圈养林麝幼仔的时间分配和行为发育

林麝幼仔的躺卧时间随周龄而减少(R = 01870, P <0101) , 运动时间则相反(R = 01906,P < 0105)。7 周龄后幼麝采食青料的时间明显延长。蹭尾行为和上树行为是林麝的特有行为, 4周龄始出现, 蹭尾行为发生在母仔之间, 可能在母幼通讯中起重要作用, 而幼麝的上树行为是一种戏耍行为。     

哺乳期幼麝的摄食时间分配研究

采用所有事件取样法对哺乳期林麝Moschus berezorskii幼体的摄食时间分配进行研究.结果 表明,幼麝吮乳时间随周龄的增加而减少,取食固体饲料(青饲料和混合饲料)的摄食时间随周龄的增加而增加.1月龄中,吮乳时间占总摄食时间的90.8%,青饲料占9.2%.2月龄和3月龄中,幼麝取食固体饲料时间分别占总摄食时间的84.7%和94.9%,吮乳时间分别占15.3%和5.1%.哺乳期雌性幼麝取食母乳、山芋藤和桑叶的时间明显高于雄性幼麝(P＜0.05),而取食精饲料、苦荬菜时间与雄性幼麝无明显差异(P＞0.05);单胎幼麝吮乳、取食山芋藤时间明显高于双胎幼麝(P＜0.05);而取食精饲料、苦荬菜时间明显低于双胎幼麝(P＜0.05),两者取食桑叶时间差异性不显著(P＞0.05).幼麝的摄食时间分配表明,母乳是1月龄幼麝的主要食物成分;2月龄以后,幼麝大量取食固体饲料,母乳在食物组成中退居次要作用.幼麝间吮乳时间的差异反映了不同个体间营养状况的差异.     

林麝妊娠期和哺乳期的能量代谢特征

本文对饲养条件下林麝妊娠期和哺乳期的能量需要和行为特征进行了研究。结果表明,妊娠初期和妊娠后期能量摄取量分别比孕前增加了４８．９％和９５．６％。哺乳期总摄入能比妊娠期分别高２．２７倍（双胎）和１．８９倍（单胎）。根据在繁殖期对麝的行为观察,我们推断：麝是通过增加采食时间来增加能量的摄取,并通过减少活动,增加躺卧时间来减少能量消耗,以此满足繁殖期的能量需要。这些将结果为制定麝繁殖期的饲养标准和管理措施提供了依据。     

家养林麝寄生艾美虫二新种（真球虫目：艾美科）

本文描述了寄生在四川家养林麝肠道内的艾美属原虫二新种：麝艾美虫,新种（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａｍｏｓｃｈｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）和金风山艾美虫,新种（Ｅ．ｊｉｎｆｅｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｉｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）。     

饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究

对饲养在上海崇明岛东平林场的林麝种群特征以及1998～2000 年间该种群所出生的74 只幼麝存活情况进行分析研究。结果表明: 该林麝种群中能繁殖的个体占51.1 % , 种群数量逐渐增长。种群存活率曲线呈C 型,说明林麝的死亡主要发生在幼麝时期。从不同年龄段性比变化来看, 初生幼麝的性比接近1∶1 , 由于雌幼麝比雄幼麝具有更高的存活率( P < 0.05) , 进入亚成体以后雄性比例逐渐下降, 显示幼麝时期存在偏雄性死亡。早出生幼麝的存活率明显高于晚出生幼麝( P < 0.05) 。引起幼麝死亡的主要原因是疾病(45. 9 %) 。     

圈养林麝生长曲线拟合

为探索圈养林麝Moschus berezovskii体质量、体尺的生产发育规律,选用320只林麝(雄麝160只,雌麝160只),测定其1~400周龄的体质量和体尺(额宽、头长、耳长、脊柱长、胸围、肱骨长、大腿长和小腿长),并用Logistic、Bertalanffy、Gompertz模型进行生长曲线拟合。3种模型均能很好地拟合周龄与体质量之间的回归关系,根据回归方程决定系数判断,Bertalanffy对雄麝(R~2=0.966)、雌麝(R~2=0.954)体质量的拟合优于Logistic和Gompertz模型。体尺与周龄的拟合结果显示:Bertalanffy模型优于Logistic和Gompertz模型;肢体体尺与周龄的拟合度较高,头部体尺与周龄拟合度较低。在所检测的体尺指标中,Bertalanffy对雄麝(R~2=0.927)、雌麝(R~2=0.933)小腿长的拟合度最高。林麝体质量、体尺的生产发育规律可用Bertalanffy模型拟合。     

陕西凤县驯养林麝的种群动态、性比和年龄结构

林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率(30.30%)高于成年麝(27.16%),雄麝的增长率(28.30%)高于雌麝(27.78%)。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比((102.64±3.15)%,n=12)和成年麝种群的雌雄性比((100.85±2.585)%,n=10)均显著偏雌(P0.01),但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著(P0.05)。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝(0.5岁龄)占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝(1.5岁龄)占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝(2.5—12.5岁龄)比例为42.72%,老年麝(13.5岁龄及以上)仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体(幼麝和亚成体麝)的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。     

英国惠普斯耐德獐的育幼行为(英)

1993年5～8月在英国惠普斯耐德野生动物园半自然条件下研究了獐（Hydropotesinermis）的单亲育幼行为。描述了母幼獐建立关系，母獐的探访和育幼行为，授乳行为，舔犊行为以及母幼间距离等。研究结果表明，母獐昼夜间仅探访幼兽4～5次。初生獐寻找乳头时往往寻错位置，找向母獐的前胸和颈区。在幼獐出生后的早期，哺乳行为的启动是由母獐启动的，但幼獐一周龄后即为启动者。平均哺乳时段为48．2±10．2s。母獐的舔犊行为常与哺乳同时发生，舔犊的位置最常见于幼獐的头部（62．7％），其次是肛殖区（13．9％），再是背部（8．4％）、胁部（7．2％）、胸部（5．6％）和颈部（2．1％）。此外，还讨论了母兽对不同性别的幼獐的投资的差异及其生物学意义。     

圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配

2011年、2012年的5～7月每月定期8天,每天00:00～24:00采用行为取样法在米亚罗养麝场观察记录54只林麝(15只成体雌麝,9只成体雄麝,10只亚成体雌麝,5只亚成体雄麝,15只幼麝)的行为。夏季共记录林麝83种行为,分成5种行为类型,即摄食、运动、休息、反刍及其他行为。夏季林麝具有明显的昼夜活动节律性,晨昏出现2个活动高峰期,分别为5:30～8:00和18:00～21:00,白昼活动率低于夜间。根据夏季林麝各行为累计时间和频率比较,表明圈养林麝的休息行为较高,尤其是幼体(65.38%±5.39%vs16.41h/d±1.29h/d),其次是摄食和运动行为。成体雌麝摄食行为比率高于成体雄麝、亚成体和幼体,这与夏季成体雌麝哺乳所需的能量较高有关。     

饲养条件下羚牛母幼行为的初步研究

1 999年 2～ 4月期间对上海动物园繁殖场的羚牛做了有关母幼行为的初步研究。本文着重描述了羚牛的哺乳行为和母幼接触 ,并探讨了母幼关系的变化趋势。幼羚在 3日龄内吮乳频繁 ,每次吮乳( 4 56± 0 97)分钟。 3日龄后 ,母羚的哺乳次数明显减少 ,但每次哺乳的持续时间延长至 5～ 7分钟。母幼间的主要接触方式是嗅和舔 ,母羚对幼仔的接触主要集中于肛区 ( 48 8% )和头部 ( 2 5 5% )。随着幼羚周龄的增长 ,母幼关系的亲密度逐渐下降 ,主要表现在幼羚的独立性增强和母性投资的减少。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.