应用稳定性同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)技术研究长江中游干流主要鱼类的营养级

应用稳定性同位素(δ13C、δ15N)技术对2011年3月至2013年12月采自长江中游干流宜昌、荆州、石首、监利、城陵矶、鄂州、九江和湖口江段的44种鱼类及3种水生无脊椎动物进行了营养级研究。长江中游干流鱼类的δ13C值范围﹣33.83‰(鳙Aristichthys nobilis)~﹣17.36‰(南方鲇Silurus meridionalis),δ15N值范围4.83‰(泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)~15.13‰(翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus)。以梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)的δ15N均值5.48‰作为营养级基准线(营养级=2),计算出该江段水生动物的营养级处于2.42~4.88,主要集中在2.83~3.61之间,鱼类平均营养级为3.28。营养级大于2.83的鱼类种类数量占了总生物种数的80.85%。大刺鳅(Mastacembelus armatus)和长春鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)营养级最低,分别为2.42±0.49和2.56±0.52,营养层级大于4.0的高级消费者为太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)、短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、鳙和长蛇(Saurogobio dumerili),分别为4.88±0.01、4.37±0.27、4.32±0.35和4.09±0.78,小黄黝鱼(Micropercops swinhonis)、(Elopichthys bambusa)、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)、翘嘴鲌、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)和南方鲇的营养级分别3.99、3.92±0.16、3.89±0.27、3.87±0.62、3.59±0.69和3.59±0.57。本研究旨为长江中游渔业资源评估及其合理利用提供基础科学资料,为进一步研究长江中游干流渔业资源营养结构的动态变化及受人为活动干扰影响等提供科学参考依据。     

应用稳定性同位素技术（δ13C、δ15N）研究长江中游干流主要鱼类的营养级

应用稳定性同位素技术（δ13C、δ15N）对2011年3月至2013年12月采自长江中游干流宜昌、荆州、石首、监利、城陵矶、鄂州、九江和湖口江段的44种鱼类及3种水生无脊椎动物进行了营养级研究。长江中游干流鱼类的δ13C值范围﹣33.83‰（鳙Aristichthys nobilis） ~ ﹣17.36‰（南方鲇Silurus meridionalis）,δ15N值范围4.83‰（泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）~ 15.13‰（翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus）。以梨形环棱螺（Bellamya purificata）的δ15N均值5.48‰作为营养级基准线（营养级 = 2）,计算出该江段水生动物的营养级处于2.42 ~ 4.88,主要集中在2.83 ~ 3.61之间,鱼类平均营养级为3.28。营养级大于2.83的鱼类种类数量占了总生物种数的80.85%。大刺鳅（Mastacembelus armatus）和长春鳊（Parabramis pekinensis）营养级最低,分别为2.42 ± 0.49和2.56 ± 0.52,营养层级大于4.0的高级消费者为太湖新银鱼（Neosalanx taihuensis）、短颌鲚（Coilia brachygnathus）、鳙和长蛇鮈（Saurogobio dumerili）,分别为4.88 ± 0.01、4.37 ± 0.27、4.32 ± 0.35和4.09 ± 0.78,小黄黝鱼（Micropercops swinhonis)、鱤（Elopichthys bambusa）、鱖（Siniperca chuatsi）、翘嘴鲌、青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）和南方鲇的营养级分别3.99、3.92 ± 0.16、3.89 ± 0.27、3.87 ± 0.62、3.59 ± 0.69和3.59 ± 0.57。本研究旨为长江中游渔业资源评估及其合理利用提供基础科学资料,为进一步研究长江中游干流渔业资源营养结构的动态变化及受人为活动干扰影响等提供科学参考依据。     

铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域鱼类群落结构研究

2021年5月采用多网目复合刺网和抛网相结合的方法,对铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域夹江鱼类群落进行了调查。共采集到鱼类30种,隶属于5目7科27属。相对重要性指数显示鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、贝氏?（Hemiculter bleekeri）、似鳊（Pseudobrama simoni）、团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）、鳊（Parabramis pekinensis）和翘嘴鲌（Culter alburnus）为群落优势种。与长江江豚（Neophocaena asiaeorientalis）争夺饵料资源的凶猛性鱼类比例达到2.4%,体长分布显示夹江中存在大量长江江豚无法摄食的大个体鱼类（17.5%）。夹江鱼类群落的Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数依次分别为1.955~2.181,0.794~0.820,2.952~3.856和0.705~0.730。空间生态位宽度指数、平均拥挤度和生态位重叠指数表明,夹江优势种鱼类可能存在较为激烈的种间竞争。建议清理鳡（Elopichthys bambusa）、翘嘴鲌、达氏鲌（Culter dabryi）和乌鳢（Channa argus）等凶猛性鱼类及其他与长江江豚争夺饵料的鱼类,及时捕捞全长超过25 cm的鱼类,补充投放鲢、似鳊、银鲴（Xenocypris argentea）等长江江豚偏好摄食鱼类。     

基于稳定同位素技术的长湖鱼类营养结构研究

本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了2017年秋季（10月）和2018年春季（3月）湖北省荆州长湖鱼类营养结构特征,构建了δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N稳定同位素双位图,并计算了7个相关的量化指标。结果显示：所采集的16种鱼类,δ¹³C均值范围为（-27.7±0.8）‰~（-24.8±0.1）‰,δ¹⁵N的均值范围为（11.4±0.3）‰~（16.6±0.5）‰。营养生态位分析显示,长湖鱼类以偏肉食性鱼类黄颡鱼的营养级最高（3.28±0.2）,草鱼的营养级最低（1.74±0.1）。稳定同位素的量化指标表明,长湖春季鱼类群落核心生态位空间（standard ellipse area, SEA）、生态位总空间（total area, TA）和基础食物来源（δ¹³C range, CR）均高于秋季,两个季度的营养多样性（centrifugal distance, CD）和鱼类群落的整体密度（mean nearest neighbor distance, MNND）相似,但春季的营养长度（δ¹⁵N range, NR）和鱼类群落营养生态位分布范围（standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance, SDNND）值低于秋季。说明春季长湖的生态位总空间（TA上升）和基础食物来源（CR上升）较为丰富,但因鱼类种类的食性相近,其群落的总食物链降低（NR下降）。该研究可为分析拆围后长湖鱼类群落结构特征积累基础数据,也为长湖的渔业管理策略提供依据。     

三峡水库香溪河鱼类资源现状及渔业管理建议

于20122013 年对香溪河鱼类组成及资源量进行了周年季度调查, 结合历史资料, 分析了三峡水库成库前后香溪河鱼类资源的变动情况, 以期为保护和利用三峡库区的鱼类资源提供依据。共采集鱼类48 种,隶属于 3 目 8 科 35 属, 以湖泊定居性鱼类为主;发现香溪河鱼类优势种是光泽黄颡鱼、鳙、鲢、达氏鲌、贝氏 、大眼鳜、翘嘴鲌、瓦氏黄颡鱼、银 、蛇;肉食性鱼类(达氏鲌、翘嘴鲌、大眼鳜等)占总渔获量的31.54%, 生物量相对较高;对单位捕捞努力渔获量的调查显示, 夏季日均单船渔获量最高, 达到(69.4546.61) kg/(船d)。与历史记录比较, 三峡水库成库后, 香溪河的鱼类群落组成已经发生了显著变化,湖泊定居性鱼类成为优势种群。基于此次调查结果, 文章提出了禁渔期调整、小型鱼类资源利用和肉食性鱼类合理放养等渔业管理建议。       

保水渔业对千岛湖食物网结构及其相互作用的影响

为预防千岛湖连续暴发了2a(1998—1999)的蓝藻水华和改善千岛湖水质,于2000年起在千岛湖开展了以人工放养鲢鳙和控制凶猛鱼类为主要措施的保水渔业试验。作为试验的主要研究内容之一,通过构建1999和2000年千岛湖生态系统的Ecopath模型,比较分析了实施保水渔业对千岛湖生态系统食物网结构及其相互作用的影响。结果表明:实施保水渔业,使千岛湖中的银鱼和鲤生物量减少,而鲌类(主要是蒙古鲌)、鲴类和大眼华鳊等增加;使各种鱼类的捕食者和食饵生态位重叠指数下降;各主要鱼类的相互作用中,鲢、鳙对鳡、鲌的促进作用增强,鳡对鲌的抑制作用及鲌对虾类、银鱼和鲤等以及银鱼对浮游动物的抑制作用减弱,鳙对银鱼、大眼华鳊对鲤的抑制作用增强。这些影响,使千岛湖食物网结构更趋合理,如底层碎屑食性鱼类如鲴类等的增加,有利于营养物的再循环和再利用,从而增强了水体对营养物的净化作用。     

浙江南部近海前肛鳗营养生态位变化研究——基于稳定同位素技术

基于2016年和2020年浙江南部近海收集的71尾前肛鳗样品,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素比值计算其营养生态位指标,对比分析前肛鳗不同发育过程、不同季节及不同年份营养生态位的差异,探究营养生态位的变动规律及对资源的利用情况。结果表明：（1）2016年和2020年前肛鳗平均δ¹³C值分别为（-15.19±0.31）‰、（-15.90±0.45）‰;平均δ¹⁵N值分别为（12.42±0.45）‰、（12.92±0.25）‰;（2）单因素方差分析表明,2016年前肛鳗不同发育过程δ¹³C值差异不显著（P>0.05）,δ¹⁵N值差异显著（P<0.05）,不同季节间δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而2020年前肛鳗不同发育过程δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值差异均不显著（P>0.05）,不同季节间δ¹³C值存在显著差异（P<0.05）,δ¹⁵N值差异不显著（P>0.05）;（3）从个体发育来看,2016年前肛鳗有向高营养级饵料生物摄食的趋势,而2020年前肛鳗摄食特化现象不明显,但均随个体发育过程生态位宽幅逐渐减小,表明个体发育过程营养生态位会出现资源竞争共存分化现象;（4）种群营养多样性指标结果显示前肛鳗在秋、冬两季食物来源较春、夏两季更广泛,春季营养多元化程度与秋季相似,夏季营养多元化程度与冬季相似,各季节间营养生态位重叠较小,存在明显的时间分化现象;（5）2020年前肛鳗种群营养结构多样性指标相比2016年均出现不同程度的降低,两年的SEAc未发生重叠现象。由于种内种间的竞争压力,研究发现前肛鳗在个体发育过程及不同时间段都出现了营养生态位分化现象,从而达到维持物种共存、保持食物网结构稳态的目的。     

阿拉善荒漠区两种优势跳鼠种间营养生态位

营养生态位作为生态位理论的重要维度之一，不仅能够表现出物种的营养需求特征，而且可以反映物种在生态系统中的营养层级、功能地位以及物种间的营养关系。动物不同组织中的碳、氮稳定同位素比值可反映某一物种在不同时间段的食性信息，因而对探讨物种间摄食、栖息地资源利用和营养生态位的变化具有重要指示作用。以2017年在阿拉善荒漠实验区采用铗日法所捕获的三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta）和五趾跳鼠（Allactaga sibirica）为研究对象，测定其脱脂毛发与骨骼组织的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N比值，分析探讨2种小型啮齿动物的营养级与营养生态位变化以及摄食策略与资源分配机制。结果表明：无论从长期时间尺度（一生）还是短期时间尺度（季节）分析，结果都一致表现出三趾跳鼠与五趾跳鼠种间营养生态位重叠面积（OA）值为0‰²，种间营养生态位发生分离；三趾跳鼠的营养级显著低于五趾跳鼠的营养级，但其营养生态位面积却大于五趾跳鼠；随着季节的变化，三趾跳鼠与五趾跳鼠的摄食范围和营养生态位面积均呈现出春季最大，夏季减小，秋季再增加的趋势。两种跳鼠的营养生态位变化与摄食策略符合生态位分化假说，二者通过种间营养生态位分化实现同域共存。     

兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鳡、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。       

滴滴涕对太湖经济鱼类危害的生态风险

选取滴滴涕(diehloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane,DDT)作为太湖持久性有机氯污染的代表性污染物,以大银鱼、陈氏短吻银鱼和刀鲚为研究对象,建立太湖主要经济鱼类食物网模型,并结合DDT的生物化学特性以及蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)不确定性分析方法,应用食物网模型研究DDT在食物网主要经济鱼类中的迁移分布特性,分析由此导致的生态风险.结果表明:大银鱼DDT累积量为0～0.329 mg·kg-1,平均值为0.039 mg·kg-1;陈氏短吻银鱼DDT累积量为0-0.188 mg·kg-1,平均值为0.022 mg·kg-1;刀鲚DDT累积量为0-0.575 mg·kg-1,平均值为0.067 mg·kg-1;以脂溶性为代表的污染物累积性质是太湖经济鱼类富集DDT的主要控制因素;生态风险总体状况为:刀鲚＞大银鱼＞陈氏短吻银鱼.     

降水对鄂尔多斯高原克隆植物分布的影响

鄂尔多斯高原地处半干旱区到干旱区的过渡带。通过沿鄂尔多斯高原从东到西的天然降水梯度的样带调查,分析了克隆植物的分布特征与降水的关系。结果表明:克隆植物的物种数量、占物种总数的比例和重要值以及根状茎型克隆植物的物种数量均与降水量呈显著正相关。5种优势植物克氏针茅、本氏针茅、黑沙蒿、赖草和短花针茅均为克隆植物,它们的分布也受降水影响。克氏针茅的密度、本氏针茅的盖度和密度、黑沙蒿的高度、盖度和密度以及赖草的高度均与降水量呈显著正相关。然而,赖草的盖度以及短花针茅的高度、盖度和密度均与降水量成负相关。因此,克隆植物在鄂尔多斯高原植被中具有重要作用,而且其作用随着降水量的增加而加强。     

The effect of competition and edaphic conditions on the establishment of halophytes on brine effected soils

In order to test the feasibility of using native halophytes to reclaim brinecontaminated soil, seedlings of five inland halophytes, Atriplexprostrata, Hordeum jubatum, Salicornia europaea, Spergularia marina, and Suaeda calceoliformis, were planted at threedensities on a site near Athens, Ohio which had been contaminated by oilwell brine water. Ten replicates of each density treatment weretransplanted on two distinct areas of high and low salinity in May of 1993. Seedling survivorship, soil moisture, and soil salinity were monitored weeklythroughout the growing season. Biomass production and ion uptake weredetermined for each plant surviving until harvest. Soil analyses wereperformed prior to planting and after harvest to determine overall changesin soil chemistry and to determine the amount of Na⁺ reductionfrom the soil due to leaching by precipitation during the course of theexperiment. Survival was determined to be density independent for all ofthe species with the exception of S. marina where survival wasfacilitated at high density. Increased salinity negatively affected the survivaland yield of A. prostrata. The remaining species had greater survivalunder high salinity conditions, and density appeared to be the key factorinfluencing yield. Sodium and chloride ions were accumulated in planttissues in much greater amounts than K⁺, Ca⁺²or Mg⁺². Salicornia europaea plants grown in high densityon the high salinity site accumulated the highest amount of Na⁺ andH. jubatum grown in low density on the high salinity site accumulatedthe lowest amount of Na⁺. Soil salinities measured directly from theroot zone were significantly reduced (p<0.05) at the end of thegrowing season when compared to their controls. Atriplex prostrata(high density/low salinity) plots produced the greatest reduction in soilsalinity (15.8%) and S. marina (high density/high salinity) plots hadthe least reduction (1.2%).     

Research on streptococci in the UK

Pleurotus florida produced high amounts of laccase (4.60 U/ml) in malt extract broth after 12 days' growth under stationary conditions. The production of laccase was semi-constitutive. Hyperlaccase mutants ofP. florida were obtained through mutagenesis of mycelial protoplasts usingN-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (50 g/ml) for 2 min. Three hyperlaccase mutants were selected showing growth and enzyme production responses similar to the parent.     

Taxonomical studies on ovariicolous ustomycetes on caryophyllaceae I.Ustilago jehudana andUstilago moenchiae-manticae

A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.     

Foraging Ants as Scavengers on Entomopathogenic Nematode-Killed Insects

Ants were the most apparent invertebrate scavengers observed foraging on entomopathogenic nematode-killed insects (i.e., insect cadavers containing entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria) in the present study. Workers of the Argentine ant,Linepithema humile(Mayr), scavenged nematode-killed insects on the surface and those buried 2 cm below the soil surface. Ant workers scavenged significantly more steinernematid-killed (60–85%) than heterorhabditid-killed (10–20%) insects. More 4-day-postinfected cadavers (hosts died within 48 h after exposure to nematodes) were scavenged than 10-day-postinfected cadavers. Ten-day-postinfected hosts contained live infective juvenile nematodes therefore ants may serve as phoretic agents. Other ant species, includingVeromessor andrei(Mayr),Pheidole vistanaForel,Formica pacificaFrancoeur, andMonomoriom ergatogynaWheeler, also scavenged nematode-killed insects. These ant species removed or destroyed about 45% of the steinernematid-killed insects. These results suggest that survival of steinernematid nematodes may be more significantly impacted by invertebrate scavengers, especially ants, than that of heterorhabditid nematodes, and placement of steinernematid-killed insects in the field for biological control may be an ineffective release strategy. Because entomopathogenic nematodes kill insects with the help of symbiotic bacteria, we tested the role of these bacterial species in deterring invertebrate scavengers by injecting bacteria (without nematodes) into insects and placing the cadavers in the field. None of the insects killed by the symbiotic bacterium,Photorhabdus luminescens(Thomas and Poinar) fromHeterorhabditis bacteriophoraPoinar, were scavanged, whereas 70% of the insects killed by the symbiotic bacterium,Xenorhabdus nematophilus(Poinar and Thomas) fromSteinernema carpocapsae(Weiser), and 90% of the insects killed byBacillus thuringiensisBerliner were scavenged by the Argentine ant. We conclude thatP. luminescensis responsible for preventing ants from foraging on heterorhabditid-killed hosts.     

Enzymic glycosphingolipid synthesis on polymer supports.

Two synthetic approaches leading toN-4-carboxymethyl-2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of model compounds and of glycosylsphingosines are described. The carboxymethyl group can be converted into a hydrazido derivative and the resulting products react with an active ester polymer yielding light-sensitive polymeric products that may subsequently serve as acceptors in glycosyltransferase reactions.Author for correspondence. Address until September 1990; Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02254, USA     

Notes on three Japanese Agaricales

Three species of Agaricales from Japan are treated here. 1) From the examination of the types and additional specimens,Lyophyllum nigrescens is conspecific withHydropus nigrita from Cuba. 2)Hydropus kansaiensis sp. nov. from Otsu appears close toTrogia mellea from Malaysia. 3)Alnicola lactariolens sp. nov. from Otsu is a distinctive species in this genus because of the purple color of its spore print.This work has been supported by a grant to one of us (H. C.) by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science in 1988/89.     

Dry deposition of pollutants and effects on vegetation

Summary Dry deposition of gases and airborne particles is reviewed in particular relation to their interaction with vegetation. Once deposited, pollutants overcome the system of resistances (air, cuticular, stomatal and mesophyll) and penetrate key physiological points that affect the plant's biochemistry. Strong relationships have been found between gases in the environment and the chlorophyll content of leaves, production and partitioning of dry matter, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Physical modes of dry deposition involving anthropogenic pollutants present in the surface layer and micrometeorological conditions allowing their diffusion in the canopy are also discussed, with emphasis on measurement techniques.     

Distribution of VA mycorrhiza on halophytes on inland salt playas

The value of mycorrhizal association for higher plants has been well established. However, the impact of high salinity on the mycorrhizal relationship has not been investigated to any great extent. Inland salt playas represent an opportunity to test the impact of salinity because it is possible to obtain a gradient by following a transect from the centre of the salt playa to the higher outer zones. In a salt playa near Goshen, Utah, the sodium concentration ranged from 27,150 ppm in the centre to 25 ppm in the outer zone. In the playas with sodium concentrations of 20,000 ppm, no mycorrhiza were detected on the halophytes and no spores of mycorrhizal fungi were found in the soil. One percent of the roots of salt grass in soils containing 8,450 ppm of sodium were mycorrhizal. In soils containing 622 ppm of 45 percent of the roots of a salt-tolerant grass (hybrid ofAgropyron repens × Agropyron spicatum) were mycorrhizal. Halophytes such asSalicornia pacifica var.utahensis which are among the most salt tolerant halophytes of the inland salt playas rarely had mycorrhizal roots. The mycorrhizal associations appear to be very limited in inland salt playas with sodium content.     

Studies on the early floral development inCleomoideae (Capparaceae) with emphasis on the androecial development

Floral ontogeny ofCleome spinosa, Cleome violacea andPolanisia dodecandra subsp.trachysperma was studied in the context of the question whether the fascicled androecium ofReseda andCapparis (with fused fascicles) or the 2 + 4-pattern of theBrassicaceae is primitive in theCapparales. InPolanisia dodecandra, the 9–18 stamens show unidirectional initiation from the adaxial side toward the abaxial side of the flower. InCleome violacea, the six stamens also are formed in an unidirectional order, but development starts abaxially and a zigzag-like pattern is superimposed. InCleome spinosa, two stamen primordia in transversal (lateral) position are followed by four stamens which arise on a somewhat higher level in two pairs in front of the median sepals. It is assumed that the evolutionary steps in the androecial development proceed fromReseda viaCapparis andPolanisia/Cleome toBrassicaceae. This interpretation is supported byrbcL-studies (Chase & al. 1993,Rodman & al. 1993).Dedicated to emer. Univ.-Prof. DrFriedrich Ehrendorfer on the occasion of his 70th birthday