不同方法制备大鼠肝脏脱细胞支架及其免疫原性研究

目的:肝脏脱细胞支架(decellularized liver bioscaffold,DLB)在组织工程研究中具有良好前景,但对DLB的免疫原性尚未见探讨.本研究利用不同方案制备大鼠DLB,检测支架成分和体内重塑反应,为制备出低免疫原性的DLB提供改进依据.方法:选取文献报道的三种方案(分别以SDS,Triton X-100和NP-40为主要洗脱成分),制备F344大鼠DLB,进行HE和Masson染色,检测DLB中DNA、氨基葡聚糖(GAG)以及羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量;再将DLB埋植于C57BL/6小鼠的背部皮下,于术后第3、7和14天取出后进行形态学观察和组织学评分.结果:三种方案均成功制备出符合脱细胞标准的大鼠DLB;形态学结果提示TritonX-100和NP-40方案较SDS方案能更好地保护肝脏超微结构;成分检测结果发现NP-40方案去除DNA的能力显著强于SDS和Triton X-100方案(P＜0.05),而对GAG含量的洗脱作用最弱(P＜0.05);异种体内埋置实验提示NP-40方案制备的DLB引起的免疫反应强度明显弱于SDS和Triton X-100方案,体内重塑结局评分显著高于SDS和Triton X-100方案.结论:与SDS和TritonX-100方案相比,NP-40方案能更有效地去除肝脏DNA,较好地保留GAG,诱导移植受体对DLB的良性重塑反应,为进一步的体内研究提供更优化的支架.     

小鼠心室肌脱细胞化细胞外基质薄片的制备和评价

心肌细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)可由心肌经脱细胞处理制得,被广泛认为是一种理想的制备工程心肌的生物支架材料。然而目前的脱细胞方法尚存在不足,本研究拟联合使用经典去垢剂改良脱细胞方法,制备性能更为优良的心肌ECM薄片,以用于构建工程心肌片。用振荡切片机将包埋于低熔点琼脂糖中的成年昆明小白鼠心室肌组织沿心脏横轴切成300μm厚的薄片,随机分为正常对照组、SDS脱细胞组(0.1%SDS处理)和改良脱细胞组(0.1%SDS和0.5%Triton X-100联合处理)。通过总RNA和总蛋白质含量分析、HE染色和免疫荧光染色等方法评估各组的脱细胞程度和ECM成分保留状态;将改良脱细胞组ECM与小鼠胚胎干细胞源心肌细胞(murine embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes,m ES-CMs)和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(murine embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)共培养以检测其生物相容性。结果显示:SDS脱细胞组和改良脱细胞组ECM中残留的总RNA及蛋白质含量均低于对照组。HE染色结果显示改良脱细胞组核质去除较SDS脱细胞组更彻底。改良脱细胞组可见胶原蛋白IV和层粘连蛋白两种ECM关键成分表达量和分布接近正常心肌组织,而SDS脱细胞组中这两种蛋白明显减少且分布紊乱。m ES-CMs和MEFs能存活于改良脱细胞组ECM表面12天以上并向内迁移。综上,SDS和Triton X-100联合脱细胞法制备ECM薄片效果明显,能更好地保留天然ECM成分和结构,具有良好的生物相容性。     

肾脏脱细胞基质结构功能重建的初步研究

目的:本实验利用多种脱细胞剂通过半自动体外循环灌注洗脱肾脏细胞,摸索出最佳脱细胞剂种类及脱细胞方案.方法:以健康兔肾为研究对象,采用半自动体外循环灌注法,在10-15 ml/min流速及不同浓度、温度条件下经肾动脉灌注各种脱细胞剂,观察肾脏灌注过程中变化,灌注结束解剖肾脏,大体观察后行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色及组织形态学观察,重点观察肾小球、肾小管细胞结构的变化.结果:比较理想的肾脏脱细胞方案是1％Ⅳ型胶原酶-37℃,20 min,该酶能在相对较短的时间内洗脱部分肾实质细胞而对肾脏基质未造成明显损伤.该方案灌注时间短,能减少肾脏热缺血时间,有助于肾脏再生.其次是0.5％胰蛋白酶-25℃,2h,该方案能使肾小球细胞比较彻底的脱出,只留基质部分,对肾小管作用较小,但该方案用时较长,已达到肾脏体外耐受缺血的极限,理论上肾脏灌注后很可能会因缺血缺氧时间过长而坏死,故不推荐使用.洗脱效果最强的脱细胞剂是SDS,但其对肾脏实质结构造成不可恢复的破坏,尤其是引起基底膜断裂不利于肾实质细胞再生.其他脱细胞方案均不理想.结论:本研究证实通过选择适当的脱细胞剂,配合适合的温度、浓度、灌注压等条件,是可以实现肾脏部分脱细胞基质的,为下一步研究衰竭肾脏的部分脱细胞基质甚至是在体灌注乃至脱细胞后肾脏结构功能的重建提供了实验依据.     

兔肾体外灌注细胞脱落规律及其形态学改变

目的观察室温下21～25℃DMEM、血浆和血液 DMEM有氧灌注对离体兔肾的形态学影响,探讨离体肾在体外灌注情况下的细胞脱落规律。方法50只大耳白兔随机分为正常对照(5只)、DMEM组(15只)、血浆组(15只)、血液 DMEM组(15只),实验组观察时相点为灌注后1、3、6h。各组离体肾分别用相应的灌注液进行有氧灌注,通过大体观察、含水率、病理切片、脱落细胞记数、原位标记法(TerminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferaseTdTmediatedbiotindUTPnickendlabeling,TUNEL)凋亡染色进行灌注肾脏的细胞脱落规律分析。结果各组灌注后肾脏外观明显水肿,正常肾脏含水率为786%,灌注后肾脏含水率显著升高,DMEM组肾脏灌注6h后含水率为848%。光镜下见肾脏间质水肿、肾小球肾小管上皮细胞脱落、细胞核崩解、细胞密度减小。TUNEL染色正常对照凋亡细胞率为23%,DMEM组灌注1h细胞凋亡率即达159%。灌注液中脱落细胞数随灌注时间进行性增加。结论室温下离体肾脏有氧灌注后有较严重的肾脏上皮细胞脱落现象,凋亡和坏死均参与了其发生机制。     

EMT促进自发性高血压大鼠主动脉纤维化

目的:探讨内皮间充质转化(endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是否促进自发性高血压大鼠主动脉纤维化及降压治疗对其干预作用。方法:将24只雄性自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHR)随机分为SHR组(S组,蒸馏水灌胃)、哌唑嗪组(P组,哌唑嗪5 mg/(Kg×d)灌胃)和氯沙坦组(L组,氯沙坦10 mg/(Kg×d)灌胃),8只雄性WKY大鼠(W组,蒸馏水灌胃)作为对照组,各组分别干预8周后,通过Masson染色检测各组大鼠主动脉纤维化程度,免疫荧光染色及Western Blot检测各组大鼠主动脉I型胶原、CD31及FSP1蛋白表达变化。结果:Western blot及Masson染色显示从L组、P组到S组大鼠主动脉I型胶原含量依次增多,且主动脉壁厚度均显著大于W组(P0.05),但P组与L组大鼠主动脉管壁厚度无统计学差异(P=0.818);免疫荧光染色表明,各组高血压大鼠主动脉均存在FSP1及CD31共表达(FSP+CD31+)细胞,且从L组、P组到S组FSP+CD31+细胞依次增多;Western Blot检测表明,从W组、L组、P组到S组,CD31蛋白表达量逐渐降少,FSP1蛋白表达量依次增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:EMT可能参与了自发性高血压大鼠的主动脉纤维化,氯沙坦和哌唑嗪可能通过抑制EMT减轻主动脉纤维化。     

高压氧治疗对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

本研究通过观察高压氧治疗对2型糖尿病Goto-Kakizaki(GK)大鼠肾脏组织结构、细胞凋亡和基质金属蛋白酶表达的影响,探讨高压氧对糖尿病肾脏的保护作用及机制。选用Wistar大鼠8只作为正常对照组(n=8),2型糖尿病GK大鼠24只,随机分为模型组(n=8)、二甲双胍对照组(MH组,n=8)、高压氧组(HBO组,n=8),正常对照组和模型组每天按5 mL/kg灌服纯净水;MH组每天按250 mg/kg二甲双胍混悬液灌胃;HBO组每天5 mL/kg灌服纯净水,并给予0.15 MPa压力纯氧,稳压30min。大鼠分别处理三周后测体重,尾部采血测空腹血糖,取肾脏并测肾质量。将肾脏制成石蜡切片并进行HE、PAS和Masson染色,用光学显微镜观察各组大鼠肾脏组织病理变化;用TUNEL法检测肾脏细胞凋亡并计算各组肾脏细胞凋亡指数;用免疫组化法对肾脏进行Caspase-3、MMP-2、TIMP-2标记,并测量阳性细胞积分光密度;ELISA方法检测各组大鼠血浆TGF-β1浓度。结果显示模型组大鼠肾小球体积增大,细胞外基质增生(系膜基质增宽、基底膜增厚),肾小管上皮细胞水肿,HBO组较模型组病变较轻;经高压氧治疗过的HBO组大鼠的肾脏细胞凋亡指数和Caspase-3表达均与正常对照组和MH组无显著性差异(P0.05),而较模型组有显著降低(P0.01)。MMP-2、TIMP-2在正常对照组表达最强,MH、模型组表达最弱,HBO组介于中间,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。HBO、MH、模型组血浆TGF-β1浓度较正常对照组都有升高趋势,但各组大鼠血浆TGF-β1浓度差异无统计学上的显著性(P0.05)。实验结果表明高压氧治疗可抑制糖尿病大鼠肾脏细胞的凋亡增加,调节MMP-2及其抑制剂的活性,减少细胞外基质的积聚,从而保护肾脏,有利于防治糖尿病肾病的发生和发展。     

尿源性干细胞移植修复慢性肝损伤裸鼠肝脏功能

该研究探讨尿源性干细胞(urine-derived stem cells, USCs)的生物学性状及移植治疗慢性肝损失模型的可能。分离培养USCs,观察细胞形态、流式细胞术检测干细胞表面标记,碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)染色、茜素红染色、油红O染色、ICG(indocyanine green)摄取实验、PAS(periodic acid-Schiff)染色等评估其成骨、成脂和成肝分化。建立四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride,CCL4)诱导的慢性肝损伤模型,尾静脉4次移植USCs,计算肝脏指数,检测血清ALT、AST, HE及Masson染色,评估治疗效果。结果表明, USCs为米粒状贴壁生长细胞,表达多种间充质干细胞标志物:CD24、CD29、CD73、CD90和CD105,表达细胞周期表面标志物CD146,不表达造血细胞表面标志物CD31、CD34、CD45。成骨成肝诱导的USCs后ALP染色、茜素红染色、油红O染色阳性,单纯成肝诱导后几乎无ICG摄取及PAS染色阳性的细胞,而与肝干细胞共培养的USCs诱导组中,约10%细胞有ICG摄取及PAS染色阳性。与模型组相比, USCs移植组肝脏指数显著降低, ALT、AST降低但无统计学意义,肝细胞退行性变及纤维增生明显改善。该研究成功分离培养出增殖能力强并具有多向分化潜能的USCs,移植入慢性肝损伤裸鼠,可在一定程度上修复肝脏损伤。     

归脾汤对大鼠心肌缺血的干预作用*

目的:观察归脾汤(GPT)对心肌缺血大鼠的保护作用。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=8):空白对照组(Control),模型组(Model)、归脾汤低剂量组(Gpt 7.52 g/kg)、归脾汤高剂量组(Gpt 15.04 g/kg),阳性对照药曲美他嗪组(Trimetazidine,2 mg/kg)。应用饲喂高脂饮食联合注射异丙肾上腺素(ISO)的方法建立大鼠心肌缺血模型,灌胃给药15 d后,各组再次腹腔注射ISO 3 d,随后大鼠进行心电图检测,取材,检测血液中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和葡萄糖(GLU)的变化,HE及Masson染色观察心肌病理改变,Western blot检测心肌组织中CollagenⅠ和CollagenⅢ的蛋白表达。结果:与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠心电图出现S-T段下移,血清TC、AST、CK、LDH和GLU水平显著升高(P＜0.05),心肌组织CollagenI和CollagenIII蛋白表达显著升高(P＜0.05),心肌受损严重。TG,HDL-C,LDL-C和ALT变化不显著(P＞0.05)。与模型组相比,归脾汤低、高剂量组和曲美他嗪能抑制心肌缺血大鼠心电图S-T段下移,降低血清中TC、AST、CK、LDH和GLU水平(P＜0.05),降低心肌组织CollagenⅢ的表达(P＜0.05),减轻心肌病理损伤程度,归脾汤高剂量组可显著降低CollagenⅠ的蛋白表达(P＜0.05)。结论:归脾汤具有改善心脏功能,减轻心肌缺血损伤的作用,尤以高剂量效果更为显著。     

卡托普利所致肾脏损害：肾小球入球动脉对血管紧张素Ⅱ反应和炎症信号的相关研究（英文）

卡托普利可表现出一定的肾毒性作用,主要是源于该药物会造成肾素的累积和血管紧张素Ⅱ (angiotensin Ⅱ, Ang Ⅱ)的逃逸。本研究主要目的是探究血管紧张素转换酶1抑制剂卡托普利是否通过改变肾入球动脉对Ang Ⅱ的反应,同时激活炎性信号通路而损伤肾脏。用卡托普利(每天60 mg/kg)喂养C57Bl/6小鼠四周,其中后两周用皮下植入Ang Ⅱ (400 ng/kg per min)微泵注射建立高血压小鼠模型。模型建成后,用PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)及Masson染色评估肾脏的病理改变,用FITC标记的菊粉清除率检测肾小球滤过率,用体外入球动脉灌注方式检测入球动脉对Ang Ⅱ反应,用试剂盒检测肾小球前小动脉(preglomerular arterioles)的过氧化氢、过氧化氢酶水平和血浆肾素水平,用RT-qPCR检测肾皮质转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β),环氧合酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)和肾小球前小动脉血管紧张素受体mRNA表达水平。结果显示,与溶剂组小鼠相比,卡托...     

香椿子石油醚提取物对大鼠糖尿病肾病的保护作用

为了研究香椿子石油醚提取物(PEE)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠的保护作用及初步机制,采用Wistar雄性大鼠,STZ 60 mg/kg造模。造模成功后,DN大鼠分为模型组、PEE干预组(5 mg/100 g·d),另设正常组。灌胃10周后处死,取材及采血,检测肾脏指数及生化指标;肾皮质行HE和PAS、PASM、Masson染色;电镜观察大鼠肾组织形态;免疫组化观察转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、IV型胶原蛋白(collagen IV)表达水平。结果显示,PEE组大鼠血糖、尿蛋白、氧化应激指标下降;血肌酐与尿素氮降低,明显改善DN大鼠肾脏病理学异常,降低肾脏TGF-β1、CTGF、collagen IV蛋白表达。这表明PEE抑制氧化应激,减少TGF-β1、CTGF、collagen IV蛋白表达,对DN大鼠有一定保护作用。     

Evaluation of Small Intestine Grafts Decellularization Methods for Corneal Tissue Engineering

Advances in the development of cornea substitutes by tissue engineering techniques have focused on the use of decellularized tissue scaffolds. In this work, we evaluated different chemical and physical decellularization methods on small intestine tissues to determine the most appropriate decellularization protocols for corneal applications. Our results revealed that the most efficient decellularization agents were the SDS and triton X-100 detergents, which were able to efficiently remove most cell nuclei and residual DNA. Histological and histochemical analyses revealed that collagen fibers were preserved upon decellularization with triton X-100, NaCl and sonication, whereas reticular fibers were properly preserved by decellularization with UV exposure. Extracellular matrix glycoproteins were preserved after decellularization with SDS, triton X-100 and sonication, whereas proteoglycans were not affected by any of the decellularization protocols. Tissue transparency was significantly higher than control non-decellularized tissues for all protocols, although the best light transmittance results were found in tissues decellularized with SDS and triton X-100. In conclusion, our results suggest that decellularized intestinal grafts could be used as biological scaffolds for cornea tissue engineering. Decellularization with triton X-100 was able to efficiently remove all cells from the tissues while preserving tissue structure and most fibrillar and non-fibrillar extracellular matrix components, suggesting that this specific decellularization agent could be safely used for efficient decellularization of SI tissues for cornea TE applications.     

Comparison of Decellularization Protocols for Preparing a Decellularized Porcine Annulus Fibrosus Scaffold

Tissue-specific extracellular matrix plays an important role in promoting tissue regeneration and repair. We hypothesized that decellularized annular fibrosus matrix may be an appropriate scaffold for annular fibrosus tissue engineering. We aimed to determine the optimal decellularization method suitable for annular fibrosus. Annular fibrosus tissue was treated with 3 different protocols with Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and trypsin. After the decellularization process, we examined cell removal and preservation of the matrix components, microstructure and mechanical function with the treatments to determine which method is more efficient. All 3 protocols achieved decellularization; however, SDS or trypsin disturbed the structure of the annular fibrosus. All protocols maintained collagen content, but glycosaminoglycan content was lost to different degrees, with the highest content with TritonX-100 treatment. Furthermore, SDS decreased the tensile mechanical property of annular fibrosus as compared with the other 2 protocols. MTT assay revealed that the decellularized annular fibrosus was not cytotoxic. Annular fibrosus cells seeded into the scaffold showed good viability. The Triton X-100–treated annular fibrosus retained major extracellular matrix components after thorough cell removal and preserved the concentric lamellar structure and tensile mechanical properties. As well, it possessed favorable biocompatibility, so it may be a suitable candidate as a scaffold for annular fibrosus tissue engineering.     

Decellularization of porcine skeletal muscle extracellular matrix for the formulation of a matrix hydrogel: a preliminary study

Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels are used as scaffolds to facilitate the repair and reconstruction of tissues. This study aimed to optimize the decellularization process of porcine skeletal muscle ECM and to formulate a matrix hydrogel scaffold. Five multi‐step methods (methods A–E) were used to generate acellular ECM from porcine skeletal muscle [rinsing in SDS, trypsin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Triton X‐100 and/or sodium deoxycholate at 4–37°C]. The resulting ECM was evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin, 4‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and DNA quantification. Acellular matrix was dissolved in pepsin and gelled at 37°C. Hydrogel response to temperature was observed in vivo and in vitro. ECM components were assessed by Masson, Sirius red, and alcian blue staining, and total protein content. Acellular porcine skeletal muscle exhibited a uniform translucent white appearance. No intact nuclear residue was detected by haematoxylin and eosin staining, while DAPI staining showed a few nuclei in the matrixes produced by methods B, C, and D. Method A generated a gel that was too thin for gelation. However, the matrix obtained by rinsing in 0.2% trypsin/0.1% EDTA, 0.5% Triton X‐100, and 1% Triton X‐100/0.2% sodium deoxycholate was nuclei‐free and produced a viscous solution that formed a structurally stable white jelly‐like hydrogel. The residual DNA content of this solution was 49.37 ± 0.72 ng/mg, significantly less than in fresh skeletal muscle, and decreased to 19.22 ± 0.85 ng/mg after gelation (P < 0.05). The acellular matrix was rich in collagen and glycosaminoglycan, with a total protein concentration of 64.8 ± 6.9%. An acellular ECM hydrogel from porcine skeletal muscle was efficiently produced.     

特殊染色及免疫组化双重染色在恒河猴糖尿病模型中的应用

目的在链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导恒河猴糖尿病动物模型基础上,用特殊染色、免疫组化双染方法显示胰腺等组织中的特征性病变。方法健康恒河猴5只,小剂量（30mg／kg）多次静脉注射STZ,濒死状态时将动物安乐死。取胰腺、心脏、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏、眼球、脑等器官制成石蜡切片,用HE、PAS、Masson、天狼星红和甲苯胺蓝等方法进行特殊染色,用免疫组化双重染色法同时显示胰岛A、B细胞。结果模型动物的胰岛萎缩,数量减少。Masson染色见外分泌部间质内纤维增生。局灶性慢性肾炎,病变区肾间质纤维组织增生,部分肾小球及肾小管萎缩。天狼星红染色见脾脏中央动脉管壁增厚。免疫组化双染见胰岛A胰高血糖素表达增多,胞浆呈棕褐色。B胰岛素表达减少,胞浆粉红色。结论HE染色结合特殊染色和免疫组化双重染色可较好地对STZ诱导糖尿病动物模型进行组织学评价。     

Morphofunctional characterization of decellularized vena cava as tissue engineering scaffolds

Clinical experience for peripheral arterial disease treatment shows poor results when synthetic grafts are used to approach infrapopliteal arterial segments. However, tissue engineering may be an option to yield surrogate biocompatible neovessels. Thus, biological decellularized scaffolds could provide natural tissue architecture to use in tissue engineering, when the absence of ideal autologous veins reduces surgical options. The goal of this study was to evaluate different chemical induced decellularization protocols of the inferior vena cava of rabbits. They were decellularized with Triton X100 (TX100), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium deoxycholate (DS). Afterwards, we assessed the remaining extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity, residual toxicity and the biomechanical resistance of the scaffolds. Our results showed that TX100 was not effective to remove the cells, while protocols using SDS 1% for 2 h and DS 2% for 1 h, efficiently removed the cells and were better characterized. These scaffolds preserved the original organization of ECM. In addition, the residual toxicity assessment did not reveal statistically significant changes while decellularized scaffolds retained the equivalent biomechanical properties when compared with the control. Our results concluded that protocols using SDS and DS were effective at obtaining decellularized scaffolds, which may be useful for blood vessel tissue engineering.     

Evaluation and preservation of vascular architectures in decellularized whole rat kidneys

Organ transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage organ failure. Due to the severe shortage of transplantable organs, only a tiny fraction of patients may receive timely organ transplantation every year. Decellularization-recellularization technology using allogeneic and xenogeneic organs is currently conceived to be a promising solution to generate functionally transplantable organs in vitro. This approach, however, still faces tremendous technological challenges, one of them being the ability to evaluate and preserve the integrity of vascular architectures upon decellularization and cryostorage of the whole organ matrices so that the off-the-shelf organ grafts are available on demand for clinical applications. In the present study, we report a Micro-CT imaging method for evaluating the integrity of vasculature of the decellularized whole organ scaffolds with/without freezing/thawing. The method uses radiopaque Microfil perfusion and x-ray fluoroscopy to acquire high-resolution angiography of the organ matrix. The whole rat kidney is decellularized using a new multistep perfusion protocol with the combined use of Triton X-100 and DNase. The decellularized kidney matrix is then cryopreserved after the pretreatment with different cryoprotectant solutions. The reconstructed tomographic images from Micro-CT confirm various structural alterations in the vasculature of the whole decellularized kidney matrix with/without frozen storage. The freezing damage to the vascular architectures can be reduced by perfusing cryoprotectant solutions into the whole kidney matrix. Ice-free cryopreservation with the vitrification solution VS83 can successfully preserve the integrity of the whole kidney matrix's vasculature after frozen storage.     

Molecular characterization of surfactant-driven microbial community changes in anaerobic phenanthrene-degrading cultures under methanogenic conditions

SDS and Triton X-100 added at their critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), increased phenanthrene solubility in the presence of sediments and inhibited phenanthrene biodegradation. Triton X-100 caused more inhibition than SDS. 16S rDNA analyses revealed that both surfactants changed the microbial communities of phenanthrene-degrading cultures. Further, after the surfactant additions, parts of the microbial populations were not detected and methane production decreased. Surfactant applications, necessary to achieve actual CMCs, alter microbial community structure and diminish methanogenic activity under anaerobic conditions. We propose that this change may be related to the inhibitory effects of SDS and Triton X-100 on phenanthrene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions.     

The detergent solubility properties of a malarial (Plasmodium knowlesi) variant antigen expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes

Four detergents have been compared for identification of the Plasmodium knowlesi variant antigen on infected erythrocytes by immunoprecipitation analysis. Erythrocytes infected with late trophozoite and schizont forms of cloned asexual parasites were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination and extracted either with the anionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or cholate, the neutral detergent Triton X-100, or the zwitterion 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS). After addition of Triton X-100 to SDS and cholate extracts, parallel immunoprecipitations of the four extracts were performed using rhesus monkey antisera of defined agglutinability. Identical results were obtained with clone Pk1(A+), which has 125I-variant antigens of Mr 210,000 and 190,000, and with clone Pk1(B+)1+, which has variant antigens of Mr 200,000-205,000. SDS yielded maximal levels of immunoprecipitated 125I-variant antigens. Variant-specific immunoprecipitation was detected in some experiments with Triton X-100 and cholic acid but with significantly lower recovery than with SDS. CHAPS extraction did not yield the variant antigens on immunoprecipitation. The variant antigens could also be identified in Triton X-100-insoluble material by subsequent extraction with SDS, indicating that failure to recover these proteins in the Triton X-100-soluble fraction is due to failure of this detergent to extract the variant antigens rather than to degradation during extraction. We suggest that the 125I-variant antigens either have a structure that renders them intrinsically insoluble in Triton X-100, cholate, or CHAPS, or that they are associated in some way with host cell membrane components that also resist solubilization by these detergents.     

IL-13抑制剂在损伤大鼠尾椎间盘退变中的作用研究

为了探讨IL-13细胞因子在损伤后大鼠椎间盘退变中的影响,建立了大鼠尾椎间盘退变模型,给予IL-13抑制剂sIL-13Rα2-Fc进行干预,将实验分为空白、对照、低剂量、中剂量、高剂量干预组。分别于4周及6周后通过HE染色和Masson染色观察椎间盘形态变化并评分;DMMB法定量分析椎间盘中的糖胺多糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)、硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate,CS)、硫酸角质素(keratan sulfate,KS)、透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)含量变化;RT-PCR分析Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白的mRNA表达水平;蛋白质印迹分析Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白含量。HE和Masson染色显示与对照组相比,干预组椎间盘病理改变减小,纤维环排列更规则,破裂部位减小,NP细胞数量增加,胶原纤维减少。sIL-13Rα2-Fc干预增加了糖胺多糖、透明质酸含量,增加了硫酸软骨素/硫酸角质素比,减少了Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达,并增加了Ⅱ型胶原蛋白。结果表明IL-13抑制剂sIL-13Rα2-Fc可有效减轻椎间盘退变,并且与作用时间和浓度成正相关。     

Decellularized omentum as novel biologic scaffold for reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine

Homologous tissues, such as adipose tissue, may be an interesting source of acellular scaffolds, maintaining a complex physiological three-dimensional (3D) structure, to be recellularized with autologous cells. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the possibility of obtaining homologous acellular scaffolds from decellularization of the omentum, which is known to have a complex vascular network. Adult rat and human omenta were treated with an adapted decellularization protocol involving mechanical rupture (freeze-thaw cycles), enzymatic digestion (trypsin, lipase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease) and lipid extraction (2-propanol). Histological staining confirmed the effectiveness of decellularization, resulting in cell-free scaffolds with no residual cells in the matrix. The complex 3D networks of collagen (azan-Mallory), elastic fibers (Van Gieson), reticular fibers and glycosaminoglycans (PAS) were maintained, whereas Oil Red and Sudan stains showed the loss of lipids in the decellularized tissue. The vascular structures in the tissue were still visible, with preservation of collagen and elastic wall components and loss of endothelial (anti-CD31 and -CD34 immunohistochemistry) and smooth muscle (anti-alpha smooth muscle actin) cells. Fat-rich and well vascularized omental tissue may be decellularized to obtain complex 3D scaffolds preserving tissue architecture potentially suitable for recellularization. Further analyses are necessary to verify the possibility of recolonization of the scaffold by adipose-derived stem cells in vitro and then in vivo after re implantation, as already known for homologus implants in regenerative processes.Key words: omentum, scaffold, decellularization, adipose tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, microvascularization