柘木果实的调查研究

柘木成熟果实的粒径为纵径3.24～4.26 cm,横径3.43～4.23 cm,果重17.75～33.8 g,聚合果有种子25～44粒;出种率5.52%～10.18%;种子百粒重5.04～5.06 g;种子粒径长0.504～0.716 cm,宽0.412～0.564 cm,高0.27～0.37 cm.     

巴山冷杉的种实特性及其种子萌发力

对我国特有树种巴山冷杉(Abies fargesi)的球果长、球果宽、球果重量、单果出种量等球果特征和种子长、种子宽、种子厚和种子重等种子特性进行了分析,通过发芽实验测定了种子萌发能力.结果表明,巴山冷杉球果平均长5.37±0.75cm,球果宽3.01±0.32cm,球果重量18.93±6.06g,单果出种量59-567粒,种子长1.08-8.68mm,种子宽1.16-6.42mm,种子厚0.6-3.48mm,千粒重7.30g.各项球果特征指标和种子特征指标在种群内和种群间均存在显著差异,单果出种量在不同种群的频数分布格局不同.不同母树的种子发芽率和发芽势不等,且萌发速率也不相同.巴山冷杉种子败育率高,参试种子的空粒率75.79%.     

不同发育时期小麦种子活力的变化及其对环境温度的响应

以济麦22和山农23号为试验材料,利用标准发芽试验法对不同年份小麦种子发育过程中的种子活力变化进行研究,分析环境温度对不同发育时期小麦种子活力变化的影响,为早期小麦种子的利用及高活力种子的生产提供参考依据.结果表明: 伴随着小麦种子发育,鲜种子在花后26 d左右出现发芽能力,之后其发芽率整体呈上升趋势;干种子发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数在花后5～8 d迅速升高,之后保持相对稳定,活力指数主要受到幼苗单株干质量的影响而持续升高,一般在完熟前4～6 d达到最大值;不同发育时期小麦干种子的田间种植及其后代种子的活力测定表明,济麦22花后17 d以后的干种子田间出苗较好,并可成穗结实,其后代种子的发芽率和活力指数在不同样品间无显著差异.环境温度对不同发育时期小麦种子活力变化的影响显著,小麦花后日平均温度均值、日最高气温均值以及日最低气温均值均高,且花后日温差均值大的年份,种子发育时间短、百粒重及种子活力达到最大值的时间较早;反之,发育时间较长、百粒重及种子活力达到最大值的时间较晚,但完熟期积温高,种子活力较高.     

不同种源麻栎种子形态特征和营养成分含量的差异及聚类分析

以27个种源的麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carr.)种子为实验材料,对不同种源间麻栎种子的形态特征和营养成分含量的筹异性进行分析比较.结果表明,不同种源间麻栎种子的长度、宽度和种子百粒重以及可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和蛋白质含量差异极显著.麻栎种子的长度和宽度的变化幅度分别为1.69～2.26 cm和1.06～2.50 cm;种子百粒重的变化幅度为83.55～637.38 g;种子可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和蛋白质含量的变化幅度分别为0.051～0.105 mg·g-1、0.278%～0.471%和21.502～34.696 mg·g-1.麻栎种子百粒重与种子的长度、宽度及可溶性糖含量间显著正相关,种子的长度与可溶性糖含量也显著正相关.主成分分析结果显示,影响麻栎种子品质的主要性状是种子的长度、宽度及种子百粒重.通过聚类分析,将27个麻栎种源划分为3组,其中第1组包括江苏下蜀、安徽太湖、安徽黄山、安徽休宁、安徽滁州、安徽潜山、浙江开化、浙江富阳和山东蒙阴等9个种源,种子品质较好,为优良种源.     

濒危植物梵净山冷杉的球果与种子性状研究北大核心CSCD

梵净山冷杉(Abies fanjingshanensis)为国家一级保护濒危植物。为了揭示梵净山冷杉球果发育和成熟过程的性状特征,以确定成熟球果的适宜采种期。该研究对梵净山冷杉自然生长区内成年结实母树的球果进行跟踪观测和定期采集,通过物理解剖和形态学参数测定,比较分析不同采种期梵净山冷杉的球果、种鳞和种子的性状差异。结果显示:(1)梵净山冷杉的球果每年7月中旬开始形成,10月中旬开始成熟,发育早期至发育后期球果的长度和宽度显著增加,发育后期至成熟期形态和颜色均无明显变化。(2)成熟球果平均长、宽、鲜重、干重和相对含水量分别为7.18 cm、3.84 cm、36.98 g、20.33 g和45.06%。(3)成熟球果的平均种鳞层数为30.76层,种鳞总数为250.67片,平均出种量436.67粒,平均种子饱满率82.49%。(4)成熟球果基部、中部、上部的种子性状不同,且球果中部的种子性状参数最大,饱满率最高,种子平均长、宽、厚分别为9.14、2.30、2.37 mm,千粒重11.44 g。研究表明,梵净山冷杉的球果从形成至成熟过程约3个月,成熟球果的最佳采种时间为10月下旬,发育后期和成熟球果的形态和颜色差异不明显,不能以颜色和形态作为球果成熟的判定依据;种鳞与球果的发育和成熟同步,球果中部的种鳞能够完全发育,且形状参数最大,孕育的种子最饱满;梵净山冷杉成熟球果出种量大、饱满率高,但是种子小、重量轻。     

麻楝种子形态和营养特征遗传变异分析

为系统揭示麻楝种源间种子形态和营养成分的变异程度和变异规律,以8个国家26个种源麻楝种子为试验材料,对不同种源麻楝种子的形态特征和营养成分进行比较分析。多重比较结果表明,麻楝种源间种子的长、宽、厚、长宽比、百粒重以及可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量差异极显著;相关分析表明,种子百粒重与种子长、种子宽呈极显著正相关,可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量与百粒重均呈极显著正相关;主成分分析结果显示,影响麻楝种子品质的第1主成分主要是种子形态性状,即种子长、百粒重和种子宽,第2主成分是种子营养成分;通过分析麻楝种子形态特征及营养成分变异系数可知,麻楝种子形态变异系数大于营养成分变异系数,表明种子形态受外界环境影响较大。通过主成分聚类分析,将26个种源分为2个集群,第1集群包括澳大利亚和马来西亚2个种源,其特点是种子形态较大、百粒较重、养分含量较高;第2集群包括其余24个种源。结合聚类分析和种子形态与地理气候因子相关分析结果可知,麻楝种子形态变异具有一定的地理区域特征,与分布区的自然地理因素有一定的相关性,麻楝分布区南部种子较大而北部种子较小。     

北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响

利用常规石蜡制片技术对北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响进行了观察。结果表明北柴胡胚的发育属于茄型,基细胞进行一次横分裂后不再分裂,因而胚柄不发达,且很早解体。胚乳的发育属于核型,初生胚孔核的分裂远远早于受精卵的分裂。对果实采收时期胚发育状况进行统计发现,在被测采收期果实中有20%的果实的胚处于球形胚阶段,70%处于心形胚,只有10% 处于鱼雷胚,说明北柴胡种子采收时胚处于不同的发育阶段,存在形态后熟现象,这是北柴胡种子萌发难、萌发率低且出苗不整齐的主要因素。     

南方红豆杉果实特征研究

通过对贵州省剑河县和榕江县的南方红豆杉果实特征进行分析,结果表明:南方红豆杉果实为椭圆形至近球形,果实平均长为0.942 cm,平均宽0.849 cm,平均高0.767 cm;不同产地南方红豆杉种子大小差异不大,种子平均大小为长0.684 cm,宽0.543 cm,高0.458 cm;果实重为10.43 g/30粒,种子重为4.87 g/30粒,千粒重为128.9 g;出种率为46.65%。这为南方红豆杉的播种繁殖及资源的开发利用提供一定的基础数据。     

采收期对猕猴桃果实品质及其耐贮性的影响

选用海沃德猕猴桃为试验材料,对8个不同采收期(盛花后151、155、159、163、167、171、175和179 d,采收Ⅰ~Ⅷ期)猕猴桃果实在(0±1)℃冷藏过程中的生理生化变化进行比较.结果显示:(1)采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ期果实采收时具有较高的硬度、淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量,可溶性固形物含量则低于6%,贮藏期间出现的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰均比其它采收期高;采收Ⅶ、Ⅷ期果实采收时硬度明显低于前面的采收期,淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量降低,可溶性固形物含量达到8%以上,贮藏期间乙烯释放速率高峰比其它采收期提前10 d,果实衰老过程明显提前;(2)入贮150 d后,采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ期果实的失重率差异不显著,采收Ⅰ期与采收Ⅷ期果实的腐烂率差异不显著,但均与其它采收期存在显著差异.研究发现,盛花后第159~171天采收猕猴桃,果实采收时的可溶性固形物含量在6.5%以上,贮藏120 d后与其它采收期相比仍保持相对较高的硬度、淀粉含量、Vc含量和可滴定酸含量,而且贮藏150 d后失重率和腐烂率都比较低,表明该期间为海沃德"猕猴桃的适宜采收期.     

金丝李果实、种子形态分化及外源物质对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过采集3个天然种群的金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)果实,观察果实和种子的形态性状,分析其种群内和种群间的形态分化,观察不同种群种子萌发和幼苗生长的规律;采用四种植物生长调节剂和两种化学药剂,研究浸种对金丝李种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:金丝李种子长2.48~3.08 cm、宽1.49~1.67cm、百粒重392.50~438.18 g;3个种群果实和种子已产生明显的形态分化,胡润种群多数表型性状值在3个种群中最小,安宁种群的果实和种子偏圆,弄岗种群偏窄;在种群内部,果实和种子重量的分化较显著,整体形态较稳定;在萌发过程中,种子留存,不定根逐渐取代胚根成为主根;3个种群的萌发过程均缓慢,中间阶段几乎停滞,出苗极不整齐,萌发率表现为安宁种群(78.33%)弄岗种群(55%)胡润种群(48.33%),种子存在休眠;从种子萌发来看,以80 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA浸种24 h处理效果最好,萌发时滞最短、萌发率最高、平均萌发时间最短;结合幼苗生长情况来看,10~50 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA和500 mg·L~(-1)的GA_3处理均适宜,以50 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA效果最佳。低浓度的KNO_3和NH_4NO_3能提高萌发率,但未显著加快萌发进程,IAA和NAA对种子萌发和幼苗生长有抑制作用。该研究结果为金丝李的遗传多样性提供了形态学资料,为更好地保护、开发和利用这一珍贵树种提供了科学依据。     

Allometry of within-fruit reproductive allocation in subtropical dicot woody species

Angiosperm fruits typically consist of pericarp and seed, which collectively function to maximize plant reproductive success. Within-fruit reproductive allocation has been scarcely examined across a wide range of fruit types and taxa although it is critical to the understanding of the evolution of fruit size and seed size. We investigated seed size, fruit size, seed number per fruit (SNF), and within-fruit biomass allocation between seed mass and pericarp mass for 62 dicot woody species (27 deciduous and 35 evergreen species) of a subtropical evergreen forest in southwest China. At the fruit level, total pericarp mass (TPM) isometrically scaled with increasing total seed mass (TSM) in the evergreen species and in the pooled data set, while TPM increased faster than TSM in the deciduous species. The slope difference is possibly due to the difference in the timing of fruit development between the two species groups. At the seed level, seed package (pericarp mass per seed) isometrically scaled with increasing seed size in the deciduous group, but less than isometrically in the evergreens and in the pooled data set. SNF was negatively correlated with seed size but positively correlated with the proportion of pericarp within fruits. In conclusion, within-fruit biomass allocation is significantly affected by seed size, fruit size, and SNF in both deciduous and evergreen species. The implications of the observed scaling relationships are discussed in relation to seed size evolution and global patterns of seed size variation.     

山茱萸种质资源数量性状分析及核心种质库评价

对从全国收集的75份山茱萸种质资源,从叶长、叶宽、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、种子含水量、枣皮灰分、枣皮水分、水溶性浸出物和马钱素含量等表型性状,通过分析其变异系数和各性状间的相关性,采用欧氏系统聚类法抽取核心种质,并对构建的核心种质库进行评价。分析结果显示,75份山茱萸种质资源在叶长、叶宽、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、枣皮灰分和马钱素含量等性状上的变异系数均高于10%,说明这些性状变化范围较大,个体间性状不稳定,易受环境因素的影响;而果实横径、果实纵径、种子含水量、枣皮水分和水溶性浸出物的变异系数均低于10%,说明这些性状变异较小,表型性状比较稳定。相关性分析结果显示,各性状间都存在一定的相关性,其中果实纵径和果实横径与鲜果百粒重呈显著正相关(0.396b和0.312b),说明果实纵横径是影响果实重量的关键因素;水溶性浸出物大小与果实横径、果实纵径、马钱素含量呈现显著性正相关(0.481b、0.280a和0.372b),表明水溶性浸出物含量的高低与山茱萸有效成分马钱素含量和果实大小及形状密切正相关,这将为种质的筛选和评价提供依据。通过最小距离逐步抽样法抽出22份种质构成核心种质库（占初始种质库的29.33%）,采用欧氏距离聚类对抽样构成的初级核心种质库进行评价,结果显示,各性状均值t检验均不显著,并且极差符合率（CR%= 90.63%）大于80%,说明抽取的初级核心种质库能够很好地代表原有种质,从而达到了提高种质保存效率的目的,这将为进一步研究山茱萸核心种质库构建和其它药用植物构建核心种质提供参考。     

山茱萸种质资源数量性状评价及相关性分析

对从全国收集的75份山茱萸种质资源,从叶长、叶宽、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、种子含水量、枣皮灰分、枣皮水分、水溶性浸出物和马钱素含量等表型性状,分析其变异系数和各性状间的相关性.分析结果显示,75份山茱萸种质资源在叶长、叶宽、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、枣皮灰分和马钱素含量等性状上的变异系数均高于10％,说明这些性状变化范围较大,个体间性状不稳定,易受环境因素的影响;而果实横径、果实纵径、种子含水量、枣皮水分和水溶性浸出物的变异系数均低于10％,说明这些性状变异较小,表型性状比较稳定.相关性分析结果显示,各性状间都存在一定的相关性,其中果实纵径和果实横径与鲜果百粒重呈显著正相关(0.396和0.312,P ＜0.01),说明果实纵横径是影响果实重量的关键因素;水溶性浸出物大小与果实横径(0.481,P＜0.01)、果实纵径(0.280,P＜0.05)、马钱素含量(0.372,P＜0.01)呈现显著性正相关,表明水溶性浸出物含量的高低与山茱芰有效成分马钱素含量和果实大小及形状密切正相关,这将为种质的筛选、评价和新品种选育提供依据.     

Indole-3-acetic acid concentration and ethylene evolution during early fruit development in peach

Ethylene evolution was measured from greenhouse-grown Jerseyglo peach fruits beginning 29 days after anthesis. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were measured in the pericarp and seed tissues of individual fruits on a single shoot when variable ethylene evolution was noted. Despite hand-pollinating all flowers on the same day, variability within the shoot existed in fruit fresh weight, IAA levels, and ethylene evolution. Seed IAA concentration increased as fruit and seed fresh weight increased and ranged from 106 to 1572 ng. g^–1. As pericarp fresh weight increased, IAA levels in this tissue decreased. Ethylene evolution rates ranged from 0.21 to 1.07 nl. g.^–1 h^–1 and were not correlated with IAA concentration in seed, pericarp, or the whole fruit. High rates of ethylene evolution from the whole fruit occurred prior to increased IAA concentration in the seed.Fruits were excised from field-grown Redskin peach trees beginning 40 days after full bloom. Fruits from field sampled shoots appeared to be more physiologically advanced than the greenhouse-grown Jerseyglo fruits. Pericarp IAA concentration was low, ranging from 2.8 to 6.5 ng. g^–1. Seed concentrations accounted for 75% of the IAA found in the fruit and ranged from 239 to 1042 ng. g^–1. As with greenhouse-grown samples, whole fruit IAA concentration tended to decrease as fruits increased in fresh weight.     

Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition in Davidia involucrata (Davidiaceae) Community

Davidia involucrata was a rare valuable and endangered plant in China. In order to study neighborhood competition effects, the intraspecific and interspecific competion intensity in Davidia involucrata community in Wolong Nature Reserve was analyzed quantitatively by using Hegyi individual tree competition index model. And the morphological characteristics of Davidia involucrata were investigated under different neighborhood competition intensity . The results showed that the competition intensity in Davidia involucrata decreased gradually with the increasing of forest tree diameter class and the intraspecific competition in Davidia involucrata was more intensive than interspecific competition. The order of the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity at the community level was: intraspecific > Lindira pulcherrima > Juglanscathayensis> Cornus controversa > Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana > Phoebe neurantha >Symplocos botryantha Franch>Acer oliverianum > Prunus branchypoda > Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon . The relationship between competition intensity and individual growth of objective tree closely followed the following equation: CI = AD^{- B} . The change in competition intensity is very small when the diameter of the objective tree reaches 30 cm . The model can stimulate and predict the intraspecific and interspecific competition efficiently. The morphology of Davidia involucrata , such as stepwise bifurcation ratio 1∶2, branching angle, average branch and current-year branch lenghth of the main stem in different strata , was modified under differentcompetition intensity. The plasticity of substrate branching angle , substrate average branch length and substrate currentyearbranch length was very obvious in response to different neighborhood competion intensity. That suggests Davidia involucrata can improve its capacity to explore the resource and adapt to different habitats through morphological changes .     

怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源形态性状遗传多样性分析

通过对255份怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的24个形态性状进行评价,分析其遗传多样性。结果表明,怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的果实单果重量、果实长度、果核重量、果核长度、果实形状、果皮颜色、果肉颜色、果实香气、果实风味、果实成熟期等形态性状均具有丰富的多样性。11个数量性状的变异系数为12.44%~56.44%,其中果实单果重量的变异系数最大,叶片宽度最小;13个质量性状的Shannon-weaver指数范围为0.68~2.21,平均值为1.42,其中果肉颜色指数最大,叶片质地指数最小。聚类结果将255份杧果材料聚为3大类,其中果皮厚,果小,种核大,可食率低,早熟,品味酸甜,品质差的杧果种质占很大比例。这些种质资源在不同地区收集的材料之间存在明显的遗传差异,但部分地区内的杧果材料表现出明显的遗传分化。通过表型评价鉴定,初步筛选出具有独特香气、反季节开花结果、早熟、小果型、高产等性状的特异种质资源35份。     

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of growth and yield components of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linn.) genotypes

A total of 113 Jatropha curcas clonal accessions collected from different regions of India were studied to quantify the magnitude of genetic variability present in the test population and to identify important yield-attributing characters useful for developing high-yielding Jatropha cultivars. High heritability was observed for fruits per plant, seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed/kernel (S/K) ratio and kernel oil percentage coupled with high genetic advance suggesting that the accessions can be considered improvement. The significant positive association of seed oil content (%) with 100-seed weight suggested the effectiveness of indirect selection for seed oil content through 100-seed weight. Accessions 76, 120, 29, 86 and 84 showed above average higher values for all yield attributes (viz. fruit and seed yield, 100-seed weight, S/K ratio and oil content) suggesting these as best out of the test accessions. Accessions showing higher values for one or the other yield attributes could be selected as parents for further improvement.     

四川卧龙地区珙桐群落特征的初步研究

珙桐是我国特产的第三纪古热带区系的孑遗植物。本文通过对珙桐群落的区系组成、地理成分和林木层的优势度分析,说明该群落是一种种类丰富,古老成分较多,并以珙桐为优势的具有残遗性质的混交林。通过生活型、叶级谱、叶型与叶质的分析,珙桐林是一种中亚热带亚高山垂直带谱上的典型的常绿、落叶阔叶混交林植被。此外,对群落结构和动态也作了一些分析。     

无患子果实生长发育及其内含物的变化特征北大核心CSCD

以福建建宁县无患子为材料,观测果实生长动态,并采用Logistic方程对生长指标进行曲线拟合,观察生长过程中果皮显微结构变化,确定无患子果实生长发育的重要时期,为无患子的高效栽培管理和果实采收策略的制定提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)无患子果实生长、果皮总皂苷和种子油脂的积累规律相似,总体上呈Logistic增长模型的单“S”型曲线;果皮总皂苷和种子油脂的主要积累时期分别为45~90 DAP(花授粉后天数)和75~105 DAP。(2)无患子果皮除含有角质层、表皮细胞、厚角细胞、薄壁细胞、维管束、石细胞等基本结构外,还含有溶生式分泌腔和草酸钙簇晶等特征性结构;随着果实生长,分泌腔体积逐渐变大。(3)根据果实生长变化规律和Logistic方程拟合结果,可将无患子果实生长发育进程划分为生长初期(0~30 DAP)、速生期(30~90 DAP)、生长后期(90~120 DAP)和果实成熟期(120~150 DAP)4个阶段。在生产实践中果实成熟期内均适合果实采收,其中135和150 DAP分别为果实皂用和油用采收的最佳时期,此外还应根据每年天气状况对果实采收时间进行适当调整。     

Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima

Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima, southwestern Japan, were studied for 2 years by means of fecal analysis. The altitudinal range of fecal samples collected was 30 m to 1,203 m above sea level, and it was divided into three zones: low-zone forest (0–399 m), middle-zone forest (400–799 m), and high-zone forest (800 m–1,230 m). There was a considerable altitudinal and seasonal variation in the macaques' diet. Seed/fruit and animal matter were eaten more in the lower zones, whereas more fiber and fungi were consumed in the higher zones. In all of the zones, they ate seed/fruits the most in autumn (September–November) and the least in spring (March–April). They ate fibrous food the most in spring and the least in autumn. Macaques relied on seed/fruits heavily in the lower zone for a longer period than in the higher zones. Macaques in the high-zone forest ate almost no seed/fruit foods from March to May. Altitudinal variations in availability of seed/fruit foods seem to have influenced the altitudinal variations in diet. Total basal area of seed/fruit-food trees, species richness of seed/fruit-foods, main seed/fruit-food types available, and annual fleshy-fruit production all decreased with increasing altitude. Both interannual variation and annual cyclicity of diet were found in all zones. Electronic Publication