不同种源麻栎种子和苗木性状地理变异趋势面分析

麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carr.)是优良的能源和用材树种,在我国分布广泛并已有悠久栽培利用的历史,研究其种子和苗木性状地理变异规律对选择优良种源和适生区十分必要.研究收集了13个省(区)36个种源的麻栎种子,在测定麻栎种子性状的基础上,在安徽省滁州市红琊山林场进行了苗期试验和苗木性状测定,并采用趋势面分析方法对这些性状在经纬2维方向的地理变异模式进行了剖析.结果表明:1)麻栎种源间种子长度、宽度、百粒重和营养内含物存在极显著差异.种子百粒重、长度和宽度总体表现双向渐变趋势,随经度增高而增大,随纬度增高而减小,主要受到经度的控制;以西南到东北为中间地带,可溶性糖含量向东南表现先下降后上升的趋势,向西北则相反;淀粉含量从西北到东南呈逐渐减小的趋势.2)麻栎种源苗高、地径、生物量、热值和木材化学组分存在极显著差异.苗高、地径和生物量均呈双向渐变,经正向变异且变化幅度较大,纬负向变异且变化幅度较小,经度影响大于纬度;热值拟合回归方程不显著,方程无意义.木质素含量北部大于南部,但北部以西北部最高,南部以东南部最高.3)研究显示,麻栎种子和苗木性状多数存在显著的地理变异模式,这也是麻栎在长期进化过程中为适应复杂多变的环境而产生与之相适应的遗传变异结果.     

麻楝种子形态和营养特征遗传变异分析

为系统揭示麻楝种源间种子形态和营养成分的变异程度和变异规律,以8个国家26个种源麻楝种子为试验材料,对不同种源麻楝种子的形态特征和营养成分进行比较分析。多重比较结果表明,麻楝种源间种子的长、宽、厚、长宽比、百粒重以及可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量差异极显著;相关分析表明,种子百粒重与种子长、种子宽呈极显著正相关,可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量与百粒重均呈极显著正相关;主成分分析结果显示,影响麻楝种子品质的第1主成分主要是种子形态性状,即种子长、百粒重和种子宽,第2主成分是种子营养成分;通过分析麻楝种子形态特征及营养成分变异系数可知,麻楝种子形态变异系数大于营养成分变异系数,表明种子形态受外界环境影响较大。通过主成分聚类分析,将26个种源分为2个集群,第1集群包括澳大利亚和马来西亚2个种源,其特点是种子形态较大、百粒较重、养分含量较高;第2集群包括其余24个种源。结合聚类分析和种子形态与地理气候因子相关分析结果可知,麻楝种子形态变异具有一定的地理区域特征,与分布区的自然地理因素有一定的相关性,麻楝分布区南部种子较大而北部种子较小。     

香椿不同种源和优良单株的种子品质差异性分析

对13个省份14个产地香椿(Toona sinensisRoem.)种子的播种品质和营养成分含量差异进行分析,发现14个种源香椿种子的长度(6.07~8.22 mm)、宽度(3.68~4.65 mm)、千粒重(7.86~15.37 g)和发芽率(36.00%~96.00%)均存在显著差异,不同单株之间也存在一定的差异。播种品质与场圃发芽率较好的种源为河北邢台、江西崇义、江西九连山和湖南洞口;江西九连山种源的5个单株中,种子品质最好的为5号单株。各种源香椿种子的蛋白质含量为12.514~97.150 mg.g-1,可溶性糖含量为0.048~0.084 mg.g-1,淀粉含量为0.576%~1.410%,游离氨基酸含量为1.545~3.226 mg.g-1,粗脂肪含量为26.407%~38.158%,表明不同种源香椿种子的营养成分有显著差异。     

锦鸡儿属两种植物种子萌发生理研究

对不同种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿种子在培养过程中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量变化及其吸水特性进行分析,以探讨不同种源种子的萌发生理.结果表明:(1)随种子培养时间的延长,各种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿种子中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量呈总体降低趋势,并且0～24 h是种子中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量降解转化速率较快的时期.(2)各种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿种子的相对吸水量随时间变化表现不一,并且柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿的吸水增量有两个明显峰值,第一个峰值均出现在24 h,第二个峰值分别出现在96 h和120 h.(3)各种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿的种子活力大小表现为N-5＞X-1＞X2＞N-4＞N1＞N-2＞N-3.     

不同种源青檀种子的营养成分及种子活力的差异

以采自安徽（ＡＨ）、山东（ＳＤ）及江苏（ＪＳ）的６个青檀（ＰｔｅｒｏｃｅｌｔｉｓｔａｔａｒｉｎｏｗｉＭａｘｉｍ．）种源种子为材料,测定各种源种子营养成分含量及种子活力。６个种源种子的蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉及粗脂肪含量存在较大差异。在种子品质上,６个种源的种子千粒重、浸泡液电导率及简化种子活力指数（ＳＶＩＳ）也存在显著差异。种子中各营养成分含量的高低与ＳＶＩＳ的大小密切相关,复相关系数达０８２２３,以蛋白质含量对ＳＶＩＳ的影响最大,淀粉和粗脂肪含量影响次之,可溶性糖含量影响最小。采用模糊聚类分析法,以种子千粒重、电导率及ＳＶＩＳ为评价指标,可将６个种源的种子品质划分为三大类：第一类包括ＳＤ１、ＡＨ１和ＪＳ１３个种源,种子品质较好;第二类仅为ＡＨ３种源,品质中等;第三类包括ＡＨ２和ＳＤ２２个种源,品质较差。     

植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子萌发的影响

用6-BA、IBA、GA 3等3种植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子进行萌发处理,测定降香黄檀种子中可溶性糖、淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量的变化。结果表明,降香黄檀种子在不同的萌发处理过程中,可溶性糖含量均呈下降趋势,萌发结束时淀粉含量由第3 d的0.6%下降至0.2%以下,其中6-BA处理后种子萌发前期（3～6 d）淀粉含量变化不大,后期则有一个显著的下降趋势;3种植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子蛋白质、脂肪含量变化影响不明显。     

超甜玉米种子萌发物质利用性状杂种优势及亲子回归关系分析

为阐明超甜玉米(Zea mays L.var.saccharata Bailey)亲本对F_1种子物质利用性状遗传效应,研究了19份自交系和其测配的10个杂交组合的杂种优势及亲子回归关系。结果表明,超甜玉米自交系及F_1种子的淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、百粒重、种子物质动用量和种子物质利用率差异较大,10个杂交组合中亲本和F_1种子的淀粉含量、脂肪含量、百粒重均存在显著差异。F_1种子淀粉含量和百粒重均表现出正向超亲优势,即近高亲本遗传;而F_1种子的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、种子物质动用量和种子物质利用率为近低亲本遗传。聚类分析和杂种优势分析表明,性状差异较大的FH14、Q26、GT22、GT2等亲本测配的杂交组合在种子百粒重或种子物质利用率等性状上具有较强的超亲优势。回归分析表明,母本对F_1种子的淀粉含量、百粒重有负效应,对种子物质动用量和种子物质利用率有正效应;父本对种子淀粉含量有负效应,对种子物质利用率有正效应。     

胡杨叶片碳水化合物及可溶性蛋白特征与叶形变化和个体发育阶段的关系

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究胡杨叶形变化及其碳水化合物及可溶性蛋白含量随个体生长发育阶段的变化规律。结果显示：（1）叶形指数随着胡杨胸径（树龄）的增加以及树冠由基向顶方向而逐渐减小,与树高和胸径均呈现极显著负相关。(2)叶片可溶性糖含量变化与个体发育阶段没有关系,在不同的发育阶段以及树冠的不同垂直空间保持在一个较高的稳定水平;叶片淀粉含量与胸径呈显著负相关,与叶形指数呈显著正相关,与叶片宽度呈极显著负相关;叶片可溶性蛋白含量与叶形指数呈显著正相关,与叶片长度呈极显著正相关。综合分析认为,胡杨叶形变化不仅存在于个体发育的不同阶段,同时存在于树冠的不同垂直空间,胡杨的叶形变化（异形叶性）是因个体发育阶段的不同而出现的生物学特征。在胡杨叶形指数随个体发育阶段、树冠由基向顶方向表现出逐渐减小的过程中,叶片淀粉含量随胸径增加、叶形指数减小和叶片宽度增加而减少;叶片可溶性蛋白含量随叶形指数和叶片长度的减小而减少。胡杨叶片淀粉、可溶性蛋白代谢可能在其叶片长度和宽度变化中具有调节作用。     

不同种源木姜叶柯种子生物学性状变异及质量特征研究

为探讨不同种源木姜叶柯种子生物学性状变异规律和质量特征,该文以8个省份10个种源为对象,测定了种子4个生物学性状、4个营养成分及3个质量性状数值,开展了11个种子特征参数的相关性及聚类分析。结果表明:(1)种子单粒重、种子长、种子数/种序、种序长均值依次为1.82 g、14.57 mm、16.43个、11.78 cm,不同种源种子 4个生物学性状变异均达到极显著水平。(2)种子蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖和淀粉均值分别为4.75 g/100 g、0.97 g/100 g、1.13%、74.23 g/100 g,淀粉在4个营养成分指标中差异最小。(3)种子百粒重、含水率和生活力均值依次为172.92 g、42.05%、53.00%,不同种源种子3个质量性状差异较大。(4)种子4个生物学性状与淀粉、蛋白质分别正向、负向相关,种子长与脂肪及还原性总糖正相关。(5)种子生物学性状与生境因子相关性复杂,种序长与无霜期极显著相关,相关系数达到0.832,与海拔显著负相关,相关系数达到-0.698,随纬度递增种子品质略变差。(6)种子聚类为第Ⅰ类短种序高营养成分型,第Ⅱ类长种序高生活力型,第Ⅲ类种子繁多高淀粉型等3类,聚类不呈现地理效应。综上所述,不同种源种子生物学性状和质量变异丰富,说明不同种源在子代分化已有遗传基础,种源筛选还需结合田间试验。     

不同种源麻栎生长性状的地理变异

本研究在江西永丰、浙江开化和安徽滁州3个试验点,以32个种源的麻栎试验林为对象,分析了不同种源间林木生长变异、主要经济性状(地上单株生物量)随林龄的动态变化,并基于AMMI模型进行生长性状稳定性分析和优良种源选择。结果表明: 3个试验点麻栎不同种源间的树高、胸(地)径和地上单株生物量均具有显著差异。麻栎地上单株生物量受地点、种源、种源×地点交互作用的显著影响,其中地点对生长变异影响最大,其次为种源和种源×地点。不同地点麻栎苗期(1～3年生)和幼林期(4～11年生)优良种源的选择结果具有较大差异。根据第11年地上单株生物量分别筛选了在当地表现较好的种源,江西永丰试验点7个优良种源,高出试验点均值15.6%～57.8%;浙江开化试验点7个优良种源,高出试验点均值19.2%～45.2%;安徽滁州试验点8个优良种源,高出试验点均值24.9%～63.3%。综合生长量和稳定性表现,筛选出4个适于3个地理区域短轮伐期炭用林培育的优良种源,这些种源地上单株生物量均值为36.55 kg,稳定性参数均值为0.97。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.