豚鼠气道及肺组织原癌基因表达与哮喘的相关研究

目的：为研究原癌基因在哮喘发病中的作用。方法：以卵白蛋白致敏豚鼠建立哮喘模型,用Ｄｏｔ－ｂｌｏｔ、Ｎｏｒｔｈ－ｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ分子杂交及免疫组化技术,分别观察正常及哮喘发作后豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织中原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ的表达水平。结果：正常豚鼠气道及肺组织中ｃ－ｆｏｓ及ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ无或很少表达,哮喘发作后豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织中ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ表达明显增强,３０ｍｉｎ达高峰,发作后４ｈ降至正常水平。地塞米松对ｃ－ｆｏｓ及ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲ－ＮＡ有部分抑制作用。结论：原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ及ｃ－ｍｙｃ在哮喘发病过程中可能起一定作用。     

哮喘豚鼠肺组织中的CARM1和NF-κB表达及地塞米松的干预作用

目的：探讨豚鼠支气管哮喘模型中共激活因子相关的精氨酸甲基转移酶1（coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase1,CARM1）和核因子-B（NF-B）在气道和肺组织的表达变化及地塞米松的干预作用。方法：36只白色雄性豚鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘组和地塞米松治疗组。卵清蛋白致敏并激发后采用间接免疫荧光法检测气道和肺组织中CARM1和NF-B（P65）的表达,探讨其在哮喘中可能的作用机制。结果：CARM1和NF-κB（P65）在对照组、哮喘组及地塞米松治疗组均有阳性表达,主要在支气管-终末细支气管上皮细胞和肺组织细胞胞核表达。CARM1和NF-κB（P65）在哮喘组表达水平为（[123.75±41.55）和（126.92±46.74）],在地塞米松治疗组表达水平为（[84.33±27.70）和（85.00±29.22）],均高于对照组的（[51.67±8.29）和（52.75±9.07）个/400倍视野],地塞米松治疗组表达较哮喘组低。结论：CARM1和NF-B（P65）在哮喘豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织细胞胞核高表达,提示CARM1可能通过增强募集NF-B到相关位点激活NF-B信号转导通路并启动了多种前炎性基因和免疫调节基因的转录激活、诱发哮喘炎症反应。地塞米松可下调CARM1和NF-κB的表达而抑制哮喘炎症反应。     

豚鼠肺内NOS之分布及实验性哮喘对其活性的影响

用组织化学方法对豚鼠肺内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）进行定位研究．并观察正常对照组和支气管哮喘组豚鼠肺内NOS分布及活性变化。结果显示;（1）正常豚鼠各级支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊上皮细胞均成NOS阳性反应,气道上皮下平滑肌细胞呈NOS阴性反应。（2）哮喘豚鼠各级支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊上皮细胞呈NOS强阳性反应,气道上皮下平滑肌细胞里NOS阳性反应。（3）两组肺泡上皮细胞均呈NOS阴性反应。（4）两组肺内动,静脉血管内膜均呈NOS阳性反应。结果提示一氧化氮不仅对肺具有一定的生理作用,而且可能参与哮喘的病理生理过程。     

支气管哮喘豚鼠肺组织中KLF2的表达及意义

目的：探讨锌指Krüppel样转录因2（KLF2）在豚鼠支气管哮喘肺组织中的表达及意义。方法：30只健康雄性豚鼠,按随机数字表法分为对照组（A组）、哮喘组（B组）及地塞米松治疗组（C组）,每组10只。卵清蛋白致敏法复制哮喘模型。观察豚鼠肺组织病理学改变,BALF细胞总数及分类计数;采用原位杂交和RT-PCR检测肺组织中KLF2的mRNA表达情况,免疫组化和Westernblot检测肺组织中KLF2的蛋白表达水平。结果：（1）哮喘组豚鼠BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比（EOS%）、中性粒细胞百分比（NEU%）显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,哮喘组肺组织可见大量炎症细胞浸润,及明显气道重塑改变,而地塞米松治疗组BALF炎细胞浸润及肺组织病理改变较哮喘组明显减轻;（2）KLF2mRNA和蛋白在哮喘组表达显著低于对照组,在地塞米松治疗组中的表达明显高于哮喘组,3组差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）;（3）KLF2蛋白以及mRNA与肺泡灌洗液炎细胞总数及EOS%,NEU%呈负相关。结论：KLF2在支气管哮喘急性发作期模型中表达明显下降,而地塞米松治疗后KLF2的表达上调,提示KLF2可能在支气管哮喘的发病机制与防治中起重要作用。     

大鼠胼胝体内神经肽Y免疫反应阳性纤维的发育

本实验用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法研究了大鼠胼胝体内神经肽Ｙ免疫反应阳性（ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ）纤维的生后发育。结果发现,许多ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ纤维在大鼠出生时便存在于胼胝体内。ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ胼胝体纤维的密度在生后１周内继续逐渐增高,在第２周内达到最高峰。之后,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ胼胝体纤维的密度逐渐下降,至第３周末时接近成年时的水平,即仅有少量ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ纤维存在于胼胝体内。这些结果提示在大鼠早期生后发育过程中许多ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ胼胝体纤维是暂时性的,其作用可能与大脑皮质的机能发育有关。     

IL-1预刺激对反义IRAK-1寡核苷酸抑制NF-κB活化的影响

实验分为白介素－１（ＩＬ－１）预处理组和非预处理组,脂质体介导反义ＩＬ－１ 受体相关激酶－１（ＩＲＡＫ－１）寡核苷酸（ＯＤＮ） 转染ＨｅｐＧ２ 细胞,用ｗ ｅｓｔｅｒｎ 杂交分析ＩＲＡＫ－１ 表达水平,以夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法检测ＮＦ－κＢ含量． 结果表明,ＩＬ－１ 非预处理组反义ＩＲＡＫ－１ ＯＤＮ不能抑制ＩＲＡＫ－１ 表达和ＮＦ－κＢ活化,而预处理组ＩＲＡＫ－１ 表达和ＮＦ－κＢ活化受到明显抑制． 反义ＩＲＡＫ－１ ＯＤＮ 对ＮＦ－κＢ活化的抑制作用具有时间（５～２４ ｈ）和剂量（１～８ μｇ）依赖性． 说明ＩＬ－１ 预刺激在反义ＩＲＡＫ－１ ＯＤＮ抑制ＩＬ－１ 诱导的ＮＦ－κＢ活化中起决定性作用．     

IL—1预刺激对反义IRAK—1寡核苷酸抑制NF—kB活化的影响

实验分为白介素１（ＩＬ－１）预处理组和非预处理组,脂质体介异反义ＩＬ－１受体相关激酶－１（ＩＲＡＫ－１）寡核苷酸（ＯＤＮ）转染ＨｅｐＧ２细胞,用ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ杂交分析ＩＲＡＫ－１表达水平,以夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法测定ＮＦ－ｋＢ含量。结果表明,ＩＬ－１非预处理组反义ＩＲＡＫ－１ＯＤＮ不能抑制ＩＲＡＫ－１表达和ＮＦ－ｋＢ活化,而预处理组ＩＲＡＫ－１表达和ＮＦ－ｋＢ活化受到明显抑制,反义ＩＲＡＫ－１ＯＤ     

哮喘豚鼠肺、肝组织中还原型谷胱甘肽、γ谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶及其重链mRNA的表达

目的研究支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）豚鼠肺、肝组织中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、γ谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-GCS）活性及其重链（γ-GCSh）mRNA表达的差异和变化。方法取健康雄性豚鼠30只,随机分为哮喘组（A组）、地塞米松治疗组（B组）及对照组（C组）,每组10只。采用腹腔内注射联合雾化吸入卵清蛋白复制哮喘豚鼠模型,用生物化学反应比色法检测各组豚鼠肺、肝组织中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、总谷胱甘肽（TGSH）和γ-GCS的活性,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测各组豚鼠肺、肝组织中γ-GCSh mRNA的表达。结果A组豚鼠与B组、C组比较肺内γ-GCS活性及γ-GCSh mRNA的表达明显升高,相应的总谷胱甘肽水平增加（P均〈0.01）,但GSH水平较对照组、治疗组下降（P〈0.05）;肝脏组织内γ-GCS活性、γ-GCSh mRNA的表达、TGSH及GSH浓度A、B、C三组比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论哮喘豚鼠肺内γ-GCS、TGSH及γ-GCSh mRNA表达增高,并可能在抗氧化损伤中发挥重要作用,而TGSH、GSH、γ-GCS及γ-GCSh mRNA在哮喘豚鼠肝脏局部表达无变化。     

哮喘豚鼠肺内SP受体分布的免疫组织化学研究

为探讨哮喘豚鼠肺内SP受体（SPR）的表达[及分布,将豚鼠分成哮喘组和对照组,利用SPR特异性抗血清,免疫组织化学ABC法,葡萄糖氧化酶-DAB-镍染色和计算机图象分析技术。结果显示;与对照组相比,哮喘豚鼠肺内支气管至终末细支气管SPR免疫反应（SPR-IR）阳性产物显浓密,以平滑肌层和粘膜层为。此外,在哮喘组豚鼠而不是对照组豚鼠的呼吸性细支气管壁也有SPR-IR阳性分布。结果表明：SPR表达上调在哮喘的发病过程中起一定作用。     

哮喘豚鼠肺组织中的CARM1和NF-K B表达及地塞米松的干预作用

目的:探讨豚鼠支气管哮喘模型中共激活因子相关的精氨酸甲基转移酶1(coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1,CARM1)和核因子- B(NF- B)在气道和肺组织的表达变化及地塞米松的干预作用.方法:36只白色雄性豚鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘组和地塞米松治疗组.卵清蛋白致敏并激发后采用间接免疫荧光法检测气道和肺组织中CARM1和NF-B (P65)的表达,探讨其在哮喘中可能的作用机制.结果:CARM1和NF-κ B(P65)在对照组、哮喘组及地塞米松治疗组均有阳性表达,主要在支气管-终末细支气管上皮细胞和肺组织细胞胞核表达.CARM1和NF-κ B(P65)在哮喘组表达水平为[(123.75±41.55)和(126.92±46.74)],在地塞米松治疗组表达水平为[(84.33±27.70)和(85.00±29.22)],均高于对照组的[(51.67±8.29)和(52.75:1:9.07)个/400倍视野],地塞米松治疗组表达较哮喘组低.结论:CARM1和NF-B(P65)在哮喘豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织细胞胞核高表达,提示CARM1可能通过增强募集NF-B到相关位点激活NF-B信号转导通路并启动了多种前炎性基因和免疫调节基因的转录激活、诱发哮喘炎症反应.地塞米松可下调CARM1和NF-κ B的表达而抑制哮喘炎症反应.     

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide) — immunoreactive innervation of the portal vein

Summary Nerve fibres displaying immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were found in the wall of the portal vein in cats, guinea pigs, rats and mice. In whole-mount preparations a sparse network of VIP fibres was seen in the vessel wall. Electrical field stimulation of the rat portal vein in vitro caused a significant release of VIP. The results suggest that VIP ergic nerve fibres play a role in the regulation of portal blood flow.     

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), a new vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like peptide in the respiratory tract

Summary Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like peptide recently isolated from ovine hypothalami. Nerve fibers displaying PACAP immunoreactivity were found in the respiratory tract of rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, pigs, sheep and squirrel monkeys. A moderate supply of PACAP-immunoreactive fibers was seen in the nasal mucosa of guinea pigs. Few to moderate numbers of PACAP-containing fibers occurred in the tracheo-bronchial wall of rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, pigs, sheep and squirrel monkeys. The fibers were distributed beneath the epithelium, around blood vessels and seromucous glands, and among bundles of smooth muscle. In the lungs, the immunoreactive fibers were observed close to small bronchioli. A few PACAP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were seen in the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia of guinea pigs. Simultaneous double immunostaining of the respiratory tract of sheep and ferrets revealed that all PACAP-containing nerve fibers stored VIP. We suggest that neuronal PACAP may take part in the regulation of smooth muscle tone and glandular secretion.     

Caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞的表达

目的检测caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗的表达。方法实验分两组:实验组和对照组,实验组豚鼠年龄为33至35个月之间,对照组豚鼠年龄为2至3个月。用免疫组织化学方法检测caspase-3在两组豚鼠耳蜗的表达。结果Caspase-3在实验组耳蜗的表达呈阳性,阳性区域主要存在于耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞。在对照组耳蜗的表达呈阴性。结论Caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞中呈阳性表达,提示caspase-3在豚鼠耳蜗老化过程中起重要作用。     

雷公藤甲素对哮喘豚鼠外周血CD_4~+和CD_8~+淋巴细胞的影响

探讨雷公藤甲素在治疗哮喘中对外周血 T淋巴细胞的影响机制 ,采用免疫细胞化学方法检测 30例豚鼠外周血淋巴细胞 CD+ 4 、 CD+ 8的表达。实验动物分为对照组、哮喘组和雷公藤甲素治疗组 (治疗组 ) ,每组各 1 0只。结果表明 ,治疗组CD+ 4 淋巴细胞表达阳性率及表达强度明显低于哮喘组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,CD+ 8阳性率高于哮喘组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与对照组比较差异无显著性。本研究认为 ,雷公藤甲素可能通过增高哮喘豚鼠 CD+ 8淋巴细胞 ,降低 CD+ 4 淋巴细胞来发挥抗哮喘气道炎症作用。     

Galanin-, neuropeptide Y- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in catecholamine-storing paraganglia of the fetal guinea pig and newborn pig

Summary The occurrence and distribution of several neuropeptides and transmitter enzymes have been investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry in preaortal and carotid body-like paraganglia of the fetal guinea pig and the newborn pig. Preaortal paraganglia from the celiac and inferior mesenteric ganglion regions in fetal guinea pigs showed cell bodies immunoreactive (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine -hydroxylase (DBH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL) and metenkephalin (ENK). Almost all cells were IR for TH and DBH, whereas NPY-like immunoreactivity (-LI), GAL-LI and ENK-LI occurred less frequently. Direct double-labeling revealed the coexistence of NPY/GAL, NPY/ENK and GAL/ENK in paraganglion cells from the celiac and inferior mesenteric region. Nerve fibers and terminals were IR for ENK; fibers IR for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) were present in the inferior mesenteric ganglion region. Preaortal paraganglia cells from the newborn pig showed TH-LI, DBH-LI, GAL-LI and ENK-LI, the distribution pattern being similar to that seen in the guinea pig; however, NPY-LI was absent. Carotid-body-like paraganglia from the newborn pig showed cell bodies IR to TH, GAL and ENK. Few cells were seen with DBH-LI. A rich supply of nerve fibers with CGRP-LI was present; some fibers exhibited ENK-LI and CCK-LI. In the adjacent superior cervical ganglion, ganglion cell bodies showed immunoreactivity to TH, DBH and NPY. A small number of cells were positive for GAL, CGRP and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Physiological activation of the paraganglia, leading to release or increase in catecholamines, may also change the content of the neuropeptides present in the paraganglia.     

THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF PITUITARY THYROTROPIC HORMONE

The intracellular localization of a bovine anterior pituitary preparation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was studied in guinea pigs and dogs. The preparation was administered intravascularly or applied directly to tissue sections. TSH was detected by an indirect technique utilizing bovine TSH antiserum and fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit globulin; the presence of TSH in the tissue was indicated by fluorescence when the tissue was examined under the microscope with an ultraviolet light source. After either intravascular administration or direct application of the TSH preparation, striking fluorescence was found in the nuclei of the thyroid cells and to a lesser degree in the nuclei of retro-orbital fat tissue and kidney tubules in both species studied. A little fluorescence was also seen in spleen tissue. No fluorescence was noted in comparable tissues removed from control animals injected with bovine albumin or globulin or when the tissues were treated with the fluorescein-labeled globulin alone. Fluorescence was also noted in the nuclei of adrenal cells treated with unabsorbed antiserum, but this was greatly diminished when antiserum absorbed with crystalline ACTH was used. The positive reactions were all markedly decreased when the tissues were treated with antisera absorbed with the original TSH preparation. Fluorescence was noted in the cytoplasm of pituitary tissue from both treated and control animals, suggesting a cross-reaction between the bovine pituitary antisera and guinea pig or dog hypophysis. The indirect technique seems to be highly satisfactory for demonstration of the pitiutary hormone within the cell. In addition, the demonstration of immunologically active anterior pituitary TSH bound to cell nuclei offers a clue to the site of action of this hormone.     

Projections of neurochemically specified neurons in the porcine colon

The intramural projections of nerve cells containing serotonin (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NOS/NADPHd) were studied in the ascending colon of 5- to 6-week-old pigs by means of immunocytochemistry and histochemistry in combination with myectomy experiments. In control tissue of untreated animals, positive nerve cells and fibres were common in the myenteric and outer submucous plexus and, except for 5-HT-positive perikarya, immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres were also observed in the inner submucous plexus. VIP- and NOS/NADPHd-positive nerve fibres occurred in the ciruclar muscle layer while VIP was also abundant in nerve fibres of the mucosal layer. 5-HT- and CGRP-positive nerve fibres were virtually absent from the aganglionic nerve networks. In the submucosal layer, numerous paravascular CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were encountered. Myectomy studies revealed that 5-HT-, CGRP-, VIP- and NOS/NADPHd-positive myenteric neurons all displayed anal projections within the myenteric plexus. In addition, some of the serotonergic myenteric neurons projected anally to the outer submucous plexus, whereas a great number of the VIP-ergic and nitrergic myenteric neurons send their axons towards the circular muscle layer. The possible function of these nerve cells in descending nerve pathways in the porcine colon is discussed in relation to the distribution pattern of their perikarya and processes and some of their morphological characteristics.