轮状病毒VP4抗原表位在VP6载体蛋白同一位点表达比较研究

目的:评价轮状病毒(RV)VP4两个抗原表位插入VP6载体蛋白同一位点所表达的重组嵌合蛋白免疫学性质及在研制嵌合蛋白疫苗中的意义。方法:采用分子克隆和基因重组技术将RV VP4的两个抗原表位插入到VP6载体蛋白同一位点上,构建重组抗原表达质粒,表达携带不同抗原表位的重组嵌合蛋白,用Western blot和中和试验分析重组嵌合蛋白的抗原反应性和免疫原性。结果:成功构建了两个嵌合蛋白表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达;表达的嵌合蛋白可与相应抗体特异性反应;可诱导豚鼠产生特异性血清抗体;抗嵌合蛋白血清抗体可特异性识别载体蛋白VP6F,Wa株病毒的VP6和VP4蛋白,可中和Wa株病毒在MA104细胞上的感染性;结果表明,所构建和表达的两个以VP6为载体的VP4抗原表位嵌合蛋白具有较高抗原反应性和免疫原性;嵌合蛋白携带的VP4抗原表位具有增强载体蛋白免疫原性作用;为研制新型RV重组蛋白疫苗的奠定了较好的基础。     

Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒抗原表位嵌合蛋白的免疫学研究

目的:对以轮状病毒(RV)重组VP6蛋白为载体插入Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV3)VP1蛋白上1个抗原表位(VP1的91~102、254和168位氨基酸残基)所构建的嵌合蛋白6F/PV3N1进行体外免疫学研究。方法:利用分子克隆和基因重组技术将PV3抗原表位插入RV载体蛋白,构建重组抗原表位嵌合蛋白表达质粒,转染大肠杆菌后表达重组蛋白,经SDS-PAGE确认表达产物,再通过Western印迹分析嵌合蛋白的抗原反应性。结果:用载体蛋白VP6F、轮状病毒Wa病毒株免疫的豚鼠血清抗体分别都能与VP6F和6F/PV3N1产生特异性结合;PV3免疫的豚鼠血清抗体只能与6F/PV3N1产生特异性结合,不能与VP6F产生特异性结合;PV1免疫的豚鼠血清抗体则不能与6F/PV3N1和VP6F产生特异性结合。结论:PV1、PV3之间不存在交叉反应现象,以RV VP6为载体构建的嵌合蛋白6F/PV3N1具有较好的免疫原性,为研发RV/PV3嵌合疫苗提供了基础。     

传染性法氏囊病毒的抗原及分子特征

用鸡胚成纤维细胞对来自野外的 5 个传染性法氏囊病毒株 (IBDV-JD1 、 JD2 、 NB 、 HZ1 、 HZ2) 进行分离,测定理化特性、致病性,同时进行血清亚型测定及 A 片段基因组的克隆分析 . 试验所用 5 个法氏囊组织悬液在鸡胚成纤维细胞盲传 2~14 代后适应细胞并产生细胞病变 . 细胞适应的 IBDV 毒株的理化和形态特征与经典传染性法氏囊病毒株一致 . 除 IBDV-HZ1 、 HZ2 属经典 IBDV 血清型外, IBDV-JD1 、 JD2 和 NB 毒株分属不同的血清亚型 . 人工感染实验结果显示,分离的 IBDV 毒株产生与野外病例相似的临床症状和病变,出现法氏囊滤泡髓质的淋巴细胞变性、坏死和消失 . 基因组序列分析显示, IBDV-NB 毒株 A 片段由 3 264 个核苷酸组成,编码由 145 个氨基酸残基组成的 VP5 和由 1 012 个氨基酸残基组成的多聚蛋白 . 与来自 GenBank 的 IBDV Ⅰ型毒株比较, NB 毒株 A 片段编码的多聚蛋白与 JD1 毒株的同源性最高,达 99.5% , VP2 与 JD1 、 CEF94 、 D78 的同源性为 99.8% , VP3 与 JD1 的同源性为 99.2% , VP4 与 JD1 的同源性为 100% , VP5 与 JD1 , HZ2 , P2 , CEF94 , CT , Cu-1 和 D78 毒株的同源性为 99.3%. NB 毒株 VP2 蛋白的第 253 、 280 、 284 位氨基酸残基与 IBDV 变异毒株和经典毒株一致,但不同于 IBDV 超强毒株 . 这些结果暗示 IBDV 的抗原表位是构象依赖性表位, IBDV 血清亚型的形成与 IBDV 弱毒疫苗病毒株密切相关 .     

羊朊毒体单抗结合表位分析

通过分段表达PrP核心片段和人工合成多肽,分析5株羊朊毒体单抗结合表位。分段表达PrP核心片段,通过PCR方法扩增目的片段,经酶切、连接后,将目的片段插入质粒pET32a,在大肠杆菌BL21中表达。将表达的系列融合蛋白与单抗进行免疫转印试验,根据反应情况确定单抗结合的大致部位,在此基础上设计合成多条针对性多肽,用ELISA方法进一步确定3株单抗的结合部位;通过与6段融合蛋白反应证明5株单抗的结合部位分别为:2H3在199aa～213aa之间,4C6、5F11和7F11在139aa～168aa之间,7F1在214aa～227aa之间,与3段人工合成多肽进行ELISA反应进一步得到4C6、5F11和7F11抗原结合表位在149aa～158aa之间;本研究确定了5株单抗在PrP分子上的结合部位,为羊痒病和牛海绵状脑病的检测、发病机制的研究奠定了基础。     

SARS-CoV N蛋白与人冠状病毒HCoV-OC43和HCoV-229E的交叉反应表位及特异表位的确定

为确定SARS-CoV N蛋白的特异抗原表位,对3种人冠状病毒SARS-CoV、HCoV-OC43和HCoV-229E N蛋白之间的交叉免疫反应进行了系统研究。构建了分别表达SARS-CoV、HCoV-OC43和HCoV-229E N蛋白的重组痘苗病毒,并制备了相应的小鼠免疫血清。用间接免疫荧光方法,检测了3种N蛋白的表达及其与3种冠状病毒免疫动物血清和SARS病人恢复期血清之间的反应。与此同时,用Western blot方法分析了原核表达的39个不同区段的SARS-CoV N蛋白与3种冠状病毒动物免疫血清和SARS病人恢复期血清之间的交叉反应性。免疫荧光检测结果表明,SARS-CoV、HCoV-OC43和HCoV-229E3种病毒的N蛋白在重组痘苗病毒感染的HeLa细胞中均可以特异表达;3种N蛋白之间存在明显交叉免疫反应。Western blot结果显示,SARS-CoV N蛋白的表位主要位于30~60aa、170~184aa、301~320aa和360~422aa;与HCoV-OC43的交叉反应表位主要位于30~60aa、90~120aa、204~214aa和320~360aa;与HCoV-229E的交叉反应表位主要位于30~60aa、150~160aa和301~360aa。含SARS-CoV N蛋白特异表位的重组肽N155b(60~214aa)和N185(30~214aa)只与SARS病人恢复期血清和灭活SARS-CoV免疫小鼠的血清反应,而不与灭活HCoV-OC43和HCoV-229E免疫的山羊血清产生交叉反应。上述结果为使用SARS-CoV N蛋白抗原进行特异诊断试剂的研究,提供了重要的实验依据。     

研究报告Ⅱ型脊灰病毒抗原表位嵌合蛋白的免疫学研究

目的：评价以轮状病毒（RV）重组VP6蛋白为载体插入Ⅱ型脊髓灰质炎病毒（PV2）VP1蛋白上的1个抗原表位构建而成的嵌合蛋白的体外免疫学性质。 方法：采用分子克隆和基因重组技术将PV2抗原表位插入到RV载体蛋白上,在大肠杆菌中表达并用SDS-PAGE确认表达产物,再通过动物免疫、Western blot、免疫荧光和病毒血清抗体中和试验分析嵌合蛋白的免疫学性质。结果：成功构建了以VP6为载体的PV2抗原表位嵌合蛋白6F/PV₂N₁,并且在E.coli系统中高效表达,嵌合蛋白免疫的豚鼠血清抗体对RV和PV2具备较好的中和活性。结论：以RV VP6为载体构建的嵌合蛋白具有较好的免疫原性,免疫豚鼠产生血清抗体可中和RV和PV2在体外细胞上的感染;进一步为研发RV/PV2嵌合疫苗提供了较好的基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒多表位抗原基因的构建与免疫原性研究

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因易发生变异, 尤其是含中和抗原表位的高变区1(HVR1)变异性最大. 模拟HVR1的B细胞表位具有涵盖多种天然表位的抗原特性, 保守的T细胞表位具有各型间的相对保守性. 为解决HCV高变性造成的疫苗研究障碍, 我们选取HCV E2区HVR1(384～410 aa)模拟B细胞表位9条、C区的保守CTL表位2条(35～44 aa, 132～140 aa)、NS3区保守的CTL表位1条(1073～1081 aa)及NS3区保守的Th表位1条(aa 1251～1259), 各表位之间以插入3个氨基酸为连接臂, 人工合成上述13条表位基因串联的HCV多表位抗原基因(mfc). 将mfc与gst基因融合, 表达了多表位抗原蛋白GST-MFC. 同时, 构建了白介素-2信号肽基因、PADRE表位基因和mfc基因串联的候选HCV DNA疫苗, 即质粒pVAX1.0-st-mfc. 以GST-MFC蛋白免疫家兔和质粒pVAX1.0-st-mfc免疫小鼠, 采用ELISA和Western blot方法, 应用10条具有代表性的HCV HVR1合成肽进行检测, 证明有9条HVR1合成肽能与所有免疫动物血清反应, 交叉反应率(cross reactivity, CR)为90%. 应用HCV抗体阳性的感染者血清与多表位抗原GST-MFC蛋白进行反应, 证明其反应识别率(reactivity frequency, RF)为75%. 上述结果表明, 筛选合成的HCV多表位抗原基因mfc具有HCV中和抗原表位的特征, 可作为HCV疫苗研制的候选基因.     

2002～2004年浙江省无菌性脑膜炎暴发疫情的病原学研究

2002～2004年浙江省发生了无菌性脑膜炎暴发疫情,为了及时查明病因,分析病原的分子特征并进行病原溯源,我们采集患者脑脊液和粪便样本271份,用RD和Hep-2细胞同时分离病毒,对分离株VP1和VP4/VP2基因测序,进行同源性与进化分析。结果从271份样本中分离到埃柯病毒30型(E30)78株;对31株分离株VP1区核苷酸(nt)序列测定,其长度均为876nt,推导编码292个氨基酸(aa)。浙江E30株与原型株Bastianni在VP1区的nt和aa同源性分别为84.7%～86.3%和92.1%～94.2%;浙江E30株之间nt和aa的同源性分别为87.1%～99.4%和96.2%～100%。在VP1基因进化树上浙江E30株分别位于G和H基因亚型分支上,与浙江E30G亚型株亲缘关系最近的国内外毒株分别为2003年江苏、山东株和1999年乌克兰株;与浙江E30H亚型株亲缘关系最近的毒株为2008年韩国株。VP4/VP2区同源性与进化分析结果与VP1相似。结果表明2002～2004年浙江省无菌性脑膜炎暴发疫情由E30G和H二类不同基因亚型流行株引起;H基因亚型株推测为新的E30变异株,首先分离于2002年浙江省。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒野毒株的致病性及其vp2基因比较

对4个IBDV野毒株的致病性和它们的vp2基因高变区序列同时做了比较分析.结果表明,4个IBDV毒株在致病性程度上存在较大差异.其中有一个是真正的超强毒,即GX8/99,其他几个虽然达不到真正超强毒的毒力,但也比经典的标准毒的致死性高得多.在vp2基因高变区,这4个IBDV野毒株与超强毒参考株HK46同源性很高,在DNA水平为96.8%～99.5%,在氨基酸(aa)水平为96.6%～100%.而与疫苗毒D78有很大差异,分别只有91.7%～93.6%和91.8%～93.2%.说明IBDV毒株的vp2基因高变区确实与其致病性有一定关系.特别是SD-1/97、SD-3/98、JS-30/99株之间及其与HK46在DNA和aa水平的同源性高达98.4%和98.6%以上,SD-3/99、JS-30/99株之间及其与HK46的氨基酸同源性为100%.然而,致病性特别高的GX8/99株病毒与其他3个野毒株及HK46在DNA和氨基酸水平的同源性相对较低,在DNA和aa水平的同源性只有96.8%～97.2%和96.6%～97.9%.相对于国内的流行毒株和香港超强毒参考株HK46,GX8/99株在致病性和VP2高变区都已发生了一定的变异.     

表达轮状病毒SA11株Vp4的抗原表位诱导病毒中和抗体生成

以昆虫病毒Flockhousevirus（FHV）外壳蛋白为载体的外源抗原表位表达系统（FHV-RNA2载体系统）．在重组杆状病毒和重组pET系统中构建和表达了SA11Vp4胰酶切割位点两侧和重叠切割位点3个抗原表位氨基酸序列（抗原表位A,aa223~242;抗原表位B,aa243～262;抗原表位C,aa234～251）,并对其免疫原性进行了研究。结果表明：这3个抗原表位能诱导动物产生抗同源氨基酸序列的抗体和抗同源病毒（SA11）感染性的血清中和抗体。研究结果提示：RVVp4胰酶切割位点区氨基酸序列除了具有胰酶切割增强病毒感染力外,还具有诱导动物机体产生血清中和抗体的能力,是RV重组抗原表位亚单位疫苗研究中重要的抗原表位氨基酸序列。     

In vitro expression and monoclonal antibody of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for infectious bursal disease virus

VP1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), has been suggested to play an essential role in the replication and translation of viral RNAs. In this study, we first expressed the complete VP1 protein gene in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and then the produced polyclonal antibody and four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to recombinant VP1 protein (rVP1) were shown to bind the IBDV particles in chicken embryo fibroblast and Vero cells. The epitopic analysis showed that mAbs 1D4 and 3C7 recognized respectively two distinct antigenic epitopes on the rVP1 protein, but two pair of mAbs 1A2/2A12 and 1E1/1H3 potentially recognized another two topologically related epitopes. Immunocytochemical stainings showed that VP1 protein formed irregularly shaped particles in the cytoplasm of the IBDV-infected cells. These results demonstrated that the mAbs to rVP1 protein could bind the epitopes of IBDV particles, indicating that the rVP1 protein expressed in E. coli was suitable for producing the mAb to VP1 protein of IBDV, and that the cytoplasm could be the crucial site for viral genome replication of IBDV.     

Recombinant infectious bursal disease virus carrying hepatitis C virus epitopes

The delivery of foreign epitopes by a replicating nonpathogenic avian infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was explored. The aim of the study was to identify regions in the IBDV genome that are amenable to the introduction of a sequence encoding a foreign peptide. By using a cDNA-based reverse genetics system, insertions or substitutions of sequences encoding epitope tags (FLAG, c-Myc, or hepatitis C virus epitopes) were engineered in the open reading frames of a nonstructural protein (VP5) and the capsid protein (VP2). Attempts were also made to generate recombinant IBDV that displayed foreign epitopes in the exposed loops (P(BC) and P(HI)) of the VP2 trimer. We successfully recovered recombinant IBDVs expressing c-Myc and two different virus-neutralizing epitopes of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E in the VP5 region. Western blot analyses with anti-c-Myc and anti-HCV antibodies provided positive identification of both the c-Myc and HCV epitopes that were fused to the N terminus of VP5. Genetic analysis showed that the recombinants carrying the c-Myc/HCV epitopes maintained the foreign gene sequences and were stable after several passages in Vero and 293T cells. This is the first report describing efficient expression of foreign peptides from a replication-competent IBDV and demonstrates the potential of this virus as a vector.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒五个抗原表位短肽的鉴定与序列分析

以5株传染性法氏囊病病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)单克隆抗体HNF1、HNF7、B34、2B1和2G8作为筛选分子,对噬菌体展示12肽库进行3轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"淘洗,从每株单克隆抗体筛选到的噬菌斑中随机挑取12个单克隆蓝色噬菌斑,合计60个,用间接ELISA检测,A值大于1.00;用竞争抑制ELISA分析,单克隆抗体和IBDV抗原均能竞争抑制筛选12肽与固相包被单克隆抗体的反应,抑制率大于40%,表明在该12肽内含有IBDV抗原表位。选取35个单克隆噬菌斑,测定噬菌体gIII部分基因的核苷酸序列,确定了这5个含有不同IBDV抗原表位12肽的核苷酸和氨基酸序列。进一步将其与GenBank中IBDV基因组编码蛋白的氨基酸序列进行比较,发现2B1筛选肽有4个连续氨基酸残基Leu-Ala-Ser-Pro与IBDV基因组A片段编码多聚蛋白的第536-599氨基酸残基一致,推测2B1为线性表位;而HNF1、HNF7、B34和2G8筛选肽均没找到有3个以上连续氨基酸残基与IBDV蛋白序列相同之处,推测可能是构象依赖性表位。     

The Association of Receptor of Activated Protein Kinase C 1(RACK1) with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Viral Protein VP5 and Voltage-dependent Anion Channel 2 (VDAC2) Inhibits Apoptosis and Enhances Viral Replication

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). Our previous report indicates that IBDV VP5 induces apoptosis via interaction with voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2). However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. We report here that receptor of activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1) interacts with both VDAC2 and VP5 and that they could form a complex. We found that overexpression of RACK1 inhibited IBDV-induced apoptosis in DF-1 cells and that knockdown of RACK1 by small interfering RNA induced apoptosis associated with activation of caspases 9 and 3 and suppressed IBDV growth. These results indicate that RACK1 plays an antiapoptotic role during IBDV infection via interaction with VDAC2 and VP5, suggesting that VP5 sequesters RACK1 and VDAC2 in the apoptosis-inducing process.     

Molecular and structural bases for the antigenicity of VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a member of the family Birnaviridae, is responsible for a highly contagious and economically important disease causing immunosuppression in chickens. IBDV variants isolated in the United States exhibit antigenic drift affecting neutralizing epitopes in the capsid protein VP2. To understand antigenic determinants of the virus, we have used a reverse-genetics approach to introduce selected amino acid changes-individually or in combination-into the VP2 gene of the classical IBDV strain D78. We thus generated a total of 42 mutants with changes in 8 amino acids selected by sequence comparison and their locations on loops P(BC) and P(HI) at the tip of the VP2 spikes, as shown by the crystal structure of the virion. The antibody reactivities of the mutants generated were assessed using a panel of five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Our results show that a few amino acids of the projecting domain of VP2 control the reactivity pattern. Indeed, the binding of four out of the five MAbs analyzed here is affected by mutations in these loops. Furthermore, their importance is highlighted by the fact that some of the engineered mutants display identical reactivity patterns but have different growth phenotypes. Finally, this analysis shows that a new field strain isolated from a chicken flock in Belgium (Bel-IBDV) represents an IBDV variant with a hitherto unobserved antigenic profile, involving one change (P222S) in the P(BC) loop. Overall, our data provide important new insights for devising efficient vaccines that protect against circulating IBDV strains.     

VP1, the Putative RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, Forms Complexes with the Capsid Protein VP3, Leading to Efficient Encapsidation into Virus-Like Particles

A cDNA corresponding to the coding region of VP1, the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was cloned and inserted into the genome of a vaccinia virus inducible expression vector. The molecular mass and antigenic reactivity of VP1 expressed in mammalian cells are identical to those of its counterpart expressed in IBDV-infected cells. The results presented here demonstrate that VP1 is efficiently incorporated into IBDV virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in mammalian cells coexpressing the IBDV polyprotein and VP1. Incorporation of VP1 into VLPs requires neither the presence of IBDV RNAs nor that of the nonstructural polypeptide VP5. Immunofluorescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and immunoprecipitation analyses conclusively showed that VP1 forms complexes with the structural polypeptide VP3. Formation of VP1-VP3 complexes is likely to be a key step for the morphogenesis of IBDV particles.     

Critical role for voltage-dependent anion channel 2 in infectious bursal disease virus-induced apoptosis in host cells via interaction with VP5

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). Although IBDV-induced host cell apoptosis has been established, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. We report here that IBDV viral protein 5 (VP5) is a major apoptosis inducer in DF-1 cells by interacting with the voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) in the mitochondrion. We found that in DF-1 cells, VP5-induced apoptosis can be completely abolished by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostibene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), an inhibitor of VDAC. Furthermore, knockdown of VDAC2 by small interfering RNA markedly inhibits IBDV-induced apoptosis associated with decreased caspase-9 and -3 activation and cytochrome c release, leading to increased IBDV growth in host cells. Thus, VP5-induced apoptosis during IBDV infection is mediated by interacting with VDAC2, a protein that appears to restrict viral replication via induction of cell death.     

Genetic reassortment of infectious bursal disease virus in nature

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a double-stranded RNA virus, is a member of the Birnaviridae family. Four pathotypes of IBDV, attenuated, virulent, antigenic variant, and very virulent (vvIBDV), have been identified. We isolated and characterized the genomic reassortant IBDV strain ZJ2000 from severe field outbreaks in commercial flocks. Full-length genomic sequence analysis showed that ZJ2000 is a natural genetic reassortant virus with segments A and B derived from attenuated and very virulent strains of IBDV, respectively. ZJ2000 exhibited delayed replication kinetics as compared to attenuated strains. However, ZJ2000 was pathogenic to specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens and chicken embryos. Similar to a standard virulent IBDV strain, ZJ2000 caused 26.7% mortality, 100% morbidity, and severe bursal lesions at both gross and histopathological levels. Taken together, our data provide direct evidence for genetic reassortment of IBDV in nature, which may play an important role in the evolution, virulence, and host range of IBDV. Our data also suggest that VP2 is not the sole determinant of IBDV virulence, and that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein, VP1, may play an important role in IBDV virulence. The discovery of reassortant viruses in nature suggests an additional risk of using live IBDV vaccines, which could act as genetic donors for genome reassortment.     

抗传染性法氏囊病病毒VP5蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与初步应用

原核表达的IBDVGx-VP5蛋白经纯化后免疫8周龄的BALB/c雌性小鼠,三次基础免疫后,融合前加强免疫,取脾细胞在PEG(MW1500)的作用下与SP2/0小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,经过三次亚克隆筛选,获得稳定分泌抗VP5蛋白的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为4B4、6D12、3E8,以三株杂交瘤细胞制备的腹水ELISA效价分别为5×104、3.5×104、3×104,特异性实验表明三株单抗能与IBDVGt株反应。以单抗介导的间接免疫荧光检测表达Gt-VP5的VeroE6细胞,可以见到特异的荧光,能做为特异性的检测VP5蛋白的工具,为今后IBDVVP5蛋白的研究打下基础。