翡翠贻贝外套膜转录组及贝壳珍珠质层和肌棱柱层蛋白质组分析

贝类贝壳在生物材料学及仿生学研究中占据着重要地位。贝壳基质蛋白质是贝壳中的主要有机质成分,对贝壳的形成以及贝壳的力学性能至关重要。翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)贝壳主要由肌棱柱层和珍珠质层两种微观结构组成,其结构层次较简单,是研究贝壳基质蛋白质及其与贝壳形成关系的极好材料。为深入研究翡翠贻贝贝壳基质蛋白质的分子组成以及分布特点,首先采用扫描电子显微镜,观察翡翠贻贝贝壳内表面珍珠质层和肌棱柱层的微观结构;采用刮取法获得贝壳内表面珍珠质层和肌棱柱层的粉末;对不同层次的贝壳粉末,利用酸溶法去除碳酸钙成分,所获得的有机质组分通过离心将其分为酸可溶性组分和酸不溶性组分。采用Illumina深度测序技术对翡翠贻贝外套膜组织进行大规模测序和序列组装,在此基础上,采用LC-MS/MS质谱技术结合外套膜转录组数据库搜索,对翡翠贻贝肌棱柱层和珍珠质层贝壳基质蛋白质开展组学分析。扫描电镜观察结果表明,翡翠贻贝贝壳有两种不同形貌结构的层次,其中珍珠质层为片状堆叠结构,而肌棱柱层为柱状结构。翡翠贻贝外套膜转录组测序共计获得 69 859 条Unigene。蛋白质组学鉴定结果表明,翡翠贻贝贝壳中总计鉴定到蛋白质54种,其中38种为肌棱柱层所特有蛋白质,3种珍珠质层特有蛋白质,另有13种在珍珠质层和肌棱柱层均被鉴定到。肌棱柱层特有蛋白质的分子多样性明显强于珍珠质层。上述研究为进一步探讨贝壳不同微观层次的形成机制,以及贝壳基质蛋白质对贝壳不同结构层次的调控作用机制奠定了基础。     

椭圆背角无齿蚌贝壳棱柱层的结构

用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对椭圆背角无齿蚌Anadonta woodiana elliptica贝壳的横截面、纵截面和水平截面进行了观测。结果表明,边长为10～50μm、高度为35～47μm的多边棱柱体是贝壳棱柱层结构的基本单元。它们在贝壳的水平轴和横轴的二维空间方向逐步进行堆砌,以形成棱柱层。在堆砌时所形成的夹角,导致了贝壳在横轴和纵轴方向形成一定的弧度。在外套膜分泌形成贝壳的过程中,依次形成角质层、棱柱层、珍珠层。     

马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata martensii)PmHEX基因的功能研究

几丁质是软体动物贝壳有机框架的重要成分,其代谢在贝壳矿化中发挥重要作用。β-N-乙酰-己糖胺酶(HEX, EC3.2.1.52)是几丁质代谢的关键水解酶。为了探究马氏珠母贝β-N-乙酰-己糖胺酶(Pm HEX)(登录号:MF555152)在贝壳形成中的作用,本研究利用原位杂交(ISH)技术检测Pm HEX基因在外套膜的定位,结果显示Pm HEX的mRNA主要分布于外侧褶的外上皮细胞、中褶的内侧上皮细胞和内褶上皮细胞。利用RNAi技术抑制Pm HEX表达后,Pm HEX在边缘区和套膜区的表达量均显著下调;SEM观察发现实验组的棱柱层和珍珠层的微观结构都出现不同程度的紊乱。综上所述,Pm HEX可能通过影响几丁质代谢,参与马氏珠母贝贝壳棱柱层和珍珠层的矿化过程。     

网湖水域中绢丝丽蚌贝壳形态的研究

对网湖1368枚绢丝丽蚌贝壳形态研究表明：前排小棘或棘痕数介于3－5之间,4个者居多;所排小棘或棘痕数介于1－4之间,2个者居多。壳长与壳厚的直线回归方程为：L＝7.2406T＋2．4392,贝壳的角质层最薄,呈棕褐色或者黑色;核柱层稍厚,呈黄褐色;珍珠层最厚,皎白闪亮。生长轮在棱柱层上和珍珠层外表面清晰可见。贝壳外表面背部肋嵴细弱,只在近壳顶处较明显;其棱柱层背部和后部呈黄褐色者为雌蚌。贝壳外表面背部肋嵴粗壮,且整个背部都十分显著;其棱柱层背部和后部呈红色或红褐色者为雄蚌。     

云南腾冲上新统Cinnamomum cf.camphora叶形态和表皮微细构造研究

化石采自云南腾冲上新统芒棒组.通过对比叶结构和角质层微细构造特征,从宏观和微观两个角度将化石鉴定为樟科植物樟(相似种)Cinnamomum cf.camphora(L.)Presl.化石叶片为卵状椭圆形,基部宽楔形,全缘,离基三出脉;上表皮无气孔器,表皮细胞为不规则四边形或多边形;下表皮细胞为不规则多边形,脉络上可见少...     

褶纹冠蚌外套膜组织培养的分泌物的偏光显微镜…

以淡水育珠贝中珍珠形成较快的褶纹冠蚌为材料,用相差显微镜观察组织培养的外套膜的分泌物的形成和变化,用偏光显微镜观察分泌物的双折射现象,并与活体外套膜的分泌物、贝壳的角质层、棱柱层、珍珠层的双折射现象进行比较。结果表明：离体培养的外套膜细胞不仅能产生活体细胞相同的分泌物,而且分泌物还能在培养过程中形成结晶,并逐渐生长。发现外套膜的不同部位分区培养所形成的分泌物的性状与结晶性质和活体有一致性,表明组织     

淡水贝类贝壳多层构造形成研究

对几种淡水贝（包括蚌、螺）进行形态及组织学观察，并通过实验方法重现贝壳三种物质，即：角质、棱柱质、珍珠质的生成过程，结果表明：外套膜外表皮细胞是由相同类型细胞组成，这些相同细胞在不同的作用条件下形成贝壳多层构造。     

褶纹冠蚌外套膜组织培养的分泌物的偏光显微镜观察

以淡水育珠贝中珍珠形成较快的褶纹冠蚌为材料,用相差显微镜观察组织培养的外套膜的分泌物的形成和变化,用偏光显微镜观察分泌物的双折射现象,并与活体外套膜的分泌物、贝壳的角质层、棱柱层、珍珠层的双折射现象进行比较。结果表明;离体培养的外套膜细胞不仅能产生活体细胞相同的分泌物,而且分泌物还能在培养过程中形成结晶,并逐渐生长。发现外套膜的不同部位分区培养所形成的分泌物的性状与结晶性质和活体有一致性,表明组织培养的外套膜小片具有贝体原来的组织结构、分化特征和分泌功能。     

新疆5种丛藓科植物的解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片和电镜扫描技术,对5种丛藓科植物的茎、叶进行了解剖学研究。结果表明:短叶对齿藓Didymodon tectorus(C.Müll.)Saito.整个茎细胞的细胞壁均加厚,叶细胞壁凹陷呈网状,角质层纹饰条状、鳞片状和颗粒状;卷叶丛本藓Anoectangium thomsonii Mitt.茎表皮及中轴细胞壁厚,叶表面的粗疣粗糙、密集,疣上还有小孔和鳞片状纹饰;山赤藓Syntrichia ruralis(Hedw.)Web.Mohr.茎皮部细胞质浓,叶片背腹两面均密被鹿角状疣,疣上有层层叠加状纹饰和乳突;无疣墙藓Tortula mucronifolia Schweagr.茎横切面呈长圆形,叶细胞壁薄,无疣,叶背面细胞表皮较粗糙,叶腹面细胞表皮较光滑,角质层纹饰稀疏且短;长叶纽藓Tortella tortuosa(Hedw.)Limpr.茎表皮细胞壁强烈凹陷,叶细胞表面密被粗疣,疣上的角质层纹饰呈不规则鳞片状。丛藓科植物茎及叶的微观特征,为该科植物属、种的鉴定提供了重要的分类依据。     

一号冰川地区四种藓类植物的解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片技术和扫描电镜方法,对一号冰川地区生长的4种藓类植物茎、叶的内部结构及叶表皮角质层褶皱、疣和中肋等进行观察,结果表明：红扭口藓(Barbula asperifolia Mitt.)茎横切面呈多棱形;叶背、腹面角质层厚,粗疣不分叉,但顶端朝细胞凹陷处倾斜;叶背面细胞壁凹陷深,象张开的气孔,粗疣也藏在其中,中肋突出明显。丛叶扭藓(Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn.)茎横切面呈椭圆形;叶背、腹面中上部均密被鹿角状粗疣,这些分叉的粗疣,从凹陷的细胞壁处成束突起,顶端向下弯曲成钩状,在叶的下部疣状突起则逐渐减少至无,中肋较宽。异叶提灯藓(Mnium heterophyllum (Hook.)Schwagr.)茎横切面呈五棱形;叶细胞一层,呈不规则多边形,细胞壁凹陷使叶片呈网状;中肋红色。大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)茎的横切面呈圆形;叶背、腹面均密被疣状突起,且差异不大,粗疣顶部均倒向孔口呈遮盖状;中肋短而弱。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).