神经元钙稳态失衡在阿尔茨海默病发病中的进展木

淀粉样蛋白的沉积与Tau蛋白磷酸化是阿尔茨海默病发病的关键分子机制,神经元胞内钙离子的变化可影响其生成和代谢;另一方面,这些蛋白的改变会进一步导致神经元钙稳态的失调,致使突触损伤、神经细胞凋亡及认知功能下降.本文就神经元钙稳态失衡在阿尔茨海默病发病中的进展进行综述.     

神经元钙稳态失衡在阿尔茨海默病发病中的进展

淀粉样蛋白的沉积与Tau蛋白磷酸化是阿尔茨海默病发病的关键分子机制,神经元胞内钙离子的变化可影响其生成和代谢;另一方面,这些蛋白的改变会进一步导致神经元钙稳态的失调,致使突触损伤、神经细胞凋亡及认知功能下降。本文就神经元钙稳态失衡在阿尔茨海默病发病中的进展进行综述。     

瞬时受体电位通道蛋白在多功能性系统萎缩中的调控作用

多系统萎缩(multiple system atrophy,MSA)是一类神经系统退行性疾病,其病理特征是胶质细胞中出现含有不溶性α突触核蛋白(α-synuclein)的胞质包涵体.研究显示,α-synuclein在多系统萎缩的发病机制中有重要作用,但其毒性的分子机制目前还不清楚.本文在前期研究氧化应激条件下α-synuclein引起细胞内钙稳态失衡,提出了以氧化应激为连接的多系统萎缩中,胶质细胞死亡的新假说的基础上,深入分析了α-synuclein过表达导致U251细胞变性死亡的分子机制.首先证明过表达α-synuclein的U251细胞出现生长速度减慢、氧化应激水平增加和钙离子瞬时受体电位通道蛋白(transient receptor potential channel-1,TRPC1)表达量升高,而且细胞存活率的变化可通过下调TRPC1的表达得以恢复,说明TRPC1在α-synuclein过表达细胞死亡中发挥了重要作用;其次,研究发现α-synuclein稳转U251细胞中出现了明显的自噬水平增加和细胞凋亡的特征,表明α-synuclein通过作用于内质网钙泵以及细胞膜上的瞬时受体电位钙通道TRPC1,破坏了细胞内的钙稳态,进而影响自噬和凋亡,增加了U251细胞对于过氧化氢的敏感性,这可能是导致多系统萎缩病人脑内胶质细胞死亡的原因.     

坏死性凋亡研究进展

程序性细胞死亡对于机体的生长发育及组织器官的稳态具有重要作用.坏死性凋亡是最近发现的一种可调控的程序性细胞死亡方式,其在形态学上具有坏死的特征.目前的研究表明,坏死性凋亡是由受体结合丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶3(receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3,RIPK3)以及其底物混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein,MLKL)共同介导.细胞的增殖和死亡在维持机体内环境稳态中发挥重要作用,大量研究表明坏死性凋亡的失调和人类疾病的发展密切相关,比如炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤以及退行性病变.在这篇综述中,将讨论坏死性凋亡的分子机制及其相关疾病的研究进展.     

酪丝亮肽对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞钙稳态影响的实验研究

目前寻找有效的药物仍是治疗肿瘤的关键环节之一. 酪丝亮肽为中国新近研发并具有自主知识产权的三肽化合物. 观察了酪丝亮肽的抗肝癌作用, 并研究了其对肿瘤细胞钙稳态的影响, 以初步探讨它的抗肿瘤作用机制. 结果发现, 酪丝亮肽能显著抑制人肝癌BEL-7402裸鼠移植瘤的生长, 160 mg/(kg·d)治疗组肿瘤生长抑制率可达41.34%, 电子显微镜观察发现酪丝亮肽可引起移植瘤细胞的坏死和凋亡, 细胞器线粒体和内质网损伤, 并出现钙沉积. 应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜及流式细胞仪观察发现, 10 mg/mL酪丝亮肽在400 s内可引起体外培养BEL-7402细胞胞浆钙离子浓度迅速升高, 最高幅度可达239.13%; 持续作用1 h后BEL-7402胞浆钙离子维持在高水平, 作用2 h后胞浆钙离子浓度开始下降, 4和24 h时的胞浆钙离子水平均低于对照, 相同剂量的药物对人正常肝细胞株Chang氏肝无明显影响; 酪丝亮肽还可使体外培养的BEL-7402细胞线粒体跨膜电位明显下降, 提示其抗肝癌机制可能是通过影响肿瘤细胞的钙稳态, 诱导其发生坏死或凋亡.     

Bcl-2蛋白家族调节凋亡和自噬信号通路的研究进展

自噬和凋亡是哺乳动物清除体内自身物质的两种重要生理过程,不同之处在于前者利于细胞生存,后者促进细胞死亡,它们在组织稳态、发育和疾病中起主要作用。Bcl-2蛋白家族对自噬和凋亡的信号通路存在交叉调控,使细胞的生死抉择具有可控性的同时形成复杂的信号转导网络,导致人们对其机制不甚清楚。该文首先总结了Bcl-2蛋白家族通过调节线粒体外膜通透和钙信号进而调控凋亡的分子机制,然后讨论了该家族成员的相互作用及其对钙信号的影响在自噬信号通路中的关键作用,最后提出了Bcl-2蛋白家族通过调节凋亡和自噬决定细胞命运的观点。     

钙离子信号与细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡的分子机制是什么?这个问题当前引起人们广泛的研究兴趣。作为重要的第二信使,钙信号在许多生理和细胞活动中都起到了十分重要的作用。钙信号是否也在凋亡的调控中起作用呢?虽然在过去十多年中,许多研究证据都表明钙信号参与凋亡的调控,但是,钙信号如何作用于凋亡过程的具体机理仍然是众说纷纭。事实上,许多研究结果仍存有争议。文章总结了近几年来大量关于钙信号与凋亡研究的成果,集中讨论了两个问题：1)在凋亡前期“决定阶段”有没有钙离子信号的参与?2)钙离子信号与哪些凋亡调控因子(包括Bcl-2族蛋白)相互作用及如何作用?这问题还牵涉到亚细胞结构中钙库的作用(包括细胞质、内质网和线粒体)。根据作者自己的实验结果,文章对这些文献中不同的说法作了一些具体的评估。最后,文章还提出了一个钙离子信号参与调控细胞凋亡的可能模型。     

线粒体相关内质网膜(MAM)钙转运及调节蛋白介导线粒体钙稳态

内质网和线粒体作为细胞内重要的钙池,维持细胞内钙离子稳态。近年来发现,线粒体与内质网之间存在物理偶联,称为线粒体相关内质网膜(mitchondria associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane,MAM)。最近发现,MAM中存在许多钙转运与调节蛋白,它们对内质网与线粒体之间的钙离子交流进行精密调节,维持细胞功能与生存。该文综述了国内外近年来MAM介导的钙离子信号转导的研究进展,重点阐述MAM中钙离子相关蛋白质在维持线粒体钙稳态中的作用与机制。     

白念珠菌细胞内钙离子稳态和钙离子/钙调磷酸酯酶信号途径的调控机理研究进展

钙离子稳态和钙离子/钙调磷酸酯酶信号途径在真核细胞中高度保守。与最简单的模式真核生物(酿酒酵母菌)一样,人体病原真菌白念珠菌的细胞中存在各种钙通道、钙泵和钙交换器以及完整的钙离子/钙调磷酸酯酶信号途径成员,它们在维持白念珠菌胞内钙离子稳态以及应答外界环境压力、耐药性、形态发生和致病性等方面有着至关重要的作用。对白念珠菌钙离子稳态和钙离子/钙调磷酸酯酶信号途径调控机理的认知,有助于了解其致病过程和耐药机理,同时可以为发现和开发新的抗真菌药物提供研究基础。该文结合所在实验室相关研究工作对这一领域的最新研究进展作了综述。     

钙信号重构调控肿瘤发生发展

钙离子是细胞内最重要的第二信使之一,对肿瘤细胞的发生发展起着重要的调控作用.无节制的增殖、降低的凋亡和高度的转移能力是肿瘤细胞的三大特征.细胞过度增殖需要胞浆钙升高,而逃避凋亡则需要较低的胞浆钙.在肿瘤发生发展过程中,早期过表达的胞膜钙通道倾向于调低,而内质网钙通道表达升高,并伴有通道定位的改变和新通道的形成.迁移细胞中的微区钙信号可决定细胞转移的方向.综上所述,钙信号可作为药物靶点,在肿瘤药物研发中具有一定的潜力.     

UVB irradiation-induced dysregulation of plasma membrane calcium ATPase1 and intracellular calcium homeostasis in human lens epithelial cells

Ultraviolet B (UVB) could lead to the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cell and be hypothesized to be one of the important factors of cataractogenesis. In the human lens, Ca²⁺-ATPase is a major determinant of calcium homeostasis. Plasma membrane calcium ATPase1 (PMCA1) is a putative “housekeeping” isoform and is widely expressed in all tissues and cells, which plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. However, the effects of UVB-irradiation on the expression of PMCA1 and the cellular calcium homeostasis are still unclear. In the present study, we cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLE B-3) in vitro and investigated the effects of UVB irradiation on the expression of PMCA1 and the intracellular calcium homeostasis using real-time cell electronic sensing system, flow cytometry, fluo-3/AM probes, real-time quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. We found that UVB irradiation could induce human lens epithelial cell death, cause intracellular calcium ion (Ca²⁺) elevation, inhibit Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and decrease the expression of PMCA1 at gene and protein levels, suggesting that the downregulation of PMCA1 and the disruption of calcium homeostasis may play important roles in UVB-induced HLE B-3 cell apoptosis.     

GRP94 reduces cell death in SH-SY5Y cells perturbated calcium homeostasis

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident-94 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94), plays a pivotal role in cell death due to ER stress. In our study expression of GRP94 was increased in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells due to exposure to calcium ionophore A23187. A23187-mediated cell death was associated with activation of the major cysteine proteases, caspase-3 and calpain. Pretreatment with adenovirus-mediated antisense GRP94 (AdGRP94AS) reduced viability of SH-SY5Y cells subjected to A23187 treatment compared with wild type cells or cells with adenovirus-mediated overexpression of GRP94 (AdGRP94S). These results indicated that suppression of GRP94 is associated with accelerated cell death. Moreover, expression of GRP94 suppressed A23187-induced cell death and stabilized calcium homeostasis.     

Lysophosphatidylcholine-induced cytotoxicity in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells: Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) channels

Abstract

Epidemiological studies indicate that patients suffering from atherosclerosis are predisposed to develop osteoporosis. Accordingly, atherogenic determinants such as oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) particles have been shown to alter bone cell functions. In this work, we investigated the cytotoxicity of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a major phospholipid component generated upon LDL oxidation, on bone-forming MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. Cell viability was reduced by lysoPC in a concentration-dependent manner with a LC₅₀ of 18.7 ± 0.7 μM. LysoPC-induced cell death was attributed to induction of both apoptosis and necrosis. Since impairment of intracellular calcium homeostasis is often involved in mechanism of cell death, we determined the involvement of calcium in lysoPC-induced cytotoxicity. LysoPC promoted a rapid and transient increase in intracellular calcium attributed to mobilization from calcium stores, followed by a sustained influx. Intracellular calcium mobilization was associated to phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent mobilization of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum since inhibition of PLC or calcium depletion of reticulum endoplasmic with thapsigargin prevented the calcium mobilization. The calcium influx induced by lysoPC was abolished by inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels with ruthenium red whereas gadolinium, which inhibits canonical TRP (TRPC) channels, was without effect. Accordingly, expression of TRPV2 and TRPV4 were shown in MG-63 cells. The addition of TRPV2 inhibitor Tranilast in the incubation medium prevent the calcium influx triggered by lysoPC and reduced lysoPC-induced cytotoxicity whereas TRPV4 inhibitor RN 1734 was without effect, which confirms the involvement of TRPV2 activation in lysoPC-induced cell death.     

Cell death suppressor Arabidopsis bax inhibitor-1 is associated with calmodulin binding and ion homeostasis

Cell death suppressor Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1), an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein, exists in a wide range of organisms. The split-ubiquitin system, overlay assay, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis demonstrated that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BI-1 (AtBI-1) interacted with calmodulin in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in plant cells. Furthermore, AtBI-1 failed to rescue yeast mutants lacking Ca2+ ATPase (Pmr1 or Spf1) from Bax-induced cell death. Pmr1 and Spf1, p-type ATPases localized at the inner membrane, are believed to be involved in transmembrane movement of calcium ions in yeast. Thus, the presence of intact Ca2+ ATPases was essential for AtBI-1-mediated cell death suppression in yeast. To investigate the effect of AtBI-1 on calcium homeostasis, we evaluated sensitivity against cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase in AtBI-1-overexpressing or knock-down transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These plants demonstrated altered CPA or ion stress sensitivity. Furthermore, AtBI-1-overexpressing cells demonstrated an attenuated rise in cytosolic calcium following CPA or H2O2 treatment, suggesting that AtBI-1 affects ion homeostasis in plant cell death regulation.     

Glucagon-like peptide 1 modulates calcium responses to glutamate and membrane depolarization in hippocampal neurons

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) activates receptors coupled to cAMP production and calcium influx in pancreatic cells, resulting in enhanced glucose sensitivity and insulin secretion. Despite evidence that the GLP-1 receptor is present and active in neurons, little is known of the roles of GLP-1 in neuronal physiology. As GLP-1 modulates calcium homeostasis in pancreatic beta cells, and because calcium plays important roles in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative processes, we examined the effects of GLP-1 on calcium regulation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. When neurons were pre-treated with GLP-1, calcium responses to glutamate and membrane depolarization were attenuated. Whole-cell patch clamp analyses showed that glutamate-induced currents and currents through voltage-dependent calcium channels were significantly decreased in neurons pre-treated with GLP-1. Pre-treatment of neurons with GLP-1 significantly decreased their vulnerability to death induced by glutamate. Acute application of GLP-1 resulted in a transient elevation of intracellular calcium levels, consistent with the established effects of GLP-1 on cAMP production and activation of cAMP response element-binding protein. Collectively, our findings suggest that, by modulating calcium responses to glutamate and membrane depolarization, GLP-1 may play important roles in regulating neuronal plasticity and cell survival.     

酿酒酵母细胞中内质网应激与未折叠蛋白反应的研究进展

内质网应激激活的未折叠蛋白反应(Unfolded protein response,UPR)途径在酿酒酵母和哺乳动物细胞中是非常保守的。内质网(Endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是蛋白质合成、折叠和修饰的细胞器,也是贮存钙的主要场所之一。酵母细胞内质网钙平衡与UPR的作用是相互的;两个MAPK途径——HOG途径和CWI途径都是细胞应答内质网应激压力时生存所必需的;重金属镉离子能够激活UPR途径,它通过激活钙离子通道Cch1/Mid1进入细胞影响钙离子的功能。本文结合最新研究进展对酿酒酵母细胞中的两个MAPK途径、镉离子和钙离子稳态与内质网应激激活的UPR途径之间相互关系进行综述。     

Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase expression during colon cancer cell line differentiation

The differentiation of colon cancer cell lines is associated with changes in calcium homeostasis. Concomitantly there are changes in the expression of some calcium transporters and G-protein-coupled receptors, which are capable of altering cytosolic-free calcium levels. Recent studies associate alterations in calcium transporter expression with tumourigenesis, such as changes in specific isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) in breast cancer cell lines. In this study, we examined the expression of PMCA isoforms in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line using two methods of differentiation (sodium butyrate-mediated and spontaneous post-confluency induced differentiation). Our studies show that differentiation of HT-29 colon cancer cells is associated with the up-regulation of the PMCA isoform PMCA4 but no significant alteration in PMCA1. These results suggest that PMCA4 may be important and have a specific role in colon cells as well as being significant in colon cancer tumourigenesis.     

Distinct Regulation of Cytoplasmic Calcium Signals and Cell Death Pathways by Different Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase Isoforms in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells

Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) actively extrude Ca(2+) from the cell and are essential components in maintaining intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. There are four PMCA isoforms (PMCA1-4), and alternative splicing of the PMCA genes creates a suite of calcium efflux pumps. The role of these different PMCA isoforms in the control of calcium-regulated cell death pathways and the significance of the expression of multiple isoforms of PMCA in the same cell type are not well understood. In these studies, we assessed the impact of PMCA1 and PMCA4 silencing on cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) signals and cell viability in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The PMCA1 isoform was the predominant regulator of global Ca(2+) signals in MDA-MB-231 cells. PMCA4 played only a minor role in the regulation of bulk cytosolic Ca(2+), which was more evident at higher Ca(2+) loads. Although PMCA1 or PMCA4 knockdown alone had no effect on MDA-MB-231 cell viability, silencing of these isoforms had distinct consequences on caspase-independent (ionomycin) and -dependent (ABT-263) cell death. PMCA1 knockdown augmented necrosis mediated by the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin, whereas apoptosis mediated by the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-263 was enhanced by PMCA4 silencing. PMCA4 silencing was also associated with an inhibition of NFκB nuclear translocation, and an NFκB inhibitor phenocopied the effects of PMCA4 silencing in promoting ABT-263-induced cell death. This study demonstrates distinct roles for PMCA1 and PMCA4 in the regulation of calcium signaling and cell death pathways despite the widespread distribution of these two isoforms. The targeting of some PMCA isoforms may enhance the effectiveness of therapies that act through the promotion of cell death pathways in cancer cells.     

槲皮素诱导Hep G2自噬与胞内游离Ca2+浓度的变化相关

槲皮素具有诱导细胞自噬、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖等抗癌功能,但其诱导细胞自噬的分子机制还不太清楚. 本文通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察槲皮素对Hep G2细胞自噬的影响; Fluo-3 AM和Cyto-IDTM Green Detection Reagent染色标记, 流式细胞术测定了槲皮素对Hep G2细胞内游离钙离子浓度［Ca2+］_i 及Ca2＋螯合剂BAPTA-AM对自噬水平的影响. 探讨了槲皮素诱导人肝癌细胞 Hep G2自噬过程中［Ca2+］i的变化. 结果表明, 在槲皮素较低浓度范围内(0 ～ 50 μg/mL), 可明显抑制Hep G2细胞增殖, 并以剂量依赖方式诱导细胞自噬. 同时发现,槲皮素刺激Hep G2细胞可使［Ca2+］i明显增加, 进而促进自噬. 而当胞内Ca2＋螯合剂 BAPTA-AM存在时, 细胞的自噬水平受到一定的抑制. 这些结果表明,细胞内［Ca2+］i的升高可促进自噬, ［Ca2+］_i 的降低可能会抑制自噬. Hep G2细胞自噬与细胞内游离钙离子浓度的变化有关系.