟胞嘧啶（5-Fc）和伊曲康唑（ITC）的敏感性。结果①两种方法对于AmB、5-FC、FLC和ITC的一致性分别为98％、89．4％、78．8％和78．1％;②所有受试菌株中两种方法的一致性为80％,但ATBFUNGUS2法将2／5株M27-A2法检查为FLC耐药的白念珠菌判断为敏感或剂量依赖,将8／10株M27-A2法检查为FLC剂量依赖的白念珠菌判断为敏感或耐药。③ATBFUNGUS2法中AmB的MIC值判读范围偏高,以致于实际工作中不能读出准确的值。结论ATBFUNGUS2半固体培养基法在测定念珠菌属和新生隐球菌对4种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性时不失为简单、快速而且重复性好的方法。