用野生醋栗花粉匀桨诱导栽培番茄变异的初步研究

实验以79286栽培番茄品种为受体,用野生醋栗花粉匀桨物质处理该受体植株柱头再对其授粉。从诱导后代中获得了结果习性、果肩色等具有某些醋栗性状的变异,并从中选育出一个耐储性好、多果型的番茄新品系。其受体番茄由聚伞花序转化为总状花序型的频率为7.8-23%。酶碎结果树有4-5个增加值6-8个。过大小介于供体与受体两者之间。Abstract: The exeperiment used tomato as the recipient and the pollen homogenate of wild-gooseberry as the donor. We treated the matuma of recipient with the pollen homogenate of donor, and then pollinated with normal pollen of the maternal plants. Several offspring of changed characters, as the size of fruit and the fruit number were obtainted in generation H2 From these plants, we have chosen a new variety with store-resisting and multifruit type. The above results show that the method was effective to practical tomato breeding and multifruit type. The above results show that the method was effective to practical tomato breeding. However some theoretical problem need to be further studied.     

醋栗番茄Solanum pimpinellifolium遗传多样性分析

野生种醋栗番茄包含丰富的变异,具有众多优良性状。本研究对从世界不同地区收集的433份醋栗番茄遗传资源进行了表型鉴定及遗传多样性分析。表型鉴定结果表明,在收集的433份醋栗番茄中约有14%为樱桃番茄,370份典型醋栗番茄中约22%的材料存在不同程度的分离。群体变异分析表明,不同性状间变异系数存在较大差异,其中柱头变异系数最大,为56.716%;花瓣数遗传稳定,变异系数最小,为2.082%;相关分析表明,多个性状间存在显著相关性;利用表型和基因型数据聚类均将醋栗番茄群体划分为两大类群;主成分分析表明,坐果率、单果重、可溶性固形物对变异的贡献率较大。研究结果将为利用醋栗番茄进行栽培种番茄遗传改良奠定一定的基础。     

等渗NaCl、干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗光合特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

为分析等渗盐分和水分胁迫对番茄叶片光合功能的影响,选用耐盐性不同的4种基因型番茄(小果型的辽园红玛瑙、野生醋栗番茄、大果型的金田粉冠、超402)进行等渗的140 mmol·L^-1NaCl和15%PEG6000模拟盐分和水分胁迫.结果表明: 在光合特性方面,处理12 d后,两种胁迫导致4种不同基因型番茄的叶绿素含量(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量)、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾效率降低,气孔限制值升高.两种胁迫导致的光合下降由气孔性因素所致.等渗的盐分胁迫对番茄的光合系统损伤大于水分胁迫,这是因为盐分胁迫除了渗透胁迫还会导致离子伤害.4种不同基因型番茄中,耐盐型的辽园红玛瑙具有高光合特性,金田粉冠光合效率最差.在叶绿体超微结构方面,两种胁迫会造成番茄叶片的气孔密度增加,气孔张开率降低,叶绿体长度增加,宽度变小,长宽比增大,叶绿体内基粒数减少,嗜锇颗粒数增多.盐分胁迫下两种番茄叶绿体结构的影响大于水分胁迫,耐盐种醋栗番茄气孔变化小于盐敏感品种金田粉冠.     

不同基因型番茄种子萌发期的耐盐性

选用14种不同基因型番茄进行萌芽期NaCl胁迫耐盐性筛选,对相对发芽势和相对发芽率两项指标进行聚类分析,将其划分为耐盐性强（5种）和耐盐性弱（9种）两类,从中选出4种耐盐性和生物性状不同的番茄(耐盐性强：野生醋栗番茄、小果型辽园红玛瑙、大果型红宝石;耐盐性弱：大果型辽园红多丽)分别进行不同种类钠盐以及NaCl、Na⁺、Cl^-两组胁迫试验.结果表明：4种不同基因型番茄对各种盐胁迫响应与NaCl的鉴定结果一致;不同Na⁺盐中碱性盐NaHCO₃对番茄的影响最大,在100 mmol·L^-1 Na⁺浓度下,4种基因型番茄的相对胚芽长度都在8%以下,5种盐对番茄种子萌发的抑制顺序为：NaNO₃2SO₄2PO₄3;NaCl、Na⁺、Cl^-胁迫下,Cl^-对番茄的伤害最小.     

NaCl胁迫对醋栗番茄、樱桃番茄和番茄幼苗生长、叶片气体交换和离子平衡的影响

以醋栗番茄( Solanum pimpinellifolium Linn.)、樱桃番茄品种‘秦皇贵妃红’( S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme‘Qinhuangguifeihong’)和番茄品种‘浙粉202’(S. lycopersicum‘Zhefen 202’)幼苗为材料,研究了0(对照)、100、200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫对其生长、叶片气体交换参数和离子平衡的影响。结果表明：在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗单株总干质量的降幅较大,醋栗番茄的降幅较小。 NaCl胁迫明显增加醋栗番茄幼苗的根冠比,但不同胁迫条件下‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗的根冠比差异不显著。与对照相比,在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,醋栗番茄幼苗叶片的净光合速率( Pn)、胞间CO2浓度( Ci)和蒸腾速率( Tr)的降幅明显低于‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’,而醋栗番茄幼苗叶片气孔导度(Gs)的降幅明显高于后二者;在200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,三者叶片Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr值的降幅接近。在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,醋栗番茄、‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗叶片的水分利用效率和气孔限制值均较各自对照显著升高,其中‘秦皇贵妃红’的增幅最大。在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,醋栗番茄、‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗根、茎和叶中Na+含量均较各自对照显著升高,而K+含量和K+/Na+比总体上较各自对照显著降低。与对照相比,经不同浓度NaCl处理后醋栗番茄幼苗根、茎和叶的Na+含量增幅以及K+含量降幅在供试3种植物中均最小,而其不同部位的K+/ Na+比总体上较高。上述研究结果表明：醋栗番茄的耐盐性较强,‘秦皇贵妃红’次之,‘浙粉202’较弱。 NaCl胁迫显著抑制‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗根的生长,但显著促进醋栗番茄幼苗根的生长,使其维持较强的耐盐性,且NaCl胁迫下醋栗番茄对Na+的吸收和运输减少,以维持体内的离子平衡及较强的光合作用。     

不同番茄材料对B型烟粉虱个体发育和繁殖能力的影响

以甘蓝寄主上连续繁殖多代后的B型烟粉虱为对象,对其在8种番茄材料(4个栽培番茄、3个多毛番茄和1个醋栗番茄)上的产卵量、体型大小、发育历期、存活率以及第2代成虫的产卵量和寿命等生物学参数进行观察.自然情况下(10:00-14:00)接虫,烟粉虱在多毛番茄LA2329上的平均产卵量显著低于栽培番茄9706上的产卵量(分别为11粒,164粒).羽化后,烟粉虱雌虫在多毛番茄LA1777上的寿命显著低于在栽培番茄Moneymaker上的存活寿命(分别为5d,22d);而羽化后雌虫在LA1777上的平均产卵量显著低于在栽培番茄早粉2号上的产卵量(分别为7粒/头,95粒/头).在其他参数,如体型大小、存活率、发育历期等,没有显著性的变化.结果显示,较多毛番茄而言,栽培番茄是烟粉虱的较好寄主.而且,在评价抗烟粉虱番茄材料时,平均产卵量、羽化后雌虫寿命及产卵量是3个有效的评价参数.     

基因组分析揭示番茄育种的历史

番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)适应性广,产量高,营养丰富,风味独特,栽培方式多样,是世界范围内广泛种植的第一大蔬菜作物。2012年全球产量达到1.62亿吨(联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计),产值超过550亿美元。番茄也是植物遗传、发育和生理研究的重要模式系统。番茄起源于南美洲的安第斯山脉,随着人类迁移和驯化逐渐传到中美洲和墨西哥一代,16世纪传到欧洲,在随后的几百年中番茄被传播到世界各地,在这一过程中受到不同的人工选择,产生了丰富的变异类型。番茄果实大小的变化是驯化的一个重要特征,今天人们食用的大果栽培番茄是由野生醋栗番茄(Solanum pimpinellifolium)驯化而来,野生番茄果实非常小,只有1~2g 重,经过人工的长期驯化,现代栽培番茄的果重是其祖先的100多倍。然而,番茄果实变大的人工驯化过程一直未有全面的研究,人类选择如何改变番茄基因组仍是知之甚少。     

茶藨子属植物的花粉形态及其在分类学上的意义

本文采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对茶藨子属Ribes L. 植物19种、2变种的花粉形态进行了观 察。根据本属植物的花粉,在内萌发孔周围有一外萌发孔,有别于广义的虎耳草科xifragaceae(s．lato各类群的特点,结合本属其它形态特征,作者支持将茶藨子属独立为科的意见。从观察材料看,可将其归之为4个花粉类型：即醋栗型(Grossularia-type)、茶藨子型(Ribes-type)、拟醋栗型(Grossu larioidestype)和单性花茶藨子型(Berisia-type),这正好与分类学家根据形态划分的4个亚属相吻合,而且它们之间存在着密切的联系,是一个不可分割的自然群。据此,作者认为过去划分的亚属是合理的,醋栗类群不独立成属,似更自然。     

新兴水果——火龙果

火龙果,又称红龙果、仙人掌安果、芝麻果,是仙人掌科王角往届（又称量天尺属）植物三角柱（量天尺）（Hyo。re。undut。）的果用栽培品种。该植物原产于中美洲热带地区,是产地传统食物来源和重要经济作物。20世纪90年代初由美洲引种到我国台湾,作为一种新兴水果,受到欢迎,近年来,广西、广东、福建等地也相继引种,市场前景看好。火龙果果实硕大、鲜红、营养丰富,单果重500－1000克,每100克鲜果含水分82．5一阴克,脂肪0．ZI－0．61克,蛋白质0．15－0．22克,纤维0．7－0．9毫克,胡萝卜素0．005－0．012毫克,钙6．3－8．8毫克…     

刺果番荔枝种子中的新环肽—刺果番荔枝环肽A

从刺果番荔枝种子中得到１个新环肽,命名为刺果番荔枝环肽Ａ（ａｎｎｏｍｕｒｉｃａｔｉｎＡ）通过多种２Ｄ－ＮＭＲ技术、ｐｏｓ．ＦＡＢ－ＭＳ和氨基酸分析,其结构确定为坏（脯－苯丙－缬－丝－丙－甘）,是１个环六肽。     

The effects of pollen diversity on plant reproduction: insights from apple

For many plants, the number of pollen genotypes deposited on a flower’s stigma is positively related to fruit maturation and seed number; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are less understood. Here we examined whether diversity of pollen (1, 3, or 5 donors) affects reproductive success in self-incompatible apple (Malus × domestica). Using paternity analysis, we then assessed the siring rate of individual donors to test whether diversity effects are related to the presence of a superior pollen donor or to donor × donor interactions. Increasing the diversity of compatible pollen enhanced seed number and reduced seed abortion in some but not all recipient genotypes. This effect was associated with an increased number of sires per fruit and non-random siring success among pollen donors. Two donors had consistently high siring rates, regardless of recipient genotype; however, the siring success of pollen donors was not correlated with their siring success in single-donor pollinations. Rather, siring success was affected by the identity of other pollen genotypes present on the stigma. Our results therefore suggest that the effects of pollen diversity are variable but may enhance fecundity by fostering interactions between pollen donors.     

Sexual reproduction and variation in floral morphology in an ephemeral vernal lily,Eyythronium americanum

Summary In a riparian population of Erythronium americanum (Liliaceae) in central New Jersey, experimentally self-pollinated plant produced markedly fewer fruit and fewer seeds per fruit than hand-outcrossed and open pollinated plants, even though differences were not evident between pollen tubes that penetrated stigmas from self or foreign pollen. This weak self-compatibility and a positive relation between the percentage of seeds set by outcrossed plants and the distance between pollen donor and recipient plants indicate that this population could be susceptible to inbreeding depression.Limited resources for seed development apparently constrained maximal seed production, based on low seed set (40.6%) by hand-pollinated plants and positive correlations for these plants between plant size and the number and size of seeds set. In contrast, naturally-pollinated plants set a smaller proportion of their ovules, suggesting that limited pollinator service reduced the quantity of seeds produced in this population. Free-foraging bees usually removed more than half of the available pollen in a single visit, so that individual plants probably have few opportunities to disseminate their pollen.Even though sexually reproductive ramets produce only a single flower per year, less than a third of variation in floral morphology is associated with variation in plant size. Within the flower, the sizes of some closely associated structures, such as the style and ovary, and the anthers and filaments, vary essentially independently of one another. Production of nectar and pollen, the ultimate attractors of pollinating insects, was positively correlated with flower size.     

Comparing heat stress effects on male-fertile and male-sterile tomatoes

To separate the effects of heat stress on male and female reproductive tissues, male-sterile (MSs) and male-fertile tomatoes (MFs) were placed in growth chambers at 12 h day/12 h night temperatures of 28/22, 30/24 or 32/26 °C from flower appearance to seed maturation (daily mean temperatures of 25, 27 or 29 °C). Pollen from MFs was applied individually to MS flowers. As MFs were self-pollinated, heat stress was experienced by both male and female tissues. At growth temperatures of 29 °C fruit number, fruit weight per plant, and seed number per fruit were only 10%, 6·4% and 16·4%, respectively, compared with those at 25 °C. Heat stress also adversely affected fruitset in MSs, especially when experienced by donor pollen. No fruit at all developed on MSs receiving pollen produced at 29 °C, even when ovule development, pollen germination and subsequent embryo development all took place at 25 °C. Effects on fruitset in MSs were reduced if donor pollen had not experienced heat stress. MSs grown at 29 °C but receiving pollen developing at 25 °C produced 73% as much fruit (both on number and weight basis), had 40% as high fruitset and produced 87% of the seed per fruit as MSs grown at 25 °C. This use of male-sterile and male-fertile lines of tomato provides new evidence that impairment of pollen and anther development by elevated temperature will be an important contributing factor to decreased fruit set in tomato, and possibly other crops, with global warming.     

VARIATION IN POLLEN SIZE,FERTILIZATION ABILITY,AND POSTFERTILIZATION SIRING ABILITY IN ERYTHRONIUM GRANDIFLORUM

The mean volume of pollen grains and total pollen production varied both within and among plants of Erythronium grandiflorum. The second flowers of two-flowered plants tended to produce smaller and fewer grains than first flowers, but there was no overall relationship between mean pollen grain size and production per flower. I evaluated the effects of pollen size differences within and among plants on two components of male reproductive success: pollen tube growth and postfertilization siring ability. Pollen tubes grown in media were longer for second flowers, but were not correlated with the mean size of pollen grains, suggesting that (1) internal resource content of pollen (i.e., carbohydrates plus lipids) was not associated with the hydrated size of pollen, and that (2) pollen from second flowers contained more resources. I analyzed the growth rate and the fertilization ability of pollen growing in styles. Growth rate differed among donors and recipients, but no effects of pollen or donor characters (i.e., pollen production, grain size, and flower position) were detected. In single donor pollinations, pollen size was negatively correlated with fertilization ability across donors, and positively correlated with postfertilization siring ability of donors. A second experiment used pairs of donors; within-plant differences in pollen size and flower position had effects similar to the single donor experiment on fertilization ability, but among-plant differences were not significant. The results corroborate earlier experiments that suggest that the growth of pollen tubes in the style is probably controlled by the recipient, since donor characters had minimal effects on pollen fertilization ability. Postfertilization siring ability was not affected by within-plant differences in mean grain size and production. For among-donor differences, the number of seeds set for each donor was positively correlated with the mean grain volume, and when a donor producing large pollen fertilized ovules in an ovary, there was increased seed abortion for seeds in the same ovary sired by a second donor. In addition, the total number of seeds produced by a fruit was decreased when both donors had large pollen, apparently due to increased postfertilization abortion. Postfertilization processes appear to be influenced by paternal differences that are expressed through competition among developing seeds for maternal resources.     

Biosynthesis of ethylene in higher plants: the metabolic site of inhibition by phosphate*

Abstract. Phosphate inhibited endogenous as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-stimulated ethylene synthesis in slices of tomato fruit, segments of carrot root and pea hypocotyls. ACC concentrations of up to 10 mol m^?3 did not overcome this inhibition. Phosphate inhibited the conversion of ¹⁴C ACC to ethylene in tomato fruit and vegetative tissue. Enzymatic conversion of ACC to ethylene by pea seedling homogenate was also inhibited by phosphate with a linear concentration dependency. The formation of ACC from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by extracts of pink tomatd fruit was slightly, but not significantly, affected by phosphate. However, the SAM to ACC conversion was greater when extracts from tomato fruit were made in phosphate rather than in HEPES-KOH buffer. Non-enzymatic ethylene synthesis from ACC in a model system was stimulated by phosphate. We suggest that phosphate is an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants and that one site of its control is the conversion of ACC to ethylene.     

POLLEN DISPERSAL DYNAMICS IN AN ALPINE WILDFLOWER,POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM

The alpine wildflower, Polemonium viscosum, depends on insect visitors for effective pollination. Here, I examine experimentally the effects of pollinator visitation on pollen removal, pollen dispersal success, paternity, and gene flow. Bumble bee pollinators visited donor individuals homozygous for marker alleles at an isozyme (GOT-2) encoding locus and then were presented with arrays of recipient plants lacking the marker alleles. Four aspects of male fitness were estimated for each donor: the number of pollen grains dispersed to flowers of the first recipient visited, the number of offspring sired on that recipient, the proportion of offspring sired in the full array, and the proportion of mates in the array bearing seeds of the donor. Pollen removal was strongly influenced by the number of bee visits to donor flowers. The amount of pollen removed in turn significantly affected the number of pollen grains reaching flowers of the first recipient. However, because seed production decelerates with stigma pollen load, the relationship between pollen export and paternal success at this proximate scale showed diminishing returns. The probability of reaching mates within the array also increased with pollen export. These findings show that floral characters enhancing pollinator visitation rate in P. viscosum have positive effects on paternity and gene flow.     

Transmission of Three Viroids Through Seed and Pollen of Tomato Plants

The severe strain of potato spindle tuber viroid (s-PSTV) as well as chrysanthemum stunt (CSV) and cucumber pale fruit (CPFV) viroids were found to be transmitted through seed and pollen of the tomato cvs. Rutgers and Najwcze?niejszy. Plants pollinated with a pollen infected with any of these three viroids became systematically infected. Plant, fruit and seed symptoms of viroid infection were noted on sap- and pollen-inoculated plants and the yield of these plants was reduced. Tomato cv. Rutgers plants grown from infected seeds were symptomless although all three viroids were detected in these plants by bioassay and by electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel. When DNA complementary to s-PSTV RNA was used for a direct viroid detection in seed samples by spot hybridization technique it hybridized not only with s-PSTV RNA but also with CSV RNA as well as with CPFV RNA.     

Gender specialization and factors affecting fruit set of the wind-pollinated heterodichogamous Juglans regia

Gender expression, flowering phenology, reproductive performance and factors affecting fruit set (i.e., flowering synchrony, size and distance to the nearest pollen donor) were investigated in a cultivated population of a wind-pollinated self-compatible heterodichogamous Juglans regia (Juglandaceae). Four flowering morphs, (i.e., protandrous, protogynous, male and female) were observed. The sexual functions of the protandrous and protogynous morphs were almost synchronous; however, they were not reciprocal, and the separation of male and female flowering within most monoecious individuals was not complete. Thus, within-morph mating and geitonogamous pollination may be common. The ratio of protandrous versus protogynous morphs was biased towards the protandrous morph, but the fruit set did not differ between the morphs, suggesting that the fruit set of the protandrous morph could be partly compensated by within-morph pollination. The ratio of the female flower number or fruit number to the total male catkin length was higher in the protogynous morph than in the protandrous morph and did not vary with plant size, suggesting that gender variation was not size dependent and that the sexual function of protandrous morphs was more male biased. Fruit set depended on plant size only for protandrous morphs. The fruit set of individual plants decreased with increasing distance to the nearest pollen donor regardless of morph, possibly because of pollen limitation. The fruit set of individual plants increased with flowering synchrony, indicating that flowering synchrony could affect reproductive success.     

Why do stigmas move in a flexistylous plant?

Flexistyly is a recently documented stylar polymorphism involving both spatial and temporal segregation of sex roles within hermaphroditic flowers. Using the experimental manipulation of stigma movement in self-compatible Alpinia mutica, we tested the hypothesis that selection for reducing interference between male and female function drives the evolution and/or maintenance of stigma movement. In experimental arrays, anaflexistylous (protogynous) flowers served as pollen donors competing for mating opportunities on cataflexistylous (protandrous) flowers. The pollen donors were either manipulated so their stigmas could not move or were left intact, and their success was determined using allozymes to assess the paternity of recipient seeds. We found that manipulated flowers sired a significantly smaller proportion of seeds, showing that stigma movement in unmanipulated plants increased male fitness. This result was strongest under conditions in which pollen competition was expected to be highest, specifically when pollinators visited multiple donor plants before visiting recipient flowers.