线粒体钙离子转运的研究进展

线粒体内的钙离子浓度对于线粒体的ATP合成、线粒体通透性转变孔道的开放及细胞质内钙信号的调节具有重要影响。线粒体的钙离子转运调节平衡是线粒体除合成ATP和诱导细胞凋亡以外的又一重要功能。线粒体中存在钙吸收和钙释放两种重要的钙转运机制。文章就线粒体外膜钙离子的转运、内膜钙离子的吸收和释放等线粒体钙离子转运方式的研究历史和最新研究进展进行了综述。     

钙稳态失衡与癌细胞抑制

细胞胞浆钙离子浓度必须处于严格的调控之中,钙稳态失调必将导致细胞严重损伤或死亡（凋亡或坏死）.综述了钙稳态失调在外界因素引起细胞死亡中的作用、直接钙稳态失调的细胞死亡效应、以及钙离子在细胞凋亡中的作用,并讨论了上述作用的机制,最后在总结基础上提出了一种抑癌新途径——选择性引发癌细胞钙稳态失衡.     

CD20生物学功能的研究进展

B细胞抗原受体（BCR）信号传导起始于持续的钙离子向细胞内流动,这种钙离子的内流对于B细胞的生长、分化、活化是必需的。CD20是B细胞膜上特有的4次跨膜蛋白,参与了BCR活化的钙离子流入。最近的研究提供了直接的证据,证明CD20形成的同源寡聚体是四聚体。CD20单抗诱导的钙信号也得到研究,研究表明只有Ⅰ型CD20单抗能引起钙离子内流。CD20还通过钙池调控钙离子进入（SOCE）参与了细胞信号传导。我们就CD20形成同源寡聚体、与BCR的相互作用、参与调节B淋巴细胞钙离子的流动等进行简要综述。     

胞内钙信号系统

几乎所有的生理活动都受Ｃａ2 的调控。钙离子在生命的开始就触发受精过程 ,控制细胞发育和分化成为特定类型的细胞 ,然后调节细胞的各种生理活动 ,最后参与细胞凋亡过程[1] 。由于要综合多方面功能 ,Ｃａ2 信号必然是非常灵活 ,同时又要受到严格的控制。它是借助Ｃａ2 信号的不同的中间环节来实现的 ,也就是Ｃａ2 可以在不同的时间和空间上以不同幅度来起作用。不同类型的细胞以不同的钙信号组合来完成其特定的生理功能。近年来 ,随着新的荧光染料的开发和钙成象、钙的光释放、激光共聚焦等新技术的应用 ,对于胞内 [Ｃａ2 ]ｉ 的调节…     

用于细胞核钙成像的新型钙指示剂的构建与鉴定

细胞核钙离子是基因转录等细胞核反应过程重要的调控因子.然而,细胞核内钙离子信号的调控机制尚不清楚.缺乏稳定的、敏感的细胞核钙指示剂,是导致其调控机制难以研究的重要原因之一.针对这一问题,设计了能够在细胞核内特异性表达的、具有核定位功能的钙指示剂.以基因编码钙指示剂（GECIs）家族成员GCaMP6为模板,首先融合了对钙离子不敏感的红色荧光蛋白tdTomato来对局部的钙信号进行量化,其次融合了核定位信号（NLS）,使GCaMP6能够特异定位于细胞核中.结果表明,NLS-GCaMP6-tdTomato能够在细胞核中有效发挥作用,并且在钙敏感性与动力学上,也与GCaMP6相当. 这一新型细胞核钙指示剂将为研究细胞核钙离子的功能及其调控机制提供新的方法与途径.     

MCU及MICU1在心血管疾病中的研究进展

钙离子(Ca~(2+))进入线粒体基质对细胞凋亡途径、生理功能以及胞浆内Ca~(2+)信号的调控起重要作用。在心肌细胞损伤中,线粒体Ca~(2+)转运是参与能量代谢、钙超载以及氧化磷酸化的关键环节。而线粒体钙单向转运体(mitochondrial calcium uniporter,MCU)和调节蛋白如线粒体钙摄取蛋白1(mitochondrial calcium uptake 1,MICU1),作为调控线粒体Ca~(2+)摄取的重要组成部分与心血管疾病密切相关。文章归纳总结了MCU及MICU1的结构和特点,并简要介绍了其在心血管疾病中的作用。     

持续激活型CIPK9在花粉管生长过程中的生物学功能及亚细胞定位分析

植物的花粉管生长是一个多因素参与的生理学过程,需要多种信号传导系统来引导植物细胞完成。钙离子作为第二信使,可以通过钙传感器CBLs激活下游的蛋白激酶CIPKs参与调控细胞的极性发育过程。该研究中 CIPK9 被确定为候选基因,其C端与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)相融合,通过基因枪技术在烟草花粉中进行瞬时表达,观察对应的亚细胞定位及花粉管中诱导的表型。结果表明:(1)GFP标记的CIPK9定位于花粉管中高速运动的颗粒状细胞器,并可随胞质环流进行规律的运动,为进一步探究CIPK9的生物学功能,还构建了持续激活型CIPK9(CACIPK9)。(2)与全长CIPK9相比较,CACIPK9缺少C末端的调控区域,并在激酶区域的激活环中进行了点突变,从而表现出不受调控的持续高活性。(3)缺少C端调控区的CACIPK9表现出非特异性的亚细胞定位,即与GFP对照相同的胞内弥散定位,说明CIPK9的C末端调控区对于其在花粉管中的正确定位发挥重要的调控作用。另外,CACIPK9过表达可以引起花粉管的去极化生长表型。这表明CIPK9作为钙信号下游家族的一员参与了花粉管极性生长的相关过程,并对花粉管的生长具有一定的调控作用。     

线粒体钙单向转运体和线粒体应激关系的研究进展

钙离子(calcium ion,Ca~(2+))在线粒体功能障碍及细胞损伤凋亡过程中发挥重要的细胞信号作用。近些年来关于Ca~(2+)通道以及其调控蛋白的研究越来越多,其中,线粒体单向转运体(uniporter)复合物的结构组成及其相关蛋白的分布特点成为主要研究热点。作为uniporter复合物中关键的通道蛋白,线粒体钙单向转运蛋白(mitochondrial calcium uniporter,MCU)可顺电化学梯度摄入Ca~(2+),将Ca~(2+)从胞质转运到线粒体基质并控制转运速率,其在胞内Ca~(2+)信号转导、Ca~(2+)稳态、线粒体能量代谢以及细胞凋亡方面具有重要意义。识别调控线粒体内Ca~(2+)信号的MCU及其相关蛋白可深入阐明线粒体应激在相关疾病中的发生发展,并为进一步的疾病治疗提供理论依据。     

神经干细胞体外增殖分化的钙成像研究

神经干细胞具有广阔的应用前景,但对于其增殖和分化的内源机制、外部环境信号还并不十分了解。研究表明,钙信号很可能在其中起到了调控作用。利用钙离子成像技术,观察神经干细胞的单细胞体外增殖和分化过程,记录了在细胞分裂过程中钙信号变化的曲线。发现细胞增殖和分化过程中都会产生钙浓度的变化,但在细胞分裂后期两者钙信号的模式却存在差别。实验结果提示,胞内钙水平的波动只是细胞增殖的伴随产物,但却是细胞分化的必要条件。由此提出钙信号对神经干细胞分化调控机制的假设,并指出其对今后研究的意义。     

钙离子结合蛋白及其在神经系统疾病中的作用

钙离子作为第二信使参与多种途径的调控,钙离子结合蛋白在此过程中起着重要的作用．通过对钙离子结合蛋白的分布特征、结构分析,新的成员以及新的功能不断地被发现．在疾病发生过程中,钙离子结合蛋白动态平衡的破坏与线粒体的异常、自由基的损害有密切的关系,并已在多种疾病特别是神经系统的疾病中得到了证实．本文就钙离子结合蛋白的特征以及在主要神经系统疾病中作用的研究进展进行简要综述．     

Mitochondrial ca(2+) signaling and cardiac apoptosis

The broad significance of apoptosis in the cardiovascular system only began to be recognized more widely recently. Apoptotic cell death is a normal component of postnatal morphogenesis of the human cardiac conduction system and may also be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. Recently, it has become evident that mitochondria play important role in the signaling machinery of apoptotic cell death by releasing several apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor and procaspases. Furthermore, calcium signals have been identified as one of the major signals that converge on mitochondria to trigger the mitochondrion-dependent pathway of the apoptotic cell death. Calcium signals are also important in the physiological control of mitochondrial energy metabolism and it has not yet been explored how Ca(2+) turns from a signal for life to a signal for death. Since large elevations of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](c)) occur during each heartbeat in cardiac myocytes and these [Ca(2+)](c) signals may efficiently propagate to the mitochondria, the Ca(2+)-dependent mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis can be particularly important in the heart. This review is concerned with the role of mitochondrial Ca(2+) signaling in the control of cardiac apoptosis.     

Participation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial calcium handling in apoptosis: more than just neighborhood?

Over the past few years, extensive progress has been made in elucidating the role of calcium in the signaling of apoptosis. This has led to the characterization of calcium's role in the induction of apoptosis and in the regulation of effector proteases. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge regarding a segment of these studies, the interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. This interface has been shown to play a crucial role in transferring agonist induced Ca(2+) signals to mitochondria during physiological processes. Recent evidence, however, extended the role of this Ca(2+) transfer to apoptotic pathways, showing that modulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake from the ER side has a prominent role in modulating cellular fate.     

细胞凋亡中的钙离子调控

凋亡是细胞的一种生理性、主动性的自杀行为,它使机体能够有效清除多余或病态的细胞。作为细胞内普遍存在的第二信使,Ca2 在信号转导过程中发挥重要作用。它能够将细胞感受的刺激转化为其在不同细胞组分间的分布差异及自身浓度的振荡,这种在细胞内和细胞间的波动协调了细胞生命活动的各个方面。以往的研究认为细胞内Ca2 浓度的升高是凋亡进行到后期的结果,而最近的研究发现Ca2 也可以在凋亡通路的各个层次,通过不同的方式精细调控凋亡的进程,这构成了凋亡中复杂的钙调控网络。现对钙离子和线粒体凋亡途径中分子间的复杂联系以及钙调控细胞凋亡研究的最新进展进行综述。     

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death in health and disease

Apoptosis is a normal physiological cell death process of eliminating unwanted cells from living organisms during embryonic and adult development. Apoptotic cells are characterised by fragmentation of nuclear DNA and formation of apoptotic bodies. Genetic analysis revealed the involvement of many death and survival genes in apoptosis which are regulated by extracellular factors. There are multiple inducers and inhibitors of apoptosis which interact with target cell specific surface receptors and transduce the signal by second messengers to programme cell death. The regulation of apoptosis is elusive, but defective regulation leads to aetiology of various ailments. Understanding the molecular mechanism of apoptosis including death genes, death signals, surface receptors and signal pathways will provide new insights in developing strategies to regulate the cell survival/death. The current knowledge on the molecular events of apoptotic cell death and their significance in health and disease is reviewed.     

A ménage à trois made in heaven: G-protein-coupled receptors, lipids and TRP channels

Recent technical and conceptual advances in lipid analysis have given us a glimpse into the true versatility of the lipidome and the complexity of lipid signaling species. Progress alike in protein chemistry and genetics has presented us with new signal pathways and molecular mechanisms for the lipid actions. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) appear to play a central role in the regulation of many lipid signals and are also themselves targets for some of these. TRP channels have recently been acknowledged as one of the most important GPCR effectors; in many cases the signals from GPCRs to TRPs are mediated via lipid signals. This review aims at presenting a view into the complex lipid signaling networks, their possible regulation by GPCRs and the signals transmitted to the TRP channels. Critical views and possible shortcomings in the composition of the studies are also presented.     

Oscillatory Ca2+ signaling and its cellular function

It is well known that in the cells of many higher eukaryotic organisms Ca2+ ions are used as a signal messenger in the regulation of cellular functions. From recent studies with single cells it was suggested that the intracellular Ca2+ signal comprises repetitive and periodic Ca2+ spikes in a variety of cells. The mechanism by which intracellular Ca2+ oscillates and the biological significance of this oscillation are not well understood. It also remains to be determined how the Ca2+ signaling system sends a message into the cell, intermittently, to amplify the functional response. This review describes and integrates some recent views of oscillatory Ca2+ signaling.     

经典WNT信号通路与哺乳动物肺器官发育

肺器官发育是上皮和问充质相互作用的过程,由多条信号通路共同调控。已知经典WNT信号通路对细胞的增殖、凋亡和分化起着重要的调控作用,在小鼠等模式生物上研究发现,它也参与了哺乳动物肺器官发育的调控过程。综述近年来经典WNT信号通路成员在哺乳动物肺器官发育过程中的表达变化、作用功能及表达异常可能诱发的肺部疾病,以期为研究经典WNT信号通路调控人类肺器官发育的分子机制及相关肺部疾病的诊治奠定基础。     

The role of PML in the control of apoptotic cell fate: a new key player at ER-mitochondria sites

The development of malignant tumors results from deregulated proliferation or an inability of cells to undergo apoptotic cell death. Experimental works of the past decade have highlighted the importance of calcium (Ca(2+)) in the regulation of apoptosis. Several studies indicate that the Ca(2+) content of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) determines the cell's sensitivity to apoptotic stress and perturbation of ER Ca(2+) homeostasis appears to be a key component in the development of several pathological situations. Sensitivity to apoptosis depends on the ability of cells to transfer Ca(2+) from the ER to the mitochondria. The physical platform for the interplay between the ER and mitochondria is a domain of the ER called the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). The disruption of these contact sites has profound consequences for cellular function, such as imbalances of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling, cellular stress, and disrupted apoptosis progression. The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein has been previously recognized as a critical and essential regulator of multiple apoptotic response. Nevertheless, how PML would exert such broad and fundamental role in apoptosis remained for long time a mystery. In this review, we will discuss how recent results demonstrate that the elusive mechanism whereby the PML tumor suppressor exerts its essential role in apoptosis triggered by Ca(2+)-dependent stimuli can be attributed to its unexpected and fundamental role at MAMs in the control of the functional cross-talk between ER and mitochondria.     

The dynamic complexity of the TRPC1 channelosome

A rise in cytoplasmic [Ca2+] due to store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) triggers a plethora of responses, both acute and long term. This leads to the important question of how this initial signal is decoded to regulate specific cellular functions. It is now clearly established that local [Ca2+] at the site of SOCE can vary significantly from the global [Ca2+] in the cytosol. Such Ca2+ microdomains are generated by the assembly of key Ca2+ signaling proteins within the domains. For example, GPCR, IP 3 receptors, TRPC3 channels, the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ pump have all been found to be assembled in a complex and all of them contribute to the Ca2+ signal. Recent studies have revealed that two other critical components of SOCE, STIM1 and Orai1, are also recruited to these regions. Thus, the entire machinery for activation and regulation of SOCE is compartmentalized in specific cellular domains which facilitates the specificity and rate of protein-protein interactions that are required for activation of the channels. In the case of TRPC1-SOC channels, it appears that specific lipid domains, lipid raft domains (LRDs), in the plasma membrane, as well as cholesterol-binding scaffolding proteins such as caveolin-1 (Cav-1), are involved in assembly of the TRPC channel complexes. Thus, plasma membrane proteins and lipid domains as well as ER proteins contribute to the SOCE-Ca2+ signaling microdomain and modulation of the Ca2+ signals per se. Of further interest is that modulation of Ca2+ signals, i.e. amplitude and/or frequency, can result in regulation of specific cellular functions. The emerging data reveal a dynamic Ca2+ signaling complex composed of TRPC1/Orai1/STIM1 that is physiologically consistent with the dynamic nature of the Ca2+ signal that is generated. This review will focus on the recent studies which demonstrate critical aspects of the TRPC1 channelosome that are involved in the regulation of TRPC1 function and TRPC1-SOC-generated Ca2+ signals.     

The anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 inhibits mitochondrial Ca2+ signals

Apoptosis contributes to the regulation of cell growth and regeneration and to the development of neoplasia. Mcl-1 is an anti-apoptotic protein that is particularly important for the development of hematological and biliary malignancies, but the mechanism of action of Mcl-1 is unknown. A number of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins exhibit their effects by modulating Ca2+ signals, so we examined the effects of Mcl-1 on components of the Ca2+ signaling pathway that are known to regulate apoptosis. Expression of Mcl-1 did not affect expression of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor or the size of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores. However, mitochondrial Ca2+ signals induced by either Ca2+ agonists or apoptotic stimuli were decreased in cells overexpressing Mcl-1 and increased in cells in which Mcl-1 expression was inhibited. These findings provide evidence that Mcl-1 directly inhibits Ca2+ signals within mitochondria, which may provide a novel mechanism to inhibit apoptosis and thereby promote neoplasia.