离子束介导玉米DNA导入水稻引起遗传变异的RAPD分析

本实验采用４０ 个随机引物对低能离子束介导紫玉米全ＤＮＡ 转化水稻早籼２１３ 获得的８ 个玉米稻株系基因组ＤＮＡ 进行ＲＡＰＤ检测。其中３６ 个随机引物得到扩增图谱。统计分析图谱中的各类扩增带,其中变异株系与早籼２１３ 的相似率为９１．２—９５．５％ 。差异带占总带数的８．９—１７．７％ ,说明外源ＤＮＡ 导入受体细胞引起后代基因组ＤＮＡ 的显著变异,这些变异很可能是表型及生理性状变异得以稳定遗传的物质基础。     

导入外源DNA对小麦基因表达的影响

用（ＳＤＳ）ＰＡＧＥ对外源豌豆ＤＮＡ导入小麦体的不良变异后代种子蛋白质和酯酶同工酶（ＥＳＴ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化同工酶（ＰＯＤ）进行分析,发现变异小麦的种子蛋白质消减４个组分带,ＥＳＴ和ＰＯＤ消减２条酶谱带,ＳＯＤ的活性明显降低,并且变异小麦植株的发育生长表型呈现出脆弱,早衰迹象,表明导入外源ＤＮＡ抑制了某些基因的表达,同时分析导致这种负作用的原因。     

耐盐辣椒分子育种

利用自花授粉后形成的花粉管通道将海岸耐盐植物红树总ＤＮＡ导入辣椒,其后代的耐盐性明显增强,在海滩上试种。用海水直接浇灌,约５５％的转化株能开花,结果,而对照株全部死亡。进行蛋白质ＳＤＳ－ＰＳＧＥ电泳和ＲＡＰＤ分析,分别发现一条１７．５ＫＤ蛋白质和一条１．１Ｋｂ ＤＮＡ的特异性谱带,表明通过化粉管道导入外源ＤＮＡ是可行的,其后代植株耐盐能力提高与基因组变异有关。     

经野生稻总DNA处理的栽培稻离体胚长成植株后的某些性状变？…

栽培稻离体胚（幼胚、萌动胚）以野生稻总ＤＮＡ浸泡或滴加处理后,经组织培养长成的完整植株进行盆栽的结果显示,当代与后代植株中大多数无变异,仅１株产生芒,２株抗稻瘟病,有芒种子再次种植于人工气候室内,其Ｄ１、Ｄ２和Ｄ３代种子仍有芒;抗稻瘟病植株的种子收获后再次播种,后代仍有抗稻瘟病特性。     

经野生稻总DNA处理的栽培稻离体胚长成植株后的某些性状变化(简报)

栽培稻离体胚（幼胚、萌动胚）以野生稻总ＤＮＡ浸泡或滴加处理后,经组织培养长成的完整植株进行盆栽的结果显示,当代与后代植株中大多数无变异,仅１株产生芒,２株抗稻瘟病。有芒种子再次种植于人工气候室内,其Ｄ_１、Ｄ_２和Ｄ_３代种子仍有芒;抗稻瘟病植株的种子收获后再次播种,后代仍有抗稻瘟病特性。     

导入小麦DNA的水稻变异系抗逆生理研究

导入小麦ＤＮＡ的水稻品种洛伊的三个Ｆ４代变异系ＭＤ１１－２、ＭＤ２０－４和ＭＤ１８－４,其寒,旱抗性的相关生理性状有明显差异,且与ＤＮＡ供体和受体（亲本）的明显不同,在４℃低温时,ＭＤ１１－２和ＭＤ１８－４和亲本细胞膜透性没明显变化,ＭＤ２０－４的细胞膜透性则增大;在脱水过程中,三个变异系的电导率曲线的转折变化与洛伊相似,但其值均比它高。在低温下,ＭＤ２０－４和ＭＤ１８－４的游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含     

小麦×玉米杂交后代的蛋白质及酯酶同工酶分析

以８ 个普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）品种为母本,２ 个栽培玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓ Ｌ．）品种为父本杂交所获得的Ｆ２ 代在形态上出现了明显变异。对其籽粒进行蛋白质电泳分析,得到了如下主要结果：杂交后代的蛋白质谱带较母本有了很大的变异,主要集中在高分子量麦谷蛋白（ＨＭＷ－Ｇｌｕ）区域。杂交后代的蛋白质谱带由５ 种类型构成：１．母本型,占全部测试籽粒的２２．６％ ;２．附加型,占１４．３％ ;３．互补型,占１５．５％ ;４．杂种型,占３０．９％ ;５．缺失型,占１６．７％ 。对“矮杆早”ד紫粘”的Ｆ２ 代籽粒进行酯酶同工酶电泳分析发现,变异主要发生在ＥＳＴ－１ 区。由此看来,小麦×玉米的杂合子中玉米染色体在被排除前后,可以诱发小麦染色体组发生遗传变异     

中国河南株丁型肝炎病毒全基因组的cDNA克隆和序列分析

从我国河南－抗丁型肝炎病毒抗原（ａｎｔｉ－ＨＤＡｇ）及丁型肝炎病毒（ＨＤｖ）ＲＮＡ双阳性的ＨＢｓＡｇ携带者血清中提取ＲＮＡ,采用人工合成的引物进行逆转录和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）,获得了贯穿ＨＤＶ全基因组的６个相互重叠的ｃＤＮＡ片段。经双脱氧末端终止法进行核苷酸序列分析,得到了长度为１６７４ｂｐ的我国人河南株ＨＤＶｃＤＮＡ全序列。计算机分析表明,该株与我国台湾株（ＨＤＶＩＡ型）、美国－１株（ＨＤＶＩＢ型）、日本－１株（ＨＤＶⅡ型）和秘鲁－１株（ＨＤＶⅢ型）的核苷酸同源性分别为的９４．３％、８６．８％、７５．４％和６６．３％,氨基酸序列的同源性分别为８９．７％、８５．１％、７１．９％和６４．６％,并在核苷酸和推导的ＨＤＡｇ氨基酸序列中分别发现了５个和２个集中保守的区域。这些区域均与ＨＤＶ的某些重要功能密切相关。     

中国5种珍稀绢蝶非损伤取样的mtDNA序列及系统进化

应用非损伤性取样ＤＮＡ测序技术测定了４种来自云南白马雪山和１种来自新疆天山的５种珍稀绢蝶的线粒体ＤＮＡ细胞色素ｂ基因部分ＤＮＡ序列。在获得的４３３ｂｐ的序列中,Ａ＋Ｔ约占７５．４％,其中４０个核苷酸位点存在变异（约９．２４％）。ＤＮＡ一级序列数据显示,该５种绢蝶间ＤＮＡ序列变异丰富。ＰＡＵＰ３．１．１（简约法）数据分析软件构建该５个种绢蝶的分子系统树显示,爱珂绢蝶和巴裔绢蝶的亲缘关系比较接近,阿波     

猪生长激素基因在金鱼中的整合、表达与生物活性(英文)

自Ｐａｌｍｉｔｅｒ于１９８２年首次将大鼠生长激素基因导入小鼠受精卵,培育出“超级鼠”以来,转基因动物技术获得迅速发展。本文以低等脊锥动物为实验动物,探讨猪生长激素基因导入金鱼受精卵后的整合与表达、生物学效应及后代遗传等问题,为进一步研究外源基因在高等脊椎动物（包括猪）内整合与表达的调控机理提供方法上的参考。实验结果表明：采用显微注射方法,将羊金属硫蛋白基因启动子与猪生长激素基因重组的线型ＤＮＡ（Ｆｉｇ．１）片段导入金鱼受精卵中,获得成活实验鱼,经斑点（Ｆｉｇ．２）,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交（Ｆｉｇ．３）,筛选ＰＧＨ阳性的转基因鱼作为亲本交配,分别得到Ｆ１代和Ｆ２代。经斑点、ＰＣＲ－Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ分析（Ｆｉｇｓ．４,５＆６）及放射免疫检测（Ｔａｂ．１）,表明外源基因在部分受体鱼中得到整合和表达,并能通过有性繁殖传递给后代,且仍具生长效应（Ｆｉｇ．７;Ｔａｂ．２）。本实验获得的转基因阳性金鱼数量有限,且只传了两代,似乎不足以说明转基因金鱼后代表观特征的遗传稳定,但转基因金鱼Ｆ１代中存在外源基因整合位点纯合的个体是可能的。这为建立转基因动物纯系奠定了基础。     

应用花粉匀浆物质诱导花生遗传性状变异的初步研究

本研究以开封白皮花生品种为受体。用具有选择标记性状的1218品种花粉匀浆为供体,处理发育成熟的该受体植株柱头,再用受体正常花粉授粉,获得了具有目标牲状变异的后代。其中,荚果的大小、结果数和种皮颜色等性状的转化更为明显。以上结果在不同试验、不同组合中,均得到重复。试验表明,此方法在花生育种上具有较大的实际应用价值。但具体技术和选育程序,根据花生的生物学特点还有待进一步研究。     

用野生醋栗花粉匀浆诱导栽培番茄变异的初步研究

实验以79286栽培番茄品种为受体,用野生醋栗花粉匀浆物质处理该受体植株柱头再对其授粉。从诱导后代中获得了结果习性、果肩色等具有某些醋栗性状的变异,并从中选育出一个耐储性好、多果型的番茄新品系．其受体番茄由聚伞花序转化为总状花序型的频率为7．8－23％．每穗结果数由4－5个增加至6－8个。果大小介于供体与受体两者之间．     

Production of chimeric loach by cell transplantation from genetically pigmented to orange embryos

To establish techniques for chimera formation and to obtain further knowledge of chimerism, chimeric loach were produced using the wild strain as the donor and the orange strain as the recipient by cell transplantation. Transplantation between embryos at two different stages was performed to achieve efficient chimera formation. In the combination of the early-mid-blastula as the donor and the late-blastula as the recipient, 100-150 blastomeres were injected into the blastoderm of the recipient and the rate of chimera formation was 46.2%. On the other hand, in the combination of early-mid-blastula and early-gastrula, only 30 blastomeres were injected and the rate of chimera formation was 80.0%. These results demonstrating the combination of embryonic stages may provide a key for efficient chimera formation. We also compared the number of melanophores on chimeric larvae with that on donor cells labelled with latex beads; it was found that the number of transplanted cells has a profound effect on chimerism, whereas the site of pigmentation is not always in agreement with the site of actual transplantation of donor cells.     

An improved Escherichia coli donor strain for diparental mating

We present a new method for diparental mating with the outstanding advantage that counterselection of the Escherichia coli donor strain is not required. This improved method uses a new donor strain, E. coli ST18, a hemA deletion mutant defective in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. The hemA mutation can be complemented by addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Therefore, counterselection is carried out only using standard media and growth conditions optimal for the recipient strain. Consequently, recipient strains are isolated in a significantly shorter period.     

Molecular evolution of the Escherichia coli chromosome. V. Recombination patterns among strains of diverse origin.

Incorporation patterns of donor DNA into recipient chromosomes following transduction or conjugation have been studied in the progeny of a variety of Escherichia coli crosses in which donor and recipient nucleotide sequences differ by 1-3%. Series of contiguous or variously spaced PCR fragments have been amplified from each recombinant chromosome and digested with a commercial restriction endonuclease previously shown to distinguish the respective parents in a given fragment. We conclude that entering donor DNA fragments are frequently abridged (cut and shortened) before incorporation, the cutting being due to restriction systems, and the shortening presumably due to exonuclease activity. Analysis of several backcrosses confirms, and extends to conjugation, the importance of restriction in E. coli recombination in nature. The transmission patterns in conjugation are similar to those of transduction, but (as expected) on a much larger scale. Asymmetric results of reciprocal crosses imply that mismatch frequency is not a major factor. Marked differences among the results of simple crosses according to parental strain combinations are consistent with observations that E. coli strains in nature vary dramatically in their restriction-modification systems.     

Pyomelanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. I. Transformation of pyomelanin productivity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was successfully transformed from a pyomelanin-producing strain to a non-pyomelanin-producing strain by genetic transformation, with an average frequency of 1.17 X 10-3/recipient. Although the transformation frequency was not affected by doses of DNA between 17 and 51 microgram/ml, it was influenced by the growth phase of the recipient bacteria, i.e., it was highest in the late logarithmic phase. Biochemical functions of the transformants were the same as those of the recipient strain except for pyomelanin production. Some of them, however, showed an intermediate growth behavior and cell arrangement between the donor and recipient. The serological type of the donor strain was sometimes contransduced although a few transformants became nonagglutinable with either donor or recipient type antiserum. The pyomelanin producing activity and serological type gained of some transformants were eliminated by either subculturing in nutrient broth or acridine treatment. The results obtained suggested that the pyomelanin productivity of P. aeruginosa is controlled by a plasmid.     

Effect of ovarian cystic or haemorrhagic follicles on embryo recovery and survival after transfer in hCG-ovulated rabbits.

The relationship between the presence of cystic and/or haemorrhagic follicles in both donor and recipient does and survival at birth of frozen-thawed embryos (778 embryos transferred) from 3 selected rabbit strains (NZ: New Zealand white; SY and SB: synthetic breeds) were studied. Donor does (SY:108; NZ:99; SB:96) were mated and treated with 25 IU of hCG. Only morphologically normal oviductal morulae (64-66 h) were frozen. Frozen-thawed embryos from each of the 90 donor does were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does of the same strain 48 h after injection of 25 IU of hCG (SY:31; NZ:28; SB:31). The frequency of follicular anomalies (36 and 43%) was high in both donor and recipient does, respectively, and it was not affected by strain or parity. The follicular anomalies had a negative effect on the percentage of embryos recovered in the oviduct (70 vs 77%) but not on the percentage of recovered embryos catalogued as morphologically normal (97%). The absence of follicular anomalies in recipient does had a significantly favourable effect on the pregnancy rate (63 vs 18%; P less than 0.05) and consequently on embryo survival rate at birth (26 vs 7%; P less than 0.01).     

POLLEN DISPERSAL DYNAMICS IN AN ALPINE WILDFLOWER,POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM

The alpine wildflower, Polemonium viscosum, depends on insect visitors for effective pollination. Here, I examine experimentally the effects of pollinator visitation on pollen removal, pollen dispersal success, paternity, and gene flow. Bumble bee pollinators visited donor individuals homozygous for marker alleles at an isozyme (GOT-2) encoding locus and then were presented with arrays of recipient plants lacking the marker alleles. Four aspects of male fitness were estimated for each donor: the number of pollen grains dispersed to flowers of the first recipient visited, the number of offspring sired on that recipient, the proportion of offspring sired in the full array, and the proportion of mates in the array bearing seeds of the donor. Pollen removal was strongly influenced by the number of bee visits to donor flowers. The amount of pollen removed in turn significantly affected the number of pollen grains reaching flowers of the first recipient. However, because seed production decelerates with stigma pollen load, the relationship between pollen export and paternal success at this proximate scale showed diminishing returns. The probability of reaching mates within the array also increased with pollen export. These findings show that floral characters enhancing pollinator visitation rate in P. viscosum have positive effects on paternity and gene flow.     

Plasmid-associated transfer of tetracycline resistance in Bacteroides ruminicola

Tetracycline resistance was transferred at frequencies between 10(-7) and 10(-6) per recipient cell in anaerobic matings between two strains of the strictly anaerobic rumen bacterium Bacteroides ruminicola. The donor strain, 223/M2/7, was a multiple-plasmid-bearing tetracycline-resistant strain from the ovine rumen, and the recipient, F101, was a rifampin-resistant mutant of B14, a bovine strain belonging to B. ruminicola subsp. brevis. Resistance transfer could occur in the presence of DNase, but not in dummy mating mixtures in which filtrate from a donor culture replaced donor cells. Acquisition of tetracycline resistance by the recipient was accompanied by the appearance of a 19.5-kilobase pair plasmid (designated pRRI4) which was homologous with a plasmid of similar size and restriction pattern present in the donor strain. A transconjugant (F115) carrying pRRI4 was also able to act as a donor of tetracycline resistance and plasmid DNA in matings with another recipient. Derivatives of F115 that had spontaneously lost tetracycline resistance lacked detectable plasmid DNA. It is concluded that pRRI4 mediated the transfer of tetracycline resistance. Transfer of resistance was not detectably enhanced by pregrowth of the donor in medium containing tetracycline. Transfer of tetracycline resistance was not detected from 223/M2/7 to a strain, 23 belonging to B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola.     

Plasmid-associated transfer of tetracycline resistance in Bacteroides ruminicola.

Tetracycline resistance was transferred at frequencies between 10(-7) and 10(-6) per recipient cell in anaerobic matings between two strains of the strictly anaerobic rumen bacterium Bacteroides ruminicola. The donor strain, 223/M2/7, was a multiple-plasmid-bearing tetracycline-resistant strain from the ovine rumen, and the recipient, F101, was a rifampin-resistant mutant of B14, a bovine strain belonging to B. ruminicola subsp. brevis. Resistance transfer could occur in the presence of DNase, but not in dummy mating mixtures in which filtrate from a donor culture replaced donor cells. Acquisition of tetracycline resistance by the recipient was accompanied by the appearance of a 19.5-kilobase pair plasmid (designated pRRI4) which was homologous with a plasmid of similar size and restriction pattern present in the donor strain. A transconjugant (F115) carrying pRRI4 was also able to act as a donor of tetracycline resistance and plasmid DNA in matings with another recipient. Derivatives of F115 that had spontaneously lost tetracycline resistance lacked detectable plasmid DNA. It is concluded that pRRI4 mediated the transfer of tetracycline resistance. Transfer of resistance was not detectably enhanced by pregrowth of the donor in medium containing tetracycline. Transfer of tetracycline resistance was not detected from 223/M2/7 to a strain, 23 belonging to B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola.