龙生型花生的遗传多样性

龙生型花生(Arachis hypogaea var.hirsute)是中国引进最早、种植最早的花生类型。经过不断地自然选择和人工选择,形成了许多各具特色的地方品种,并逐渐形成了次生中心。本实验对15份龙生型花生资源在植物学性状和品质性状及分子水平上进行了系统研究。结果表明:龙生型花生在植物学性状和品质性状上具有丰富的遗传多样性,在分子水平上差异也较大。变异系数在5.10~34.60之间,多样性指数在1.17~2.04之间,同时两者的变化趋势相反。基于植物学性状和品质性状上的聚类分析在阀值为6.5将龙生型花生分为两大类,一类主要包括广西的品种,另一类包括其它省份的品种;基于AFLP分析的聚类结果在阀值为0.39处分为5类,一类主要包括广西的品种,其它4类包括其它省份的品种。     

河北省花生地方品种农艺性状和品质性状的遗传分化

以43个不同来源的河北省花生地方品种为材料,对其农艺、品质性状的遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明,在考察的5个农艺性状中,分枝数的变异系数最大,为22．86％,其次为百果重、百仁重,分别为19、43％和17．17％,出仁率的变异系数最小。品质性状中不同地方品种间在硬脂酸、山嵛酸、花生烯酸、花生酸等性状上存在较大差异,变异系数分别为41．94％、39．27％、27、88％、22．87％,而在蛋白质含量、舍油量、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸上的差异不大。采用最长距离法对欧氏距离进行聚类,可以将各地方品种划分为3大类群,第1类群为普通型花生地方品种,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ类群分别为多粒型花生和珍珠豆型花生地方品种。本文还对类群间和类群内不同品种群间的性状分化进行了分析。     

转基因插入对水稻花粉活力和杂交结实的影响

以花粉活力和杂交结实率评价转基因插入对水稻品种异交潜力的影响.选用含bar、crylAb、BADH和Xa21等4种基因的5份转基因水稻品系研究转基因插入对转基因受体品种花粉离体萌发率的影响.结果表明,不同受体品种花粉离体萌发率差异显著;转基因水稻花粉离体萌发率在0.416～0.584间,与受体品种(0.004～0.574)相近;转基因品种与相应受体品种间花粉离体萌发率差异不显著.对所选配的26个人工杂交组合杂种结实调查表明,bar、crylAb基因的插入对受体品种杂交结实率影响显著,而Xa21基因的插入对受体品种杂交结实率影响较小;转基因水稻品种(花粉供体)与非转基因水稻品种的杂交结实率变幅为0.056～0.13,在受体品种(花粉供体)与非转基因水稻品种的杂交结实率范围(0.052～0.417)之内.本研究花粉离体萌发和杂交结实结果表明转基因的插入对水稻品种异交潜力的影响甚微.     

花生种质资源的根系性状研究及AFLP分析

对22份花生种质资源进行根系性状和AFLP分析研究.结果表明,珍珠豆型花生种质资源具有根干重小、根基粗小和主侧根干重比小等特点;龙生型花生种质资源具有根干重大、根基粗大和主侧根干重比大等特点.用根系性状和AFLP标记都能将22份花生品种分为两大组,但是AFLP标记聚类结果比根系性状的聚类结果更能反映花生品种亲源关系和地域生态上的差异.     

龙生型花生的遗传多样性

龙生型花生(Arachis hypogaea var.hirsute)是中国引进最早、种植最早的花生类型。经过不断地自然选择和人工选择,形成了许多各具特色的地方品种,并逐渐形成了次生中心。本实验对15份龙生型花生资源在植物学性状和品质性状及分子水平上进行了系统研究。结果表明:龙生型花生在植物学性状和品质性状上具有丰富的遗传多样性,在分子水平上差异也较大。变异系数在5.10-34.60之间,多样性指数在1.17-2.04之间,同时两者的变化趋势相反。基于植物学性状和品质性状上的聚类分析在阀值为6.5将龙生型花生分为两大类,一类主要包括广西的品种,另一类包括其它省份的品种;基于AFLP分析的聚类结果在阀值为0.39处分为5类,一类主要包括广西的品种,其它4类包括其它省份的品种。     

花生籽仁外观和营养品质特征及食用型花生育种利用分析

花生籽仁的外观品质和营养品质是评价食用花生品种的重要指标。本研究对285个不同类型或来源的花生种质资源进行了籽仁外观和营养品质性状的检测和分析,旨在为食用型花生品种选育提供依据。按照植物学类型分析了各类型的8个外观性状和5个营养品质性状的分布。结果表明,我国花生种质资源包含丰富的外观性状变异类型,能够满足不同加工用途对原料的需求,但总体上高油酸、高蛋白和低脂肪资源类型偏少。借鉴美国等烤制花生仁和糖果花生的外观和营养品质特征及我国煮食和烤制花生的生产消费市场,提出了食用型品种选育亲本的策略和备选品种类型,烤制和糖果用途花生育种亲本选配应以普通型、中间型或珍珠豆型中粒农家品种或育成品种为骨干亲本,进一步改良高油酸、高蛋白和低脂肪等品质性状。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种“花育22号”、“唐科8号”和干旱敏感型品种“花育23号”3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积.干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反.干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种“花育22号”20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但“唐科8号”相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种“花育23号”40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于“花育22号”.花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关.土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用.     

枣不同品种花粉量和花粉萌发率的研究

以20个枣品种为试材,测定了花粉萌发率和单药花粉量。结果表明,枣不同品种在同一时期及同一品种在不同花期花粉量和花粉萌发率差异显著,初花期单花药花粉量最多的品种达5556粒,最少的为0。花粉量与花粉萌发率之间无显著的相关性。枣树的单药花粉量在6月中下旬最高,而花粉萌发率在6月中旬出现高峰。发现了无花粉、高含仁率的优异雄性不育新种质JMS3,并进一步证明了JMS1的无花粉性状稳定。     

基于生物量和养分累积量的花生品种生态适应性评价

为挖掘产量性状好、养分利用效率高、生态适应性广的优良花生品种,在冀中低平原和山前平原两个生态区分别测定了19个花生品种的16个生物量和养分累积量指标,通过主成分分析对不同品种在不同生态区的表现进行了综合评价.按照主成分对应特征值大于1的原则提取主成分,将16个主要性状指标综合成4个主成分,可代表花生生物量和养分利用性状85%左右的原始信息量.结果表明： 不同花生品种在不同生态区域的产量和养分利用效率存在较大差异.根据生态适应性将19个花生品种分为2类,生态适应性广的品种又分为产量水平和养分利用效率高、中、低3类,其中豫花9719、冀花0212-4、潍花10号、豫花15号、濮花28号和冀花10号为生态适应性广、养分利用效率高、产量水平也较高的品种.     

用野生醋栗花粉匀浆诱导栽培番茄变异的初步研究

实验以79286栽培番茄品种为受体,用野生醋栗花粉匀浆物质处理该受体植株柱头再对其授粉。从诱导后代中获得了结果习性、果肩色等具有某些醋栗性状的变异,并从中选育出一个耐储性好、多果型的番茄新品系．其受体番茄由聚伞花序转化为总状花序型的频率为7．8－23％．每穗结果数由4－5个增加至6－8个。果大小介于供体与受体两者之间．     

外源DNA直接导入小麦及其在育种上的应用

本研究选用两个白粒小麦品种作供体,提取其总ＤＮＡ,采用花粉管直接携带法导入７５（１９８）红粒品种受体植株。ＤＮＡ导入的第一代（Ｄ１）,目的性状的转化频率为１．７５％和２．９４％。Ｄ２代变异率显著低于Ｄ１代。对Ｄ１,Ｄ２代所得目的性状变异后代,按照常规育种程序进行Ｄ３代观察与鉴定,得到已稳定遗传的后代,从中选取保持原品种其它优良性状而籽粒为的白色的变异类型混合脱粒,获得７５（１９８）改良新品系。     

POLLEN DISPERSAL DYNAMICS IN AN ALPINE WILDFLOWER,POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM

The alpine wildflower, Polemonium viscosum, depends on insect visitors for effective pollination. Here, I examine experimentally the effects of pollinator visitation on pollen removal, pollen dispersal success, paternity, and gene flow. Bumble bee pollinators visited donor individuals homozygous for marker alleles at an isozyme (GOT-2) encoding locus and then were presented with arrays of recipient plants lacking the marker alleles. Four aspects of male fitness were estimated for each donor: the number of pollen grains dispersed to flowers of the first recipient visited, the number of offspring sired on that recipient, the proportion of offspring sired in the full array, and the proportion of mates in the array bearing seeds of the donor. Pollen removal was strongly influenced by the number of bee visits to donor flowers. The amount of pollen removed in turn significantly affected the number of pollen grains reaching flowers of the first recipient. However, because seed production decelerates with stigma pollen load, the relationship between pollen export and paternal success at this proximate scale showed diminishing returns. The probability of reaching mates within the array also increased with pollen export. These findings show that floral characters enhancing pollinator visitation rate in P. viscosum have positive effects on paternity and gene flow.     

Female reproductive tissues are the primary target of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by the Arabidopsis floral-dip method

The floral-dip method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis allows efficient plant transformation without need for tissue culture. To facilitate use with other plant species, we investigated the mechanisms that underlie this method. In manual outcrossing experiments, application of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to pollen donor plants did not produce any transformed progeny, whereas application of Agrobacterium to pollen recipient plants yielded transformants at a rate of 0.48%. Agrobacterium strains with T-DNA carrying gusA (encoding beta-glucuronidase [GUS]) under the control of 35S, LAT52, or ACT11 promoters revealed delivery of GUS activity to developing ovules, whereas no GUS staining of pollen or pollen tubes was observed. Transformants derived from the same seed pod contained independent T-DNA integration events. In Arabidopsis flowers, the gynoecium develops as an open, vase-like structure that fuses to form closed locules roughly 3 d prior to anthesis. In correlation with this fact, we found that the timing of Agrobacterium infection was critical. Transformants were obtained and GUS staining of ovules and embryo sacs was observed only if the Agrobacterium were applied 5 d or more prior to anthesis. A 6-fold higher rate of transformation was obtained with a CRABS-CLAW mutant that maintains an open gynoecium. Our results suggest that ovules are the site of productive transformation in the floral-dip method, and further suggest that Agrobacterium must be delivered to the interior of the developing gynoecium prior to locule closure if efficient transformation is to be achieved.     

Environmental Effects on Components of Pollen Performance in Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. (Rubiaceae)1

Studies focusing on gametophytic competition have focused on differences in pollen performance (e.g., pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth rate) among donors in order to examine genetic sources of variation in siring success among them. Donors that produce the fastest growing pollen tubes are expected to fertilize more ovules relative to donors with slow growing pollen tubes under conditions of gametophytic competition. However, the performance of pollen in the field is known to be influenced by environmental conditions in addition to the genotype of donor plants. This field study of Faramea occidentalis was conducted to: (1) determine the effect of environmental conditions during pollination on pollen performance; (2) measure differences among pollen donors in pollen performance; (3) determine if the pollen of different donors responds differently to a variety of environmental conditions surrounding pollinated flowers; and (4) measure differences among pollen recipients in pollen performance. Single-donor crosses were made between four pollen donors and four pollen recipients under a variety of environmental conditions. Pollen performance was then quantified as the growth rate of the fastest pollen tube, the mean pollen tube growth rate, and by a pollen germination index. Pollination environment (the environment surrounding a pollinated flower) and recipient significantly affected all three measures of pollen performance. Pollen donors did not differ overall in pollen performance. However, there was significant among-donor variation in two of the five pollination environment conditions. Future studies of variation in relative siring success may benefit by considering pollination environment in addition to donor and recipient identity.     

外源DAN导入黄瓜引起变异的研究

利用花粉管通道技术,以抗黄瓜霜霉病的“苦瓜”“津四”黄瓜为供体,用“长春密刺”为受体,进行外源DNA直接导入,获得突变体,并得到遗传。     

Multivariate analysis of the Vicia sativa L. aggregate

GIL, J. & CUBERO, J. I., 1993. Multivariate analysis of the Vicia sativa L. aggregate . The sativa group of species was studied by using multivariate analysis and karyological analysis. Thirty biometrical characters were studied by using 92 Vicia sativa L. accessions from a variety of geographical sources. The four main taxa analysed were: sativa, macrocarpa, cordata and angustifolia. Principal component analysis provided clear separation among sativa, cordata and angustifolia in terms of the first two components. Karyotype analysis confirmed the PCA results, and by combining both methods, misclassed specimens can be correctly determined. Cluster analyses using the characters which displayed the greatest loads over the first components were performed in order to identify the most valuable characters from the taxonomic point of view. These were flower length, calyx length, pod width, constriction of the pod between seeds, leaf length, leaflet width, seed length and seed width. Our results suggest an early separation of angustifolia from the ancestral stem. The taxon cordata may be useful in future plant breeding programmes not only for crossing with V. saliva to increase the leaflet size of this taxon, but also as a bridge species between sativa and angustifolia.     

Comparison of two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones for the effect of pollination intensity on fruit set and seed content

We compared the influence of pollination intensity (PI) on fruit set and seed number per pod in two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones, IFC5 (Forastero Lower-Amazon Amelonado), which is self-compatible and known to produce a high number of seeds per pod under open pollination, and SCA6 (Forastero Upper-Amazon), which is self-incompatible and known to produce a low number of seeds per pod under open pollination. With both clones, PI had a positive effect on fruit set, with the maximum rate requiring more than 150 pollen grains per pod. One-half of the maximum rate of fruit set was reached with 39 pollen grains per pod for SCA6, and 78 for IFC5. With SCA6, a significant positive effect of PI on seed number per pod was also observed, with maximum seed number requiring more than 200 pollen grains per pod. In contrast, seed numbers with IFC5 were approximately equal over the PI range 100–800 pollen grains per pod. Patterns of seed number per pod were compared after: (1) open insect pollination, (2) low-intensity hand pollination and (3) high-intensity hand pollination. The patterns obtained with IFC5 under open pollination showed a peak of 40–50 seeds per pod, whereas the distribution patterns were more even with SCA6. The pattern of seed number under open pollination was similar to that obtained with high-intensity hand pollination for IFC5, and with low-intensity hand pollination for SCA6. We concluded that the high number of seeds per pod observed with IFC5 under natural insect pollination may be explained by a high number of compatible self-pollen grains on the stigma and by a severe drop of low-pollinated flowers eliminating potential lowfilled fruits. With SCA6, however, the number of compatible pollen grains deposited on the stigma was probably low under open pollination, and the flowers required lower pollen quantities to set fruit, which resulted in a high frequency of low seed numbers per fruit. This difference in the capacity to set low-seeded fruits might be considered as an adaptive trait related to the mode of reproduction.     

Effects of crossing distance and genetic relatedness on pollen performance in Alstroemeria aurea (Alstroemeriaceae)

Prezygotic barriers may represent effective mechanisms to avoid the deleterious effects of inbreeding. This study reports the existence of distance-dependent prezygotic barriers in self-compatible Alstroemeria aurea, a clonal herb native to temperate forests of the southern Andes. We analyzed pollen germination and tube growth as indicators of donor-recipient affinity using crossing distances of 1, 10, and 100 m. We used allozyme electrophoresis to determine the actual genetic relatedness between donor and recipient ramets. Pollen germination was not affected by distance between mates, but the number of pollen tubes reaching the base of the style increased strongly with distance between donor and recipient. This pattern was related to an increase in genetic dissimilarity with distance between mates. In contrast, pollen tube-style interactions did not change with distance when we restricted analysis to individuals at different distances that appeared to be genetically identical. This test implied genetic dissimilarity as the critical factor affecting pollen performance. We propose that the existence of prezygotic barriers might contribute to the high degree of genetic mixing exhibited by some clonal species.     

高油酸花生新品种宇花91的选育

宇花91是青岛农业大学选育的高油酸花生新品种。以普通油酸含量品种鲁花11号为母本,F435型高油酸花生品种开农1715为父本配置杂交组合。利用PCR产物测序法筛选获得F_1代真杂种,对F_2代单株提取叶片基因组DNA,利用PCR产物测序法筛选基因型纯合的单株个体。对当代收获的单株籽粒利用近红外法多粒模型测定油酸、亚油酸含量,筛选油酸含量在80%以上且油酸亚油酸比值在10.0以上的单株种植成株行,随后利用系谱法进行选择育种。宇花91荚果为普通型小果,网纹较细、较明显,百果重148.06 g,百仁重63.31 g,果皮薄,出米率75.15%。籽仁长椭圆形,种皮粉红色、无裂纹,内种皮白色。籽仁蛋白质含量26.57%,脂肪含量52.72%,油酸含量80.40%,亚油酸含量2.50%,棕榈酸含量5.57%,油酸亚油酸比值32.16。苗期生长旺盛,封垄早,结果集中,中抗叶斑病和青枯病。2017年参加山东省夏播多点试验,平均荚果产量215.79 kg/667 m~2,比对照花育20号增产15.27%;平均籽仁产量157.33kg/667m~2,比对照花育20号增产21.64%。2018年通过国家花生品种登记,登记号:GPD花生(2018) 370210,适于在山东花生产区种植。