新疆维吾尔族牙齿形态特征及其与EDARV370A相关性的研究

牙齿是古代样本中最易保存下来的材料之一,因此在人类学研究中具有极为重要的价值.通过比较牙齿形态特征在群体中的频率,可揭示群体间的进化关系;而在个体层面上的遗传学研究,则可进一步揭示牙齿特征的形成机制和进化意义.本研究通过分析中国新疆维吾尔族242个个体的38项牙齿形态特征,首先确认了新疆维吾尔族的牙齿形态特征表现为欧洲群体与东亚群体的混合性状,其混合程度与群体遗传学研究结果一致.其次,通过对各项牙齿形态特征进行两两相关分析,在相关性矩阵中发现3个主要表型模块,各模块分别代表相关性较高的牙齿形态特征.其中,铲形门齿、双铲形门齿及上颌犬齿近中嵴组成了一个主要模块.最后,本研究发现遗传变异EDARV370A与上述表型模块中的牙齿形态特征均呈显著相关.对该表型模块提取复合表型因子后,EDARV370A与该复合表型因子具有显著的关联性,并可以解释18%的表型变异度.说明同一遗传因素同时影响了多项牙齿形态特征.本研究结果进一步证实了3万年前在东亚出现的遗传变异EDARV370A是产生铲形门齿这一特征的重要因素.说明东亚现代人群所具有的铲形门齿特征可能是更新世晚期以后进化的产物.     

新疆维吾尔族牙齿形态特征及其与EDARV370．4相关性的研究

牙齿是古代样本中最易保存下来的材料之一,因此在人类学研究中具有极为重要的价值．通过比较牙齿形态特征在群体中的频率,可揭示群体间的进化关系;而在个体层面上的遗传学研究,则可进一步揭示牙齿特征的形成机制和进化意义．本研究通过分析中国新疆维吾尔族242个个体的38项牙齿形态特征,首先确认了新疆维吾尔族的牙齿形态特征表现为欧洲群体与东亚群体的混合性状,其混合程度与群体遗传学研究结果一致．其次,通过对各项牙齿形态特征进行两两相关分析,在相关性矩阵中发现3个主要表型模块,各模块分别代表相关性较高的牙齿形态特征．其中,铲形门齿、双铲形门齿及上颌犬齿近中嵴组成了一个主要模块．最后,本研究发现遗传变异EDARV370A与上述表型模块中的牙齿形态特征均呈显著相关．对该表型模块提取复合表型因子后,EDARV370A与该复合表型因子具有显著的关联性,并可以解释18％的表型变异度．说明同一遗传因素同时影响了多项牙齿形态特征．本研究结果进一步证实了3万年前在东亚出现的遗传变异EDARV370A是产生铲形门齿这一特征的重要因素．说明东亚现代人群所具有的铲形门齿特征可能是更新世晚期以后进化的产物．     

现代各主要人群中面部3D几何形态的对比

中面部的形态是个人识别的重要依据,并且长期以来都在各人种的形态对比研究中占有重要的地位。而中面部骨骼形态复杂,骨骼表面不规则,很难用传统的方法来进行测量和比较。本文采用基于三维表面半标志点的几何形态测量学研究东亚现代人中面部的形态及其变异范围,并与其他各大地理位置中的现代人群的中面部形态进行对比,为人类演化和对比不同人群的形态研究建立基础数据。本研究结果显示中面部形态能够大致区分各个现代人群,其中东亚现代人与除美洲印第安人以外的所有现代人的中面部形状之间都具有较为明显的差异。东亚现代人与澳大利亚和非洲的现代人中面部形状之间的差别最明显,而与欧洲和东南亚现代人的分布范围有部分重叠。东亚现代人群中面部的平均形状却具有非常明显的特点:沿着正中矢状面的结构回缩,而两侧的结构向前方和两侧突出。而其他现代人群的中面部平均形状则呈现出相反的特征,即沿着正中矢状面的结构为突出,而两侧的结构回缩的特征。这些特点在东亚发现的化石人类标本中也有很高的发生率,这表明这些中面部特征在东亚人类进化的序列是连续的,并无受到干扰的迹象。     

植物叶缘形态的发育调控机理

生物多样性研究的关键问题之一是表型多样性的形成和演化机制, 因为表型多样性与物种多样性密切相关, 同时又承载着遗传和环境的变异信息。植物的叶具有丰富的形态多样性, 而叶形多样性很大程度上体现在叶边缘形态的变异。叶边缘的形态可从全缘、锯齿状到具有不同程度(深浅)和不同式样(羽状或掌状、回数等)的裂片(在发育研究中复叶的小叶也描述为裂片)。关于叶缘齿/裂的发育调控机制, 在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、碎米荠(Cardamine hirsuta)、番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)等模式植物中已有较深入的探讨。研究发现, 很多转录因子、小分子RNA及植物激素对叶齿/裂或小叶的形成具有调控作用, 其中生长素输出途径中的转录因子NAM/CUC、miR164以及高浓度生长素的反馈调控可能起到核心作用, 而且该调控模块在真双子叶植物中较为保守; TCP类、SPL类转录因子和其他一些miRNA也在生长素输出途径中发挥作用; 关于KNOX家族转录因子的作用, 虽然多数研究是围绕复叶的形态建成, 但也有数据显示其在叶裂发育中发挥作用。此外, 对拟南芥和碎米荠等十字花科植物的研究还发现, 调控基因RCO通过抑制小叶/裂片之间的细胞增殖而对小叶/叶裂的发育发挥作用。本文综述上述多角度的研究进展, 并尝试概括叶边缘形态的发育调控网络, 为关于叶缘形态多样性形成机制的研究提供可参考的切入点。     

拟南芥种皮色素形成突变体的筛选与表型鉴定

类黄酮在植物应答各种环境胁迫和种皮发育调控中起着重要作用。通过甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变筛选获得1个透明种皮突变体，与野生型拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）（Col-0）相比，突变体成熟的种子颜色为黄色，其表型性状由隐性单基因控制。利用图位克隆和精细定位技术将突变基因定位于5号染色体MAH20的BAC上，是TT4（At5G13930）基因的第1 299位碱基C突变为T，使得第324位氨基酸甘氨酸突变为谷氨酸。TT4（transparent testa 4）编码1个类黄酮合成的结构基因查尔酮合酶（CHS），突变后种皮透明，种子颜色为黄色，突变体命名为tt4-1。利用功能回补突变体恢复褐色种皮表型，进一步证明了TT4在调节种皮颜色发育过程的重要作用。启动子偶联GUS基因组织表达分析显示TT4基因在植株幼苗的根、茎、叶和花中均有表达，生理表型分析结果显示与野生型相比，突变体tt4-1种子萌发早，幼苗主根短、侧根和根毛较多，成苗叶片气孔开度大和失水率高等特性。该研究将为进一步阐述TT4基因功能奠定理论依据。     

现代各主要人群额骨3D几何形态的对比

额骨是连接面颅和脑颅的重要头骨组成部分,关于现代各个人种的额骨形态是否存在明显的差别,这些人种额骨的基本形态如何,变异范围以及与其他人群的相似与差异等问题都尚未完全厘清。而额骨的很多特征由于技术手段的限制很难进行测量和准确的描述比较。鉴于这些问题,本文将采用基于三维表面半标志点的几何形态测量方法,研究东亚现代人额骨的表面形态及其变异范围,并与欧洲,东南亚,美洲,非洲以及澳洲的现代人群的额骨形态进行对比,为对比不同人群的形态研究建立基础数据。结果显示,额骨形态的变异主要表现在:1)额骨鳞部的额结节和正中矢状脊共同向前隆起或回缩以及相对额骨宽度;2)眉弓的粗壮程度,额结节的侧向发育程度和正中矢状脊的发育情况。为了进一步揭示中国现代人与其他人群在额骨形态上的关系,本文还探讨了额骨大小在不同人群中的差异。结果显示,东亚现代人和欧洲现代人额骨中心大小值的中位数最大,澳洲现代人的最小。东亚现代人的额骨形态与澳洲,欧洲和非洲均有非常显著的差异。为了检验额骨的形态是否与遗传距离一致,作者还对额骨形态距离和遗传距离做了相关性分析。结果显示,不同人群的额骨形态与其遗传距离呈显著的相关性,说明本研究结果中不同人群额骨形态上的差异大小可以在一定程度上反映其遗传距离,并可能进一步反映人群历史。东亚现代人的额骨平均形态在与各个人群比较过程中表现出一致性特征,可能在一定程度上反映了东亚现代人群的进化过程是相对独立的。未来额骨的三维几何形态测量可通过扩大标本数量进一步探讨不同性别和不同演化阶段之间的差异。     

松属针叶角质层微形态特征在分类学中的应用

角质层是表皮细胞壁表面的一层不透水的脂肪性物质。角质层与表皮细胞紧密结合,植物表皮细胞形态和排列方式、气孔器的形态结构等微形态特征均能在角质层上反映出来。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对松属（Pinus）12种植物针叶角质层微形态特征进行观察和比较,详细描述20个性状,其中12个性状来自角质层内表面,8个性状来自角质层外表面。结果表明,这些特征可为该属属下分类和相似种的鉴别提供有用信息,具有重要的分类学意义：①表皮细胞长度、表皮毛长度、角质层外表面起伏程度、表皮细胞轮廓、有无气孔塞和针絮状物质等角质层微形态特征具有自身特异性,在属下可作为松属组级水平上的分类依据。角质层微形态 特征不支持将五针松组（P. Section Cembra）和白皮松组（P. Section Parrya）合并为P. Section Quinquefolius的观点,亦不支持将油松组（P. Section Pinus）分成P. Section Pinus和P. Section Trifolius的看法。②白皮松（P. bungeana）针叶角质层微形态特征既与五针松组有相同之处,又与油松组有相似之处,还有部分特征显示出不同于松属其他种类的独特性,可为白皮松亚属（P. Subgenus Parrya）的建立提供新依据。③扫描电镜下表皮细胞垂周壁纹路,气孔塞有无和外表面气孔形状等特征可为形态相似种火炬松（P. taeda）和湿地松（P. elliottii）提供种间界定依据。     

3个玉米黄叶突变体的光合特性研究

在农业生产中光合作用是作物积累生物量的主要方式,其主要依赖于多种光合色素和完整的叶绿体结构与功能。而玉米叶色突变体对于研究叶绿体发育、提高玉米光合作用能力和产量具有重要意义。以两个玉米自交系郑58（Z58）和B73为对照,对从甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methanesulphonate,EMS）处理后的不同玉米诱变群体中筛选到的2株黄叶突变体yl?1（yellow leaf?1,Z58背景）、yl?2（yellow leaf?2,B73背景）以及从玉米自交系Z58中发现的1株自然黄叶突变体yl?3（yellow leaf?3）等3个表型相似的玉米黄叶突变体的形态特征、光合色素含量、叶绿素合成前体物质含量进行了比较研究。结果表明,与对照相比,3个突变体在整个生长周期内均呈现不同程度的黄叶表型、不复绿、植株矮小、发育迟缓;叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值显著升高（P<0.05）;不同突变体的各类叶绿素合成前体物质含量有不同程度的降低。3个突变体的黄叶表型可能是由不同基因的突变导致相关四吡咯化合物合成异常引起的。研究结果为定位引起3个突变体黄叶表型的突变基因和进一步探讨其利用潜力奠定了理论基础。     

基于三维人脸模型及人工测量数据分析现代中国人群面部表型的性别差异

传统体质人类学研究中的样本采集方法是手工测量以及肉眼观察,采集过程中会存在较大的主观性,易产生误差,同时在采集大样本时费时费力。近年来,三维摄像系统被越来越多的应用于人脸分析,其优势是快速高效和准确,并且涵盖了传统测量方法无法精确获取的表型特征信息,可以更加细化地分析人脸表型特征和特征之间的相互关系。本研究探索性地基于三维人脸模型图像,利用曲率和邻域信息的点筛查方法定位了面部的一些关键测量点,建立一套简单、有效、准确率较高的三维人脸模型图像关键点定位方法,能较准确地定位98%以上的眼内角点和鼻尖点,并在此基础上确定了鼻根点、鼻下点、左右鼻翼点和鼻翼外侧最低点等其他面部关键点。并且还提出了在三维人脸模型图像基础上量化部分面部观察类表型特征,如鼻侧深度、鼻根高度、面部扁平度等,尝试性地将这些观察类性状转化为能够测量的性状,建立了一套可以计算的描述方法,具有一定的创新性。本研究还结合三维人脸模型提取数据和人工测量数据,探讨了现代中国人群(以江淮汉族为例)面部表型特征的性别差异,发现大多数面部表型特征在现代中国人群中都存在明显的男女性别差异,鼻侧深度、鼻根高度、面部扁平度的性别差异最为显著,其Z检验的p值均小于0.01。结果显示男性的鼻部整体比女性更大更前凸,而女性的面部更为扁平。     

基于Cfku70基因失活策略构建果生刺盘孢的高效基因敲除底盘菌株

果生刺盘孢侵染危害多种植物,是重要的植物病原真菌。在一些丝状真菌中,敲除非同源末端连接修复通路的关键基因ku70或ku80可显著提高同源重组效率,进而提高靶基因置换频率。本研究从果生刺盘孢基因组鉴定到Cfku70和Cfku80两个基因,并明确了基因失活对菌株生物学表型和基因敲除效率的影响。敲除Cfku70或Cfku80不影响菌株的菌落形态、营养生长、产孢、分生孢子萌发、侵染结构发育和致病;Cfku70基因敲除还大幅提升3个测试基因的敲除效率。本研究证实Cfku70基因失活能显著提高果生刺盘孢的基因敲除效率,适宜作为高效基因敲除的底盘菌株,研究结果为通过批量敲除策略筛选新型致病因子奠定重要基础。     

Extreme climate,rather than population history,explains mid‐facial morphology of northern asians

Previous studies have examined mid‐facial cold adaptation among either widely dispersed and genetically very diverse groups of humans isolated for tens of thousands of years, or among very closely related groups spread over climatically different regions. Here we present a study of one East Asian and seven North Asian populations in which we examine the evidence for convergent adaptations of the mid‐face to a very cold climate. Our findings indicate that mid‐facial morphology is strongly associated with climatic variables that contrast the temperate climate of East Asians and the very cold and dry climate of North Asians. This is also the case when either maxillary or nasal cavity measurements are considered alone. The association remains significant when mtDNA distances among populations are taken into account. The morphological contrasts between populations are consistent with physiological predictions and prior studies of mid‐facial cold adaptation in more temperate regions, but among North Asians there appear to be some previously undescribed morphological features that might be considered as adaptive to extreme cold. To investigate this further, analyses of the seven North Asian populations alone suggest that mid‐facial morphology remains strongly associated with climate, particularly winter precipitation, contrasting coastal Arctic and continental climates. However, the residual covariation among North Asian mid‐facial morphology and climate when genetic distances are considered, is not significant. These findings point to modern adaptations to extreme climate that might be relevant to our understanding of the mid‐facial morphology of fossil hominins that lived during glaciations. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:449–462, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

蕨类植物孢子囊形态 I. 鳞始蕨科

孢子囊是蕨类植物的繁殖器官, 其形态在蕨类植物的分类和系统发育研究上具有重要意义。用次氯酸钠溶液处理新鲜成熟的孢子囊, 在光学显微镜下获得清晰的孢子囊图像, 系统研究了中国鳞始蕨科4属13种孢子囊的形态特征。结果表明, 鳞始蕨科孢子囊呈椭球形, 孢子囊柄由3列细胞构成, 环带类型为垂直环带。通过分析孢子囊形态数据探讨了中国鳞始蕨科属内及属间差异。结果表明, 乌蕨属(Odontosoria)、香鳞始蕨属(Osmolindsaea)、达边蕨属(Tapeinidium)和鳞始蕨属(Lindsaea)的孢子囊环带细胞数依次减少, 囊蒴体积、唇细胞数和囊壁细胞数的变化由大(多)到小(少)依次为乌蕨属、达边蕨属、香鳞始蕨属和鳞始蕨属。孢子囊属内差异最大的是阔片乌蕨(Odontosoria biflora)与乌蕨(O. chinensis)以及香鳞始蕨(Osmolindsaea odorata)与日本鳞始蕨(O. japonica); 而达边蕨属和鳞始蕨属的属内差异则很小。研究结果为揭示鳞始蕨科系统发育关系提供了形态基础, 特别是提出阔片乌蕨和乌蕨以及香鳞始蕨和日本鳞始蕨在孢子囊形态上的差异值得进一步研究。     

磷酸肌醇激酶FAB1调控拟南芥根毛伸长

FAB1/PIKfyve是介导PI(3,5)P₂ (磷脂酰肌醇3,5-二磷酸)生物合成的磷酸肌醇激酶。在动物和酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中, PI(3,5)P₂参与调控胞内膜运输, 但在植物中的研究较少。该文通过分析拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) FAB1的T-DNA插入突变体的表型解析PI(3,5)P₂的生物学功能。拟南芥FAB1基因家族包含FAB1A、FAB1B、FAB1C和FAB1D四个基因。研究发现, fab1a/b呈现雄配子体致死的表型。利用遗传杂交获得fab1b/c/d三突变体, 发现FAB1B、FAB1C和FAB1D功能缺失导致根毛相比野生型变短, 经FAB1特异性抑制剂YM201636处理后的野生型中也观察到相似的短根毛表型。此外, fab1b/c/d三突变体中DR5转录水平降低。同时, 外源施加生长素类似物2,4-D和NAA能部分恢复fab1b/c/d植株短根毛的表型, 但fab1b/c/d突变体对生长素转运抑制剂(1-NOA和TIBA)的敏感性与野生型相似。此外, FAB1B/C/D功能缺失使根毛中ROS的含量减少且影响肌动蛋白的表达。上述结果表明, FAB1B/C/D通过调控生长素分布、ROS含量和肌动蛋白的表达影响拟南芥根毛伸长。     

CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of gene-gene interactions

Gene-environment interactions have been extensively studied in lung cancer. It is likely that several genetic polymorphisms cooperate in increasing the individual risk. Therefore, the study of gene-gene interactions might be important to identify high-susceptibility subgroups. GSEC is an initiative aimed at collecting available data sets on metabolic polymorphisms and the risks of cancer at several sites and performing pooled analyses of the original data. Authors of published papers have provided original data sets. The present paper refers to gene-gene interactions in lung cancer and considers three polymorphisms in three metabolic genes: CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1. The present analyses compare the gene-gene interactions of the CYP1A1*2A, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms from studies on lung cancer conducted in Europe and the USA between 1991 and 2000. Only Caucasians have been included. The data set includes 1466 cases and 1488 controls. The only clear-cut association was found with CYP1A1*2A. This association remained unchanged after stratification by polymorphisms in other genes (with an odds ratio [OR] of approximately 2.5), except when interaction with GSTM1 was considered. When the OR for CYP1A1*2A was stratified according to the GSTM1 genotype, the OR was increased only among the subjects who had the null (homozygous deletion) GSTM1 genotype (OR=2.8, 95% CI=0.9-8.4). The odds ratio for the interactive term (CYP1A1*2A by GSTM1) in logistic regression was 2.7 (95% CI=0.5-15.3). An association between lung cancer and the homozygous CYP1A1*2A genotype is confirmed. An apparent and biologically plausible interaction is suggested between this genotype and GSTM1.     

Cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial region of the northern Foxe Basin Eskimo

Past investigations of the Eskimo have indicated that there are marked morphological differences in the craniofacial skeleton of this relatively isolated ethnic group compared to other ethnic and racial groups. This study, using cephalometric radiography, attempted to characterize the craniofacial phenotype of the Eskimo living in the northern Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Age changes were examined on a cross-sectional basis with comparisons being made with a Winnipeg Caucasian group. This investigation indicates that the Igloolik Eskimo has a phenotype, established early in life, and is distinct from the Winnipeg group. The overall size of the Eskimo craniofacial complex was significantly larger at three years of age and remained larger through the ages studied. Development of the craniofacial region, however, was fairly similar in rate and direction for both populations. The greatest differences between the Eskimo and Caucasian groups were found in the linear measurements assessing cranial width, facial width, mandibular length, facial height, protrusion of the incisors, chin point development, and nasal morphology. Differences between the two groups in the morphological relationships of the component structures include the angular relationships of the maxilla and nasal bones to the anterior cranial base, the gonial angle of the mandible, and the angle of facial convexity.     

A genome-wide association study of facial morphology identifies novel genetic loci in Han Chinese

The human face is a heritable surface with many complex sensory organs. In recent years, many genetic loci associated with facial features have been reported in different populations, yet there is a lack of studies on the Han Chinese population. Here, we report a genome-wide association study of 3 D normal human faces of 2,659 Han Chinese with autosegment phenotypes of facial morphology. We identify singlenucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) encompassing four genomic regions showing significant associations with different facial regions, including SNPs in DENND1 B associated with the chin, SNPs among PISRT1 associated with eyes, SNPs between DCHS2 and SFRP2 associated with the nose, and SNPs in VPS13 B associated with the nose. We replicate 24 SNPs from previously reported genetic loci in different populations, whose candidate genes are DCHS2, SUPT3 H, HOXD1, SOX9, PAX3, and EDAR. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of variation in human facial morphology.     

铁-碳内电解质下4种水生植物的净水效果

为比较湿地生态系统中常见水生植物的净水效果,在铁-碳内电解质下以凤眼莲、睡莲、菖蒲、芦苇4种水生植物为研究对象,比较分析植物及其组合在不同试验时间(1～5 d)对污水中铵氮、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)的净化效果.结果表明:与无植物的对照相比,铁-碳内电解质下单种水生植物对污水中的铵氮、COD、TP去除效果更好,但物种间存在明显差异.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲对铵氮的去除率达到100%;3 d时,铵氮在菖蒲水体中的浓度接近0;各类型植物组合对铵氮的去除效果均较好.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲的水体COD浓度接近0,菖蒲次之,凤眼莲-菖蒲组合水体的COD浓度降为最低(4.33 mg·L^-1),去除率为85.1%.在处理4 d时,凤眼莲的TP浓度最低,芦苇次之;处理2 d时,凤眼莲-菖蒲水体的TP浓度最低.内电解质与植物的组合效果比单纯内电解质对污水的净化效果好,植物的配置应依据污染物水平进行优化.     

杜鹃花属植物的可育性研究进展

结合作者近年来的工作, 总结了国内外有关杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)植物可育性研究的成果和进展, 旨在为相关研究者和技术人员提供参考。(1)杜鹃花属的杜鹃亚属(subgen. Rhododendron)和羊踯躅亚属(subgen. Pentanthera)中存在多倍化现象, 甚至存在同一物种有多种倍性。(2)在自然授粉条件下, 除了常见种内杂交及自交情形外, 常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen. Hymenanthes)、杜鹃亚属和映山红亚属(subgen. Tsutsusi)内种间杂交十分普遍, 也有跨亚组之间的自然杂交案例。(3)杜鹃花属植物中自交亲和(self compatibility, SC)与自交不亲和(self incompatibility, SI)现象并存, 云锦杜鹃亚组(subsect. Fortunea)兼具自交败育到高可育性的所有类型, 而在映山红亚属与马银花亚属(subgen. Azaleastrum)中自交不亲和现象则更为常见。通常自交被认为是杜鹃花物种的被动适应, 但对于一些在极端气候条件下分布的局域种而言, 则可能是一种主动响应。(4)不同分类等级(亚属、组和亚组)间的人工杂交研究表明, 杂交亲和性或可育性与双亲的系统发育关系及染色体倍性具有明显的关联, 并反映在发育阶段和各项亲和力指标的变化之中。常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属间的远缘杂交相对比较容易, 常绿杜鹃亚属与映山红亚属间、映山红亚属与杜鹃亚属的正反交、映山红亚属与羊踯躅亚属的正交以及常绿杜鹃亚属与羊踯躅亚属的正交、马银花亚属与杜鹃亚属正交等也有亲和的案例。(5)自交不亲和亲本的介入可大幅度增加种间杂交的不育比率, 并导致其由双向可育到单向不育再到双向不育方向发展。     

Relationships between soil nutrients and plant functional traits in different degradation stages of Leymus chinensis steppe in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Understanding ecological implications of plant functional traits is helpful in exploring community assembly under different environments of nature and human disturbances, and then to reveal the maintenance mechanism of the ecosystem services. By analyzing vegetation and soil data derived from field observations in Leymus chinensis steppe of Xilin River Basin in Nei Mongol, we aimed to explore the responses of plant functional traits to changing soil nutrients at different degradation stages. Methods We observed 69 plots for both plant community structure and soil attributes using quadrat and soil-drilling methods. Five plant functional traits, namely the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), leaf lignin content (LLC), and maximum height (MH), were measured for each plot. We also tested soil attributes, such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and organic carbon (OC). The sixty-nine communities were classified into four groups (undegraded L. chinensis + forbs, slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp., moderately degraded L. chinensis + Cleistogenes squarrosa, and heavily degraded L. chinensis + Artemisia frigida) using TWINSPAN software. The relationships between plant functional traits and soil nutrient variables were analyzed for the four community groups using the Pearson’s correlation test with SPSS 21.0 software. Important findings (1) The soil nutrients decreased with the grassland degradation process and there were significant differences in TN and TP between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (2) plant functional traits also showed strong differences between the degradation stages. MH and C:N decreased with degradation. A significant difference was observed in MH between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. communities. The difference in C:N was also significant between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (3) the effects of soil nutrients on plant functional traits changed with grassland degradation. AN was negatively correlated with MH, LLC, and C:N in the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community. In the moderately degraded L. chinensis + C. squarrosa community, those three traits mentioned above showed significantly positive correlations with TP; (4) while analyzing the degraded grassland, different relationships between plant functional traits were found. In the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community, LLC was positively correlated with all other traits. Moreover, positive correlations also occurred between C:N and MH, C:N and LDMC, and C:N and LLC. In the heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida community, all traits demonstrated the most significantly positive correlations.     

浙江南部近海主要虾类的时空生态位及种间联结性

根据2015年11月(秋季)、2016年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)在浙江南部近海的调查数据,运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值、方差比率法、卡方检验、联结系数以及种对共同出现百分率对主要虾类间的关系进行研究.结果表明:1)在时间维度上,扁足异对虾的生态位宽度值最大;在空间维度上,中华管鞭虾的生态位宽度值最大;在时空二维上,扁足异对虾的生态位宽度值最大;2)在时间维度上,假长缝拟对虾和细巧仿对虾的生态位重叠值最高,拥有最大的时间生态位重叠值(>0.99);在空间维度上,凹管鞭虾、中国对虾、假长缝拟对虾和滑脊等腕虾的生态位重叠值最高(0.96);在时空二维上,中国对虾和凹管鞭虾的生态位重叠值最高;3)方差比率法分析表明,主要虾类总体呈显著正关联,其中有13个种对间的联结性达到显著水平(χ²≥3.841),联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)表明种间联结性趋于正相关.本研究结果为探讨虾类的生态位分化、种间竞争及对环境的适应性研究提供了数据资料.