几种鲤科鱼类及杂种的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了14种鲤科鱼类和4个杂交种的肌肉、心脏、晶状体、脑和肾脏的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶。根据LDH酶谱的异同可将雅罗鱼亚科的5种鱼分成两组:草鱼、鳡和鳤;青鱼和赤眼鳟。鳊亚科中青梢红鲌的LDH谱形与长春鳊、团头鲂和红鳍鲌相似,而与(歺又鱼)条有明显的区别。鲢亚科中的鳙与鲢的谱形相似。密鲴亚科中的细鳞斜颌鲴与黄尾密鲴的谱形也非常相似。将谱形相似的鱼类进行杂交,如细鳞斜颌鲴♀×黄尾密鲴♂、鳙♀×鲢♂,不仅杂种的成活率高而且可繁殖后代。谱形相差很大的鱼类进行杂交,如草鱼♀×团头鲂♂及草鱼♀×鳙♂,杂种的成活率都很低。这些结果和酶谱所显示的关系是一致的。       

兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鳡、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。       

基于稳定同位素技术的三峡库区短颌鲚营养生态位特征研究

为了预测三峡库区外来鱼类短颌鲚（Coilia nasus）在库区的种群发展趋势,评估其对库区水域生态系统的影响,基于碳氮稳定同位素技术,分析了三峡库区腹地,包括长江一级支流草堂河、大宁河,现有短颌鲚及杂食性和肉食性典型鱼类的营养级,在此基础上选择4种与短颌鲚营养级相近（包括太湖新银鱼Neosalanx taihuensis、翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus、鳡Elopichthys bambusa、大眼鳜Siniperca kneri）,及1种食谱存在较大重叠的鱼类（即鳙Aristichthys nobilis）,探讨了其营养生态位特征。结果显示,三峡库区短颌鲚δ¹⁵N值分布范围为12.112‰-14.497‰,营养级为3.762±0.196（Mean±SD）,低于太湖新银鱼,并高于大眼鳜、翘嘴鲌、鳡及鳙;三峡库区短颌鲚δ¹³C值分布范围为-27.236‰- -22.952‰,变幅低于鳙,高于太湖新银鱼、大眼鳜、翘嘴鲌及鳡,δ¹³C值分布频率呈单峰型与太湖新银鱼高度接近,表明短颌鲚在该水域食性广泛,且与太湖新银鱼的摄食偏好趋近。据此推测三峡库区短颌鲚营养级较高的主要原因是短颌鲚在三峡库区食物来源广泛,决定其富集¹⁵N途径可能更丰富。此外,营养生态位分析结果显示三峡库区短颌鲚营养生态位宽幅低于鳡、鳙,高于太湖新银鱼、翘嘴鲌、大眼鳜,据此推测三峡库区短颌鲚对饵料需求的特化程度可能不高,从营养角度对环境的适应性较强;且其与营养级相近鱼类的营养生态位重叠程度较低,存在明显的营养生态位分化,种间竞争不激烈。综上所述,从目前三峡库区现有短颌鲚营养生态位特征来看,其种群规模仍有进一步扩大的可能。上述研究结果可为全面了解三峡库区外来鱼类的适应对策提供研究思路和基础数据。     

江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构及功能多样性分析

为了解江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构和多样性的时空变化特征,研究鱼类物种多样性和功能多样性的关系,于2020年9月至2021年4月在该水库调查分析了鱼类物种组成、优势度及群落物种多样性和功能多样性。结果表明,共采集鱼类53种,分属于5目12科36属。其中,鲤形目(38种)种类最多,占调查物种数的71.69%,柘林水库上、中、下游库区分别采集到鱼类36、40和32种,各库区均以鲤形目鱼类为主,分别占采集物种数的72.97%、85.00%和75.00%。优势物种主要是■(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi),重要种主要是草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蒙古红鲌(Erythroculter mongolicus)等。鱼类群落结构季节性差异大于空间格局差异,主要表现为秋季和冬季之间;生物多样性指数Margalef和功能丰富...     

三峡水库香溪河鱼类资源现状及渔业管理建议

于20122013 年对香溪河鱼类组成及资源量进行了周年季度调查, 结合历史资料, 分析了三峡水库成库前后香溪河鱼类资源的变动情况, 以期为保护和利用三峡库区的鱼类资源提供依据。共采集鱼类48 种,隶属于 3 目 8 科 35 属, 以湖泊定居性鱼类为主;发现香溪河鱼类优势种是光泽黄颡鱼、鳙、鲢、达氏鲌、贝氏 、大眼鳜、翘嘴鲌、瓦氏黄颡鱼、银 、蛇;肉食性鱼类(达氏鲌、翘嘴鲌、大眼鳜等)占总渔获量的31.54%, 生物量相对较高;对单位捕捞努力渔获量的调查显示, 夏季日均单船渔获量最高, 达到(69.4546.61) kg/(船d)。与历史记录比较, 三峡水库成库后, 香溪河的鱼类群落组成已经发生了显著变化,湖泊定居性鱼类成为优势种群。基于此次调查结果, 文章提出了禁渔期调整、小型鱼类资源利用和肉食性鱼类合理放养等渔业管理建议。       

基于Ecopath模型分析分水江水库生态系统结构和功能

根据2008-2009年浙江分水江水库渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,采用Ecopath with Ecosim软件构建了分水江水库的物质平衡Ecopath模型.模型构成包括鲢、鳙、鳊、花〖HT5,7〗鱼〖KG-*3〗〖HT5,6〗骨〖HT5F〗、翘嘴鲌、鲴类、其他鱼类、寡毛类、水生昆虫、浮游动物、浮游植物、有机碎屑等14个功能组,较好地模拟了分水江的水库生态系统.结果表明： 分水江水库生态系统包含5个营养级,且营养物质流动主要发生在前3个营养级.牧食食物链和碎屑食物链是系统中的主要能流,但是食物网结构较简单,容易受到外界干扰的影响.转移效率在低营养级较低,表明系统的能量利用较低,过多的营养物质储存在系统中可能导致富营养化的发生.较低的联结指数、系统杂食性系数、Finn氏循环指数以及Finn氏平均路径长度值都表明该生态系统处于不稳定状态,而生产量/总呼吸和生产量/生物量的值较高,说明此生态系统的初级生产力远高于其呼吸量,系统处于生态发育前期.分水江水库由于发育历史较短,仍处于由不成熟向成熟发育的过程中.     

我国华鳊属鱼类形态差异及其物种有效性的研究

为探讨华鳊属鱼类种间和种内居群间的形态差异及其物种有效性,采用多变量形态度量,结合传统分类方法,获得该属鱼类不同地理居群共224尾标本的32个测量性状和7个可数性状数据,并做主成分分析。在可数性状上,海南华鳊各居群间无差异,但明显不同于其他种类;四川华鳊与大眼华鳊差别明显,与伍氏华鳊之间也存在较大程度的差异;大眼华鳊的乌江和珠江居群之间存在显著差异,而伍氏华鳊各地理居群差异不明显。在可量性状上,四川华鳊和大眼华鳊的乌江居群都明显区别于其他种或居群,而大眼华鳊的珠江居群与伍氏华鳊之间以及海南华鳊各居群之间没有明显差异。对上述结果分析认为：四川华鳊和海南华鳊为两个有效的物种;大眼华鳊的乌江标本是一个未被描述的物种,而珠江居群和伍氏华鳊各居群应属同一个种。     

铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域鱼类群落结构研究

2021年5月采用多网目复合刺网和抛网相结合的方法,对铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域夹江鱼类群落进行了调查。共采集到鱼类30种,隶属于5目7科27属。相对重要性指数显示鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、贝氏?（Hemiculter bleekeri）、似鳊（Pseudobrama simoni）、团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）、鳊（Parabramis pekinensis）和翘嘴鲌（Culter alburnus）为群落优势种。与长江江豚（Neophocaena asiaeorientalis）争夺饵料资源的凶猛性鱼类比例达到2.4%,体长分布显示夹江中存在大量长江江豚无法摄食的大个体鱼类（17.5%）。夹江鱼类群落的Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数依次分别为1.955~2.181,0.794~0.820,2.952~3.856和0.705~0.730。空间生态位宽度指数、平均拥挤度和生态位重叠指数表明,夹江优势种鱼类可能存在较为激烈的种间竞争。建议清理鳡（Elopichthys bambusa）、翘嘴鲌、达氏鲌（Culter dabryi）和乌鳢（Channa argus）等凶猛性鱼类及其他与长江江豚争夺饵料的鱼类,及时捕捞全长超过25 cm的鱼类,补充投放鲢、似鳊、银鲴（Xenocypris argentea）等长江江豚偏好摄食鱼类。     

葛洲坝水利枢纽下游宜昌江段渔业资源现状

1997-1999年间统计了葛洲坝水利枢纽工程下游宜昌江段的不同渔具渔获物3254kg。共获得鱼类45种,优势种类为铜鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、长鳍吻鮈、圆筒吻鮈、草鱼、鲢、长吻鮠、南方鲇等,鳊、青鱼、鳡等的相对数量比建坝前减少,(鱼宗)、鳜、鳤、鲌类等建坝前的常见种类现在较为少见或罕见。鲥、裂腹鱼、华鲮、暗纹东方鲀等偶见种类以及珍稀鱼类白鲟未被发现。目前该江段渔获物中低龄个体比重较高,性成熟个体较少。过度捕捞是影响坝下江段渔业资源衰退的主要原因。     

主要外来鱼类对千岛湖生态系统的潜在影响及对策

生物入侵已在全球范围内广受关注,外来生物入侵现象日趋严重,不仅导致地区特有物种衰竭,还影响当地生物多样性、生态环境和经济发展。千岛湖(原名新安江水库)作为一个集渔业、水源、旅游、发电于一体的大型山谷型水库,其生态系统状况受到国内外生态学者的普遍关注。然而近年来,该水库也受到外来物种入侵威胁,对土著鱼类尤其是经济鱼类的资源构成了巨大的威胁。综合分析了千岛湖生态系统的主要特征和主要外来鱼种,结合这些外来鱼类的生物学特征,概述主要外来鱼类对千岛湖生态系统的潜在影响,并针对这些潜在风险,提出了相应的治理对策,为千岛湖水域生态系统的管理工作积累基础资料。     

用鲢鳙直接控制微囊藻水华的围隔试验和湖泊实践

为了控制水体富营养化所形成的水华,国外经典的生物操纵论者提倡放养食鱼性鱼类以控制食浮游生物的鱼类,藉此壮大浮游动物种群,然后借助浮游动物遏制藻类.按照这条思路,以浮游生物为食的鲢和鳙应该是清除的对象.本文作者认为我国湖泊中危害性最大的是微囊藻水华,而浮游动物根本不能摄食这种水华,不如直接利用鲢鳙进行控制,因而1989-1992年间在武汉的东湖进行了三次原位围隔试验,2000年再度重复了一次围隔试验,结果证明,迄今在东湖中已消失18年的微囊藻水华,重新出现在不养鱼的围隔里.在养入一定密度的鲢或/和鳙的围隔中,就没有水华出现.已经出现水华的围隔,放入适当密度的鲢或/和鳙后,在短期内水华又复消失;而放入草鱼的围隔,则水华始终持续,不受影响.说明鲢和鳙能有效地遏制微囊藻水华.鲢、鳙遏制水华的有效放养密度(亦即有效生物量)为46-50g·m^-3.东湖湖泊中鲢、鳙的生物量,直到1985年才达到这个水平,所以1985年湖里反常地没有出现水华.往后的年份,东湖的鱼产量越来越高,也就是湖里鲢、鳙的生物量越来越大,所以迄今没有微囊藻卷土重来的机会.东湖的水质和其他非生物条件仍适于蓝藻水华的发生与发展,如果东湖鲢、鳙的产量下降到阈值以下,亦即降到1985年以前1000t水平,那么微囊藻及其它蓝藻水华的重来将是不可避免的.经典的生物操纵论学说和措施不能解决微囊藻水华猖獗的问题.相反,用滤食浮游生物的鲢和鳙直接遏制微囊藻却是有实验根据并已被渔业生产实践证明行之有效的.     

长江中下游四个湖泊鱼类与渔业研究

选择长江中下游的牛山湖、东汤逊湖、龙感湖和黄湖作为研究地点,调查了这些湖泊鱼类区系组成、鱼种放养量、渔获物组成、渔产量和渔产值,现已查明牛山湖鱼类有64种,东汤逊湖53种,黄湖76种,龙感湖80种。这些湖泊的鱼类区系组成相似,鲤科鱼类最多,占总种数的60.4%-65.6%。牛山湖主要放养草鱼,东汤逊湖主要放养鲢和鳙,黄湖除鱼类外重点放养河蟹。这三个湖泊年均鱼种放养量分别为9.5kg/hm2、36.8kg/hm2、8.1kg/hm2;年均鱼产量分别为128kg/hm2、126kg/hm2、88kg/hm2;年均每公顷渔产值分别为623元、680元、1202元。龙感湖为非放养型湖泊,年均鱼产量为64kg/hm2,其中鲫、红鳍原泊和小杂鱼占有较高的比例;年均每公顷渔产值183元。文中分析了各湖泊鱼产量构成特征,讨论了未来湖泊渔业可持续发展的对策,为合理利用鱼类资源,发展可持续渔业提供重要依据。       

姚江鱼类种群生态特点和鱼产力估量

本文根据1976-1977年的调查研究,讨论姚江鱼类种群生态特点,并参照对杭州青山水库的一些调查及中国科学院水生生物研究所对武昌东湖的研究,估量姚江的鱼产力,旨在为拟定增产措施提供科学根据。       

Evaluation of natural food for planktivorous fish in Lakes Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa in Pokhara Valley, Nepal

Six floating 4-m³ cages stocked with 40 silver carp per cage (three cages) and 40 bighead carp per cage (three cages) were placed in each of the three subtropical Lakes Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa. The fish were cultured, without supplying artificial feed, from August 1994 to December 1995. Fish growth was positively correlated with water temperature, and a slight loss in weight occurred in January when water temperature fell below 16°C in all the lakes. Fish growth was better in Lake Phewa than in Lakes Begnas and Rupa, where food might not have been sufficient or of a quality to sustain fish growth. The fish fed on mostly indigestible phytoplankton, Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Begnas and on Tabellaria fenestrata and Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Rupa, which can lead to poor fish growth. The maximum growth rate of silver carp (5.8 g day⁻¹) and bighead carp (4.7 g day⁻¹) occurred in Lake Phewa when Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium spp. were abundant from August through October. The food particles found in the gut were mostly similar in silver and bighead carp, though Cladocerans (Bosmina longirostris) were observed sparsely in the gut contents of bighead carp only. Received: May 21, 1999 / Accepted: September 28, 1999     

Study of the haemoglobin content of a single erythrocyte (M index) in various cultured fish species

Investigations of the erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content and M index of 7 fish species were performed under equivalent environmental conditions in the same period of the year. The species were: bighead Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson), carp Cyprinus carpio L., silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), sheat-fish Silurus glanis L. , pike Esox Indus L., pike-perch Lucioperca lucioperca (L.). Bighead and carp are carnivorous and omnivorous, silver carp and grass carp are herbivorous and sheat-fish, pike and pike-perch are predatory. Significant differences were demonstrable between M values of fish living on different type of food, where the M index is: It is concluded that M index values are useful as one parameter differentiating between fish with distinctly different food habits.     

In situ study on effect of food competition on diet shifts and growth of silver and bighead carps in large biomanipulation fish pens in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

Silver and bighead carps were cultured in large fish pens to reduce the risks of cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks in Meiliang Bay, Lake Tauhu in 2004 and 2005. Diet compositions and growth rates of the carps were studied from April to November each year. Both carp species fed mainly on zooplankton (>50% in diet) in 2004 when competition was low, but selected more phytoplankton in 2005 when competition was high. Silver carp had a broader diet breadth than did bighead carp. Higher densities and fewer food resources increased diet breadths but decreased the diet overlap in both types of carps. It can be predicted that silver and bighead carps would be released from diet competition and shift to feed mainly on zooplankton at low densities, decreasing the efficiency of controlling cyanobacterial blooms. Conclusively, when silver and bighead carps are used to control cyanobacterial blooms, a sufficiently high stocking density is very important for a successful practice.     

Lake Michigan's suitability for bigheaded carp: The importance of diet flexibility and subsurface habitat

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Modeling ecosystem impacts of the invasive Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis in Lake Erhai,southwestern China

Introductions or alien species invasions will induce changes in aquatic ecosystems but are rarely reported in Chinese highland lakes. The Japanese smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) invaded and has become a dominant fish species in Lake Erhai, a highland lake in southwestern China, since 2016. Here, we engineered Ecopath models for two different periods, 2008–2009 (preinvasion) and 2016–2018 (postinvasion), in Lake Erhai to model ecosystem impacts from the Japanese smelt invasion. In the dynamic Ecosim model based on the 2016–2018 Ecopath model, we ran three 50-year scenarios to simulate the potential effects of Japanese smelts on the system. Our results showed competition between invasive and native species as well as changes in trophic structures, highlighting the impacts of the invasive species over time. The lake ecosystem additionally experienced significant degradation after invasion, mainly reflected in several related indicators, such as total biomass/total system throughput (TB/TST), total primary production/total biomass (TPP/TB), total primary production/total respiration (TPP/TR), Finn's mean path length (FML), Finn's cycling index (FCI) and the Connectance Index (CI). The simulation results indicated that the relative biomass of icefish (Neosalanx taihuensis), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), sharpbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus), and zooplankton were significantly affected by increasing the strength of the top-down control of the Japanese smelt on its prey. It is also important to do ecological regulation of planktivorous fishes in the studied Lake Erhai, especially the Japanese smelt.     

Seasonal variations in stable isotope ratios of two biomanipulation fishes and seston in a large pen culture in hypereutrophic Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

This paper reports on seasonal changes in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of seston and muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp during 2004 and 2005, focusing primarily on the carbon sources and trophic relationships among phytoplankton, zooplankton and silver carp and bighead carp in a large fish pen of Meiliang Bay (Lake Taihu, China). δ¹³C showed a minimal value in March 2005 and a maximal value in August 2005 in seston both inside and outside the pen, whereas δ¹⁵N of seston showed the minimum in winter and the maximum during algal blooms. A positive correlation between δ¹³C of silver carp and that of seston suggested that temporal variation of δ¹³C in seston was preserved in fish via the food chain. The differences of δ¹³C among seston, zooplankton and muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp ranged only 0.2–1.7%, indicating that plankton production was the primary food source of filter-feeding fishes. According to a mass balance model, we estimated that the contributions of zooplankton to the diets of silver carp and bighead carp were 45.7% and 54.3%, respectively, based on the δ¹⁵N values of zooplankton and planktivorous fishes.     

太湖梅梁湾大型控藻围栏对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

2005年对太湖梅梁湾大型鲢、鳙控藻围栏内外浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化进行了监测.结果表明:围栏内外的环境因子、浮游植物生物量、浮游甲壳动物种类组成无显著差异.但鲢、鳙放养对浮游甲壳动物的生物量产生了较大的影响,围栏内浮游甲壳动物的总生物量和枝角类的生物量显著低于围栏外.总体上,枝角类各种类的生物量受鲢、鳙放养的影响程度大于桡足类的种类.太湖梅梁湾浮游甲壳动物的季节演替明显,大部分种类只是季节性出现.冬季和春季以溞(Daphnia sp.)和近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicnus)等大型种类为主,夏季和秋季以象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)、角突网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)等小型种类为主.典范对应分析表明,透明度、温度和浮游植物的生物量是影响浮游甲壳动物季节变化的主要因素.