富营养化对小型湖泊浮游甲壳动物群落结构及多样性的影响

2017年3月到2018年2月研究了临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化。临涣湖共记录浮游甲壳动物13种,其中枝角类8属8种,桡足类5属5种。短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)和象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)等小型富营养种类是温暖季节的优势种,而近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus)是冬季的优势种。盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)等大型种类仅在少数月份中被观察到。临涣湖浮游甲壳动物的年平均密度和生物量分别为28.3个/L和0.33 mg/L。营养状态指数(TSI_M)的年平均值为62.6。浮游甲壳动物的Shannon指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数的年平均值分别为0.86、0.74和0.49,且3种多样性指数均具有显著的季节差异。营养盐水平、营养状态指数和物种多样性指数均表明,临涣湖水体处于富营养化状态。冗余分析结果表明,水温、总磷浓度和叶绿素a浓度是影响临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化的上行效应因子。鲢、鳙鱼的捕食压力是临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构小型化的下行效应因子。     

焦岗湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态

2013年10月至2014年7月分季节对焦岗湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构动态进行调查,并探讨了影响浮游甲壳动物群落结构的环境因子。结果表明:焦岗湖共记录浮游甲壳动物17种,其中枝角类8属11种,桡足类5属6种;全湖枝角类的优势种为秀体溞(Diaphanosoma sp.)、矩形尖额溞(Alona rectangula)和脆弱象鼻溞(Bosmina fatalis),桡足类的优势种为跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops vaticans)和透明温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops hyalinus);浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量呈现明显的季节变化,春、夏季较高,秋、冬季较低,年平均密度和年平均生物量分别为(196.30±313.75)ind·L-1和(1.80±3.18)mg·L-1;枝角类的密度和生物量的最高值分别出现在夏季[(28.53±55.91)ind·L-1]和春季[(0.61±0.70)mg·L-1],桡足类的密度和生物量的最高值均出现在夏季,分别为(31.47±51.09)ind·L-1和(2.82±4.58)mg·L-1;全湖浮游甲壳动物群落Shannon多样性指数的年平均值为1.07±0.81,最大值(1.74±0.46)出现在春季;典范对应分析(CCA)表明,与焦岗湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态变化相关的重要环境因子为水温、p H、溶解氧、浮游植物生物量、营养盐等。     

养殖与非养殖型大型水库间浮游甲壳动物的比较

作者从群落结构相似性、生物多样性、现存量等方面比较了两座地理位置接近、营养水平相当的养殖型与非养殖型大型水库的浮游甲壳动物,结果表明：栖息环境的不同以及鲢、鳙的摄食引起两座水库各区域间的浮游甲壳动物种类的差别。鲢、鳙对浮游甲壳动物尤其是枝角类的摄食压力在7月和10月表现明显。鲢、鳙的摄食也降低了枝角类的生物多样性,但是对浮游甲壳动物的体长大小没有影响。     

淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态

2007年1-12月对淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态进行研究。共记录浮游甲壳动物24种, 其中枝角类8属13种、桡足类9属11种。枝角类在4月和9月形成两个峰值, 即(28.2±21.6) ind/L和(40.8±10.1) ind/L, 其优势种分别为僧帽溞 Daphnia cucullata和脆弱象鼻溞 Bosmina fatalis。捕食性桡足类-近邻剑水蚤Cyclops vicinus vicinus、广布中剑水蚤Mesocyclops leuckarti和台湾温剑水蚤Thermocyclops taihokuensis分别在4月、5月和6月形成较大的密度。汤匙华哲水蚤Sinocalanus dorrii和中华窄腹剑水蚤Limnoithona sinensis分别在5月和8月占优势。小型浮游植物(≤20 μm)生物量在4月达到最大值, 之后快速下降, 而较大型浮游植物(>20 μm)生物量从4月上升, 到7月达到最大值。典型冗余分析(RDA)显示, 溞属Daphnia的仲春下降与捕食性桡足类(尤其是近邻剑水蚤)的摄食压力、浮游植物生物量的季节变化密切相关。       

苏州工业园区水体浮游甲壳动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

于2012年6月至2013年5月,对苏州工业园区湖泊和河流水体的浮游甲壳动物组成及群落结构进行了研究,分析了浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量的年度变化,探讨其分布与水体理化因子间的关系.结果表明：园区水体有枝角类6科12属24种,桡足类7科13属18种,其中短尾秀体溞、长额象鼻溞、汤匙华哲水蚤及近邻剑水蚤在不同水体中不同季节均为优势种.在湖泊水体和河流水体中,浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量表现为夏、秋季较高,冬、春季较低,且在夏、秋季分别具有2个峰值.枝角类平均密度和生物量在河流水体中均高于湖泊水体,两者间均具有显著差异;桡足类的平均密度在河流水体和湖泊水体间差异不显著,而平均生物量要显著高于湖泊水体.湖泊水体和河流水体在溶解氧、pH、透明度、总溶解固体、盐度、总磷、总氮及铵氮含量上均存在显著差异;冗余分析表明无论是湖泊水体还是河流水体,多数浮游甲壳动物的分布与水温、盐度、化学需氧量(COD_Mn)和总磷等指数呈正相关,只有枝角类中的溞属、船卵溞属种类的分布与水体溶解氧、pH值及透明度呈正相关.     

巢湖春夏季节浮游甲壳动物群落演替的围隔实验研究

为研究巢湖浮游甲壳动物春夏季节的群落演替规律,于2012 年2 月19 日至2012 年7 月24 日（22 周）在巢湖进行了围隔实验。共设置三个处理组（即A 组：鲢鱼+营养盐;B组：鲢鱼+鳙鱼+营养盐;D 组：团头鲂+营养盐）和一个对照组（即C组：不添加鱼类和营养盐）。实验共记录浮游甲壳动物14 属21 种,其中枝角类9 属12 种,桡足类8 属9 种。透明溞（Daphnia hyalina）是春季所有围隔的优势种。春季浮游植物生物量和叶绿素a 浓度均处于较低水平。夏季以小型枝角类、大型中镖水蚤 （Sinodiaptomus sarsi）和剑水蚤占优势,其密度在围隔A、B和C中较低。夏季所有围隔中的Daphnia 种群均消失。在没有蓝藻水华和滤食性鱼类存在下,大型枝角类Daphnia 仍然被小型枝角类和桡足类所取代。结果显示,鱼类和营养盐共同决定了巢湖围隔浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化。春季较高的Daphnia 种群密度也是巢湖Daphnia 仲夏消失的重要原因。     

大沙河水库浮游甲壳类动物群落特征

于2010 年1 月至12 月对广东大沙河水库的三个典型水域(河流区、过渡区和湖泊区)进行逐月采样, 共检出浮游甲壳类动物15 种, 其中枝角类10 种, 桡足类5 种, 多为广温性和嗜暖性种类。全年出现的种类有: 象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.), 微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)、角突网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)、温中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides)、博平近剑水蚤(Tropocyclops bopingi)和右突新镖水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeri)。在丰度上无节幼体占优势, 枝角类的优势种以小型种类(象鼻溞、微型裸腹溞、角突网纹溞)为主, 枯水期的优势种为象鼻溞, 在丰水期优势种为角突网纹溞, 形成象鼻溞(1-4 月)-角突网纹溞(5-9 月)-象鼻溞(10-12 月)的季节更替结构。浮游甲壳类总丰度和总生物量的变化范围分别是58.73-231.89 ind·L–1 和224.36-986.03 μg·L–1, 季节波动都比较明显, 丰水期浮游甲壳类的丰度和生物量明显高于枯水期; 高峰值均出现在捕食压力相对较低而生长期开始的丰水早期(4 月)。浮游甲壳类的丰度和生物量在三个采样水域之间的时空差异性不明显, 群落结构主要受水库的水温、营养水平和浮游植物种类组成的影响。     

新疆乌伦古湖浮游甲壳动物的季节演替及与环境因子的关系

通过2006年11月至2008年8月2周年8个季度的野外采样调查和室内分析,研究了新疆乌伦古湖浮游甲壳动物的季节演替格局及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,枝角类和桡足类的总种类数为25种,其中枝角类6种,桡足类19种。枝角类Shannon-Wiener指数2007年夏季和2008年夏季较高,2007年冬季最低;Pielou 指数2006年冬季最高;桡足类Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou指数除冬季较低外,其余三季较高。方差分析结果表明枝角类和无节幼体的密度与生物量呈现出显著的季节变动格局,其中,枝角类密度和生物量在夏秋季形成单一高峰,最大值出现在2007年夏,最大密度和生物量分别为2.12个/L和0.062 mg/L,而无节幼体密度和生物量形成春秋双高峰,其最大值出现在2007年春,密度和生物量分别为5.14个/L和0.015 mg/L,桡足类密度和生物量季节变化不明显。优势种的季节演替方面,象鼻溞和模式有爪猛水蚤全年形成优势,其他枝角类、哲水蚤和剑水蚤不同季节的优势种各异。经典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,长刺溞等与水体中的pH值、SD呈正相关,与浮游植物生物量呈负相关;长额象鼻溞等与水深呈正相关,无节幼体等与水温也呈正相关性。     

长江口南北支浮游甲壳动物的比较及南水北调工程影响预测

南水北调东线、中线工程实施后将给长江口水生生物的生态环境带来影响.2005年秋季和2006年春季,对长江口南、北支浮游甲壳动物进行了2航次的调查.调查区域从长江口徐六径至河口 50号灯标,全长181.8 km,自西向东江面宽由约5.7 km扩展为约90km,平面形态呈扇形分布,设立3个断面14个调查采集点.采集到浮游甲壳动物共23科37属54种,其中枝角类6科8属15种,桡足类17科29属39种;秋季种类数多于春季,北支桡足类种类数多于南支;平均总密度为9.10 ind·L-1,平均总生物量为0.1179 mg·L-1,以桡足类为主;北支Ⅲ断面的现存量远远高于南、北支其他断面;长额象鼻溞、简弧象鼻溞为优势枝角类;中华华哲水蚤、汤匙华哲水蚤、球状许水蚤、广布中剑水蚤为优势桡足类.文中还对长江口南、北支浮游甲壳动物的总体水平及时空分布、南水北调对浮游甲壳动物的影响进行了分析.     

鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构特征

鄱阳湖是中国第一大淡水湖,具有"丰水为湖,枯水为河"的独特特点。为探讨鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构及其时空分布的特征,于2009年全年采集其不同季节、不同水位期的浮游甲壳动物样品进行定量分析。结果显示,鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构总体与河流浮游甲壳群落具有相似性。无节幼体、象鼻溞、剑水蚤等河流优势类群在鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物中占优势;而哲水蚤和溞属仅在低水位季节占优势,枝角类丰度仅在高温、高水位、流速缓的季节高过桡足类。丰水期浮游甲壳动物平均丰度和生物量远远高于枯水期,可达枯水期的50倍,差异极其显著(P0.01)。温度和水位变化引起的环境因子改变是导致鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物发生季节演替的主要原因;而营养盐对浮游甲壳动物的影响并不显著。空间上浮游甲壳动物群落构成明显不同,年均丰度最高和最低的点均出现在河口地区。因此:对于换水周期短,水交换速率快的水体,应该充分考虑水文条件对生物的影响。     

Impacts of two biomanipulation fishes stocked in a large pen on the plankton abundance and water quality during a period of phytoplankton seasonal succession

Silver and bighead carp were stocked in a large pen to control the nuisance cyanobacterial blooms in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu. Plankton abundance and water quality were investigated about once a week from 9 May to 7 July in 2005. Biomass of both total crustacean zooplankton and cladocerans was significantly suppressed by the predation of pen-cultured fishes. There was a significant negative correlation between the N:P weight ratio and phytoplankton biomass. The size-selective predation by the two carps had no effect on the biomass of green alga Ulothrix sp. It may be attributed to the low fish stocking density (less than 40 g m⁻³) before June. When Microcystis dominated in the water of fish pen, the pen-cultured carps effectively suppressed the biomass of Microcystis, as indicated by the significant decline of chlorophyll a in the >38 μm fractions of the fish pen. Based on the results of our experiment and previous other studies, we conclude that silver and bighead carp are two efficient biomanipulation tools to control cyanobacterial (Microcystis) blooms in the tropical/subtropical eutrophic waters. Moreover, we should maintain an enough stocking density for an effective control of phytoplankton biomass.     

Seasonal variations in stable isotope ratios of two biomanipulation fishes and seston in a large pen culture in hypereutrophic Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

This paper reports on seasonal changes in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of seston and muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp during 2004 and 2005, focusing primarily on the carbon sources and trophic relationships among phytoplankton, zooplankton and silver carp and bighead carp in a large fish pen of Meiliang Bay (Lake Taihu, China). δ¹³C showed a minimal value in March 2005 and a maximal value in August 2005 in seston both inside and outside the pen, whereas δ¹⁵N of seston showed the minimum in winter and the maximum during algal blooms. A positive correlation between δ¹³C of silver carp and that of seston suggested that temporal variation of δ¹³C in seston was preserved in fish via the food chain. The differences of δ¹³C among seston, zooplankton and muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp ranged only 0.2–1.7%, indicating that plankton production was the primary food source of filter-feeding fishes. According to a mass balance model, we estimated that the contributions of zooplankton to the diets of silver carp and bighead carp were 45.7% and 54.3%, respectively, based on the δ¹⁵N values of zooplankton and planktivorous fishes.     

Comparative studies on the feeding selectivity of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis

Silver carp and bighead carp exhibited size-selection for food particles in aquarium experiments, but did not select their preferred species of plankton actively when they were distributed evenly in the water. They also possessed the capacity of selection for feeding area. The removal rates (% g⁻¹ fish weight) of silver carp for smaller plankton (phytoplankton) were higher than those of bighead carp. The removal rates by the latter for bigger plankton (zooplankton) were higher than those of silver carp, but for plankton about 70 μm dia. the rates by the two species were almost equal.     

鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对池塘浮游生物的影响

本文根据１９９０年－９月对９个鱼池的研究,报道鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对浮游生物的影响,结果表明：鲤鱼种使浮游植物和浮游动物生物量增加,浮游植物大型化,浮游动物小型化,并使浮游植物多样性增加,浮游动物多样性下降;鲢鳙密度增加,浮生物小型明显,微型藻类和超微在在浮植物中所占比重显著增加,小型浮游动物（原生动物和轮虫）在浮游动物中比重也明显增;鲢鳙密度对浮游生物多样性和浮游生物量的影响具有阶段性,当鲢鳙密度低时,     

In situ study on effect of food competition on diet shifts and growth of silver and bighead carps in large biomanipulation fish pens in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

Silver and bighead carps were cultured in large fish pens to reduce the risks of cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks in Meiliang Bay, Lake Tauhu in 2004 and 2005. Diet compositions and growth rates of the carps were studied from April to November each year. Both carp species fed mainly on zooplankton (>50% in diet) in 2004 when competition was low, but selected more phytoplankton in 2005 when competition was high. Silver carp had a broader diet breadth than did bighead carp. Higher densities and fewer food resources increased diet breadths but decreased the diet overlap in both types of carps. It can be predicted that silver and bighead carps would be released from diet competition and shift to feed mainly on zooplankton at low densities, decreasing the efficiency of controlling cyanobacterial blooms. Conclusively, when silver and bighead carps are used to control cyanobacterial blooms, a sufficiently high stocking density is very important for a successful practice.     

Effects of a filter-feeding fish [silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.)] on phyto- and zooplankton in a mesotrophic reservoir: results from an enclosure experiment

SUMMARY 1. Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), feeds on both phyto- and zooplankton and has been used in lake biomanipulation studies to suppress algal biomass. Because reports on the effects of silver carp on lake food webs have been contradictory, we conducted an enclosure experiment to test how a moderate biomass of the fish (10 g wet weight m⁻³) affects phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton in a mesotrophic temperate reservoir.
2. Phytoplankton biomass <30 μm and particulate organic carbon (POC) <30 μm were significantly higher in enclosures with silver carp than in enclosures without fish, whereas Secchi depth was lower. Total copepod biomass declined strongly in both treatments during the experiment, but it was significantly higher in fish-free enclosures. Daphnid biomass was also consistently higher in enclosures without fish, although this effect was not significant. However, the presence of fish led to a fast and significant decrease in the size at maturity of Daphnia galeata Sars. Thus, the moderate biomass of silver carp had a stronger negative effect on cladoceran zooplankton than on phytoplankton.
3. Based on these results and those of previous studies, we conclude that silver carp should be used for biomanipulation only if the primary aim is to reduce nuisance blooms of large phytoplankton species (e.g. cyanobacteria) that cannot be effectively controlled by large herbivorous zooplankton. Therefore, stocking of silver carp appears to be most appropriate in tropical lakes that are highly productive and naturally lack large cladoceran zooplankton.     

Diet overlap among two Asian carp and three native fishes in backwater lakes on the Illinois and Mississippi rivers

Bighead and silver carp are well established in the Mississippi River basin following their accidental introduction in the 1980s. Referred to collectively as Asian carp, these species are filter feeders consuming phytoplankton and zooplankton. We examined diet overlap and electivity of Asian carp and three native filter feeding fishes, bigmouth buffalo, gizzard shad, and paddlefish, in backwater lakes of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Rotifers, Keratella spp., Brachionus spp., and Trichocerca spp., were the most common prey items consumed by Asian carp and gizzard shad, whereas crustacean zooplankton were the preferred prey of paddlefish. Bigmouth buffalo diet was broad, including both rotifers and crustacean zooplankton. Dietary overlap with Asian carp was greatest for gizzard shad followed by bigmouth buffalo, but we found little diet overlap for paddlefish. Diet similarity based on taxonomy correlated strongly with diet similarity based on size suggesting filtration efficiency influenced the overlap patterns we observed. Although rotifers were the most common prey item consumed by both bighead and silver carp, we found a negative relation between silver carp CPUE and cladoceran density. The competitive effect of Asian carp on native fishes may be forestalled because of the high productivity of Illinois and Mississippi river habitats, yet the potential for negative consequences of Asian carp in less productive ecosystems, including Lake Michigan, should not be underestimated.     

Changes in the plankton community following introduction of filter-feeding planktivorous fish

1. We conducted enclosure experiments in a shallow eutrophic lake, in which a biomass gradient of the filter-feeding planktivore, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, was created, and subsequent community changes in both zooplankton and phytoplankton were examined.
2. During a summer experiment, a bloom of Anabaena flos-aquae developed (≈ 8000 cells mL⁻¹) solely in an enclosure without silver carp. Concurrent with, or slightly preceding the Anabaena bloom, the number of rotifer species and their abundance increased from seven to twelve species (1700–14 400 organisms L⁻¹) after the bloom in this fish-free enclosure. Protozoans and bacteria were generally insensitive to the gradient of silver carp biomass.
3. During an autumn experiment, on the other hand, large herbivorous crustaceans were more efficient than silver carp in suppressing the algae, partly because the lower water temperature (≈ 24 °C) inhibited active feeding of this warm-water fish and also formation of algal colonies. Heterotrophic nanoflagellate and bacterial densities were also influenced negatively by the crustaceans.
4. Correspondence analysis (CA) was applied to the weekly community data of zooplankton and phytoplankton. A major effect detected in the zooplankton community was the presence/absence of silver carp rather than the biomass of silver carp, whereas that in the phytoplankton community was the fish biomass before the Anabaena bloom, but shifted to the presence/absence of the fish after the bloom.     

鲢放养和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响

报道了单养链（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响,链的放养使浮游植物丰度,叶绿素a 含量和和初组生产力增大,浮游植物小型化,生物量以小型硅藻和绿藻占优势,裸藻和金藻占有相当比重;浮游动物生物量减少,特别是枝角类的生物量无鱼围隔大于有鱼围隔,且多是较大型的种类,施肥特别是施无机肥能显著地提高浮游植物丰度和初级生产力,浮游动物生物量也增大,施有机肥围隔浮游植物和浮游动物生物量虽高于有鱼对照围隔,但其浮游植物初级生产力,叶绿素a含量,浮游生物多样性指数,P／R系数均较低,链鱼的生长最差,文中讨论了滤食性鱼类和施肥对浮游生物的影响。     

Experimental study of the impacts of silver carp on plankton communities of eutrophic Villerest reservoir (France)

We examined the impact of five silver carp biomass levels (0, 8, 16, 20, and 32 g m⁻³) on plankton communities and water quality of Villerest eutrophic reservoir (France). We realized the experiments using outdoor mesocosms. The presence of silver carp led to changes in zooplankton and phytoplankton assemblages. High fish biomass strongly reduced cladoceran abundance (through predation). Silver carp inefficiently grazed down particles < 20 μm. More importantly, however, the suppression of herbivorous cladocerans resulted in the increase of small size algae which were relieved from grazing and benefit from high nutrient concentrations. In contrast, in mesocosms without fish, the dominance of cladocerans (mainly Daphnia) controlled small size algae and probably also larger size algae (colonial chlorophytes, cyanobacteria). Thus, the Secchi disc transparency increased markedly. Through cascade effects, the modification of grazers communities led to changes in the utilization patterns of the added nutrients by phytoplankton communities. In high fish biomass treatments, nutrients were more efficiently accumulated into particulate fractions compared with no-fish and low-fish biomass treatments that were characterized by higher dissolved nutrients concentrations. Zooplankton was an essential source of food for silver carp. The productivity of zooplankton sustained a moderate silver carp biomass (up to 16 g m⁻³). In the presence of the highest fish biomass, the productivity of zooplankton was not large enough and silver carps fed on additional phytoplankton. Although mesocosms with high fish biomass were characterized by a slight cyanobacteria development compared with other fish mesocosms, silver carp was not effective in reducing cyanobacteria dominance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.