大鼠肺内NOS之分布及缺氧对其活性的影响

本文以组织化学方法对大鼠肺内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）进行定位研究,并观察了不同时间（８小时～２８天）缺氧时肺内ＮＯＳ活性的变化。结果显示：①正常大鼠各级支气管、肺泡管和肺泡囊上皮细胞呈ＮＯＳ强阳性反应;肺血管内膜呈ＮＯＳ阳性反应。②缺氧８小时,肺血管内膜ＮＯＳ阳性反应开始降低,并缺氧时间越长,ＮＯＳ阳性反应越低、③缺氧１４天时,肺泡间质和肺血管周围炎性细胞呈ＮＯＳ阳性反应;缺氧２８天时,炎性细胞ＮＯＳ阳性反应增强。④缺氧对支气管、肺泡管和肺泡囊上皮细胞ＮＯＳ的活性无明显影响。从而提示一氧化氮不仅对肺具有一定的生理学作用,而且可能参与缺氧时肺的某些病理学过程。     

染料木黄酮对哮喘豚鼠肺部炎症和气道重塑的预防作用

目的：研究蛋白酪氨酸激酶（PTK）抑制剂染料木黄酮对哮喘豚鼠肺部炎症和气道重塑的作用。方法：成年雄性豚鼠30只,随机分成3组（n=10）：对照组（C组）、哮喘组（A组）和染料木黄酮干预组（B组）,以腹腔内注射联合雾化吸入卵蛋白复制哮喘模型。测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中细胞总数及其分类数,测细支气管炎症细胞浸润及支气管重塑指标,免疫纽化方法测磷酸化酪氨（p-tyrosine）在肺组织中的表达。结果：A组BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞分类与C组比较明显增加,B组与A组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;A组细支气管嗜酸性粒细胞（E）数和淋巴细胞（L）数较C组明显增多,B组与A组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;B组细支气管重塑较A组明显减轻（P〈0．01）,与C组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）;免疫组化显示p-tyrosine在支气管平滑肌、支气管上皮、血管滑平滑肌及炎性细胞均有表达,尤其以支气管和血管平滑肌及炎性细胞明显,A组比C组表达明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,而B组与C组比较,无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论：PTK对哮喘豚鼠肺部炎症和支气管重塑具有促进作用：PTK抑制剂染料木黄酮对哮喘豚鼠肺炎症和支气管重塑具有预防和抑制作用。     

慢性哮喘小鼠肺组织中组蛋白乙酰化修饰位点H2BK16ac表达增强

目的探讨组蛋白乙酰化修饰位点H2BK16a在慢性哮喘模型小鼠肺组织中的表达变化。方法 BALB/C小鼠分为正常组和慢性哮喘组,应用卵蛋白致敏和激发方法构建慢性哮喘模型,HE染色观察气道炎症浸润,AB-PAS染色观察气道杯状细胞增生,Masson染色观察上皮下胶原沉积,免疫组织化学染色观察H2BK16ac在肺组织中的表达分布,Western blot检测肺组织中H2BK16ac水平。结果慢性哮喘小鼠气道血管周围可见大量炎症细胞浸润、气道纤毛柱状上皮细胞中的杯状细胞增生、黏液腺化生、上皮下胶原沉积,表明构建慢性哮喘模型成功。免疫组织化学染色和Western blot检测显示,正常小鼠肺组织中H2BK16ac的表达极少;慢性哮喘小鼠肺组织中H2BK16ac的表达水平显著升高,在气道纤毛柱状上皮细胞、气道血管周围炎症细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、肺泡腔炎症细胞中H2BK16ac均呈明显阳性表达。结论肺组织中乙酰化修饰位点H2BK16ac的高表达可能与慢性哮喘的发生密切相关。     

精氨酸甲基转移酶1和核因子κB在哮喘豚鼠中的表达变化

目的：探讨共激活因子相关的精氨酸甲基转移酶1和核因子-κB在豚鼠支气管哮喘模型气道和肺组织的表达变化。方法：24只白色雄性豚鼠随机分为：①正常对照组;②哮喘组。卵清蛋白致敏并激发后采用间接免疫荧光法检测气道及肺组织精氨酸甲基转移酶1和核因子NF—κB（P65）的表达水平,探讨其在哮喘中可能的作用机制。结果：CARM1和NF—κB（P65）在对照组和哮喘组均有阳性表达,主要在支气管-终末细支气管上皮细胞和肺组织成纤维细胞胞核表达。正常对照组和哮喘组CARM1和NF—κB（P65）的表达差异均有统计学意义？结论：在哮喘豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织CARM1和NF—κB（P65）在细胞胞核高表达,提示CARM1可能通过增强募集NF—κB到相关位点激活NF—κB信号转导通路,并启动了多种前炎性基因和免疫调节基因的转录激活从而诱发哮喘炎症反应.     

慢性哮喘小鼠肺组织中组蛋白去乙酰化酶8表达和活性增加

目的探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶8(histone deacetylase 8, HDAC8)在慢性哮喘小鼠肺组织中的表达和活性变化。方法 BALB/C小鼠分为正常组和哮喘组,12只/组。卵蛋白OVA致敏激发方法构建慢性哮喘模型。末次激发试验24h后,收集各组小鼠肺组织标本,免疫组织化学检测HDAC8在肺组织中的表达,Western blot分析HDAC8水平变化,荧光法检测HDAC8酶活性的变化。结果与正常小鼠相比,哮喘小鼠肺组织HDAC8水平和酶活性均显著升高;在正常小鼠肺组织细胞中HDAC8表达极少,哮喘致病时气道上皮细胞、上皮下炎症细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和肺泡腔炎症细胞中HDAC8呈明显阳性表达。结论哮喘致病时肺组织及其中炎性细胞内HDAC8表达表达水平和酶活性增高提示HDAC8可能参与哮喘气道炎症、气道重塑和气道高反应的发生。     

支气管哮喘豚鼠肺组织中KLF2的表达及意义

目的：探讨锌指Krüppel样转录因2（KLF2）在豚鼠支气管哮喘肺组织中的表达及意义。方法：30只健康雄性豚鼠,按随机数字表法分为对照组（A组）、哮喘组（B组）及地塞米松治疗组（C组）,每组10只。卵清蛋白致敏法复制哮喘模型。观察豚鼠肺组织病理学改变,BALF细胞总数及分类计数;采用原位杂交和RT-PCR检测肺组织中KLF2的mRNA表达情况,免疫组化和Westernblot检测肺组织中KLF2的蛋白表达水平。结果：（1）哮喘组豚鼠BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比（EOS%）、中性粒细胞百分比（NEU%）显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,哮喘组肺组织可见大量炎症细胞浸润,及明显气道重塑改变,而地塞米松治疗组BALF炎细胞浸润及肺组织病理改变较哮喘组明显减轻;（2）KLF2mRNA和蛋白在哮喘组表达显著低于对照组,在地塞米松治疗组中的表达明显高于哮喘组,3组差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）;（3）KLF2蛋白以及mRNA与肺泡灌洗液炎细胞总数及EOS%,NEU%呈负相关。结论：KLF2在支气管哮喘急性发作期模型中表达明显下降,而地塞米松治疗后KLF2的表达上调,提示KLF2可能在支气管哮喘的发病机制与防治中起重要作用。     

瘦露螽配子发生中一氧化氮合酶的分布

利用还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADPH)黄递酶组织化学方法,对瘦露螽Phaneroptera gracilis Burmeister配子发生中一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase, NOS)分布进行了定位研究。结果表明, 一氧化氮合酶阳性反应发生在瘦露螽精子发生中的各级生精细胞的胞质中,成熟精子呈阴性。各级未成熟卵母细胞胞质均呈一氧化氮合酶阳性反应,胞质着色为深蓝黑色,核区不明显。随着卵黄颗粒的逐渐形成,胞质中的一氧化氮合酶阳性产物逐渐减少,直到卵黄颗粒完全形成。卵泡细胞在卵黄颗粒形成之前呈一氧化氮合酶阴性反应,在卵黄颗粒完成后,卵泡细胞的胞质中开始呈一氧化氮合酶阳性反应,直至卵壳的形成。提示一氧化氮参与了瘦露螽配子发生。     

地塞米松对哮喘豚鼠肺内VIP分布的影响

为探讨哮喘豚鼠肺内血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）的分布及地塞米松对其分布的影响,将豚鼠随机分成哮喘组、地塞米松组和对照组三组,采用兔抗ＶＩＰ多克隆血清,免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和葡萄糖氧化酶－ＤＡＢ－镍染色技术,发现对照豚鼠肺内各级气道壁均可见ＶＩＰ免疫反应（ＶＩＰ－ＩＲ）阳性纤维分布。在平滑肌层中,纤维成束走行,且有较多分枝;而在基底膜和气道上皮内,纤维成单根行走。随气道口径的变小,纤维分布密度也逐渐变小。哮喘豚鼠肺内ＶＩＰ－ＩＲ消失。地塞米松处理后使ＶＩＰ－ＩＲ部分恢复。上述结果提示,豚鼠经反复抗原攻击后,肺内ＶＩＰ－ＩＲ阳性纤维消失,这在实验性哮喘的发生过程中可能起一定作用。     

正常大鼠肺内表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的免疫组化定位

作者以免疫组织化学技术对大鼠肺组织内表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)进行了定位研究.结果显示 EGFR 广泛分布于支气管粘膜上皮细胞、肺泡细胞、血管内皮下结缔组织和血管平滑肌细胞上。其提示 EGF 通过作用于肺组织内的特异性 EGFR 而发挥其生理和/或病理学功能。     

复方抗敏灵对哮喘大鼠ICAM—1表达及PLA2的影响

采用卵蛋白等致敏大鼠哮喘模型,观察正常组、哮喘组和中药治疗组大鼠支气管肺泡上皮细胞粘附分子（ICAM－1）的表达情况及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中磷脂酶A2（PLA2）活性变化,以及BALF中细胞总数及细胞分类情况。结果表明：复方抗敏灵能够抑制哮喘大鼠肺组织ICAM－1表达（P＜0.01）;显著降低哮喘大鼠BALF中PLA2活性（P＜0．01）;同时,具有降低哮喘大鼠BALF中各种炎性细胞的作用（P＜0．01）。     

哮喘豚鼠肺内SP受体分布的免疫组织化学研究

为探讨哮喘豚鼠肺内SP受体（SPR）的表达[及分布,将豚鼠分成哮喘组和对照组,利用SPR特异性抗血清,免疫组织化学ABC法,葡萄糖氧化酶-DAB-镍染色和计算机图象分析技术。结果显示;与对照组相比,哮喘豚鼠肺内支气管至终末细支气管SPR免疫反应（SPR-IR）阳性产物显浓密,以平滑肌层和粘膜层为。此外,在哮喘组豚鼠而不是对照组豚鼠的呼吸性细支气管壁也有SPR-IR阳性分布。结果表明：SPR表达上调在哮喘的发病过程中起一定作用。     

哮喘豚鼠肺内ADM表达变化及对离体气管条张力的作用

目的：通过观察肾上腺髓质素（ADM）mRNA在豚鼠哮喘模型肺内的表达及对哮喘豚鼠离体气管条张力的影响,研究ADM在支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）发病机制中的作用。方法：用原位杂交方法检测ADM mRNA在豚鼠哮喘模型肺内的表达,用组胺诱导豚鼠离体气管条收缩后,观察不同浓度的ADM对其收缩作用影响。结果：原位杂交结果显示正常及哮喘豚鼠肺内均有ADM mRNA的表达,但哮喘组较正常组明显增多（P＜0．05）,ADM可抑制组胺诱导的哮喘豚鼠离体气管条的收缩,并呈量效关系,当浓度达10^-8mol/L时抑经达到最大,而且即使加大ADM的浓度,抑制率未继续明显增加,并对致敏气管螺旋条的舒张作用明显大于正常气管螺旋条。结论：哮喘时,肺内ADM mRNA的表达明显增多,ADM可抑制组胺诱导的豚鼠离体气管条的收缩,浓度为10^-8mol/L时抑制率达到最大。提示ADM在哮喘发病过程中起重要作用。     

正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的投射

本文采用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）逆行追踪技术结合硫辛酰胺脱氨酸（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学方法,研究正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的上行投射特点。探讨耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元在听觉信号传递中的可能作用。结果表明,一侧上橄榄复合体加压注射ＨＲＰ后,两侧耳蜗核均出现ＨＲＰ标记细胞,同侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞较多占８２．６３％,并可见ＨＲＰ阳性纤维和终末包绕ＮＯＳ阳性胞体,对侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞相对较少,仅占１４．８７％。一侧下丘加压注入ＨＲＰ后两侧耳蜗核均无ＨＲＰ－ＮＯＳ双标细胞。结果提示,耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元向上橄榄复合体投射,可能具有调节听觉声信号传递的作用     

雷公藤甲素对哮喘豚鼠外周血CD_4~+和CD_8~+淋巴细胞的影响

探讨雷公藤甲素在治疗哮喘中对外周血 T淋巴细胞的影响机制 ,采用免疫细胞化学方法检测 30例豚鼠外周血淋巴细胞 CD+ 4 、 CD+ 8的表达。实验动物分为对照组、哮喘组和雷公藤甲素治疗组 (治疗组 ) ,每组各 1 0只。结果表明 ,治疗组CD+ 4 淋巴细胞表达阳性率及表达强度明显低于哮喘组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,CD+ 8阳性率高于哮喘组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与对照组比较差异无显著性。本研究认为 ,雷公藤甲素可能通过增高哮喘豚鼠 CD+ 8淋巴细胞 ,降低 CD+ 4 淋巴细胞来发挥抗哮喘气道炎症作用。     

Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms (NOS II and NOS III) in adult rat lung in hyperoxic pulmonary hypertension

Breathing air with a high oxygen tension induces an inflammatory response and injures the microvessels of the lung. The resulting development of smooth muscle cells in these segments contributes to changes in vasoreactivity and increased pulmonary artery pressure. This in vivo study determines the temporal and spatial expression of endogenous endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS III) and inducible NOS (NOS II), important enzymes regulating vasoreactivity and inflammation, in the adult rat lung during the development of experimental pulmonary hypertension induced by oxidant injury. We analyzed the cellular distribution of these NOS isoforms, using specific antibodies, and assessed enzyme activity at baseline and after 1-28 days of hyperoxia (FIO₂ 0.87). The number of NOS III-immuno-positive endothelial cells increased early in hyperoxia and then remained high. By day 28, the relative number of these cells had increased from 40% in proximal vessels and 13-16% in distal alveolar vessels of the normal lung to 73-86% and 40-59%, respectively, in hyperoxia. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), normally few in number and only weakly immunopositive for NOS II or III in the normal lung, increased in number in hyperoxia and were strongly immunopositive for each isoform. These morphological data were supported by a temporal increase in total and calcium-independent NOS activity. Thus NOS expression and activity significantly increased in hyperoxia as pulmonary hypertension developed, and NOS III expression increased selectively in vascular endothelial cells, while both NOS isoforms were expressed by the PAM population. We conclude that this increase in expression of a potent vasodilator, an antiproliferative agent for smooth muscle cells, and an antioxidant molecule represents an adaptive response to protect the lung from oxidant-induced vascular and epithelial injury.     

Immuno- and lectin histochemistry of epithelial subtypes and their changes in a radiation-induced lung fibrosis model of the mini pig

Cell types of lung epithelia of mini pigs have been studied using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against cytokeratins (CKs) and vimentin and three lectins before and after radiation-induced fibrosis. In normal tissues, CK18 specific antibodies reacted above all with type II alveolar epithelial cells, while CK7 and pan CK-specific antibodies stained the whole alveolar epithelium. In bronchial epithelial cells, CKs 7, 8, 18 and focally CKs 4 and 13 as well as vimentin were found. Cell specificity of the CK pattern was confirmed by double label immunofluorescence using type II cell-specific Maclura pomifera (MPA) lectin, type I cell specific Lycopersicon esculentum (LEA) lectin and capillary endothelium-binding Dolichos biflorus (DBA) lectin. In experimental pulmonary fibrosis, enhanced coexpression of CK and vimentin was observed in bronchial epithelium. Subtypes of alveolar epithelial cells were no longer easily distinguishable. CK18 was found to be expressed in the entire alveolar epithelium. The gradual loss of the normal alveolar epithelial marker, as seen by the binding of MPA to type I-like cells, of LEA to type II-like cells and the partial loss of MPA-binding to type II cells, was paralleled by the appearance of CK4, typical for squamous epithelia, and the occurrence of DBA-binding in epithelial cells. Implications of these results for general concepts of intermediate filament protein expression and lectin binding in the fibrotic process are discussed.     

Caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞的表达

目的检测caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗的表达。方法实验分两组:实验组和对照组,实验组豚鼠年龄为33至35个月之间,对照组豚鼠年龄为2至3个月。用免疫组织化学方法检测caspase-3在两组豚鼠耳蜗的表达。结果Caspase-3在实验组耳蜗的表达呈阳性,阳性区域主要存在于耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞。在对照组耳蜗的表达呈阴性。结论Caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞中呈阳性表达,提示caspase-3在豚鼠耳蜗老化过程中起重要作用。     

In situ assessment of oxidant and nitrogenic stress in bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) have a role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis after bleomycin administration. The ROS production induces an antioxidant response, involving superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase, and glutathione peroxidases. We compared in situ oxidative burden and antioxidant enzyme activity in bleomycin-injured rat lungs and normal controls. ROS expression and catalase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PHD), and NOS/NADPH-diaphorase activity were investigated by using histochemical reactions. Nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS and i-NOS) and SOD (MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, ECSOD) expression was investigated immunohistochemically. After treatment ROS production was enhanced in both phagocytes and in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Mn, Cu/Zn, and ECSOD were overexpressed in parenchymal cells, whereas interstitium expressed ECSOD. Catalase and G6PHD activity was moderately increased in parenchymal and inflammatory cells. NOS/NADPH-d activity and i-NOS expression increased in alveolar and bronchiolar epithelia and in inflammatory cells. It can be suggested that the concomitant activation of antioxidant enzymes is not adequate to scavenge the oxidant burden induced by bleomycin lung damage. Inflammatory cells and also epithelial cells are responsible of ROS and NO production. This oxidative and nitrosative stress may be a substantial trigger in TGF-β1 overexpression by activated type II pneumocytes, leading to fibrotic lesions.     

豚鼠气道及肺组织原癌基因表达与哮喘的相关研究

目的：为研究原癌基因在哮喘发病中的作用。方法：以卵白蛋白致敏豚鼠建立哮喘模型,用Ｄｏｔ－ｂｌｏｔ、Ｎｏｒｔｈ－ｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ分子杂交及免疫组化技术,分别观察正常及哮喘发作后豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织中原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ的表达水平。结果：正常豚鼠气道及肺组织中ｃ－ｆｏｓ及ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ无或很少表达,哮喘发作后豚鼠气道上皮及肺组织中ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ表达明显增强,３０ｍｉｎ达高峰,发作后４ｈ降至正常水平。地塞米松对ｃ－ｆｏｓ及ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲ－ＮＡ有部分抑制作用。结论：原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ及ｃ－ｍｙｃ在哮喘发病过程中可能起一定作用。