荷叶离褶伞优良菌株筛选

以棉籽壳、木屑、玉米芯等为主料设计了10个栽培配方,研究不同配方下7株荷叶离褶伞的菌丝生长和出菇情况。结果表明,各菌株菌丝颜色以雪白色为主,在玉米芯为主料的配方上菌丝体生长优于以棉籽壳、木屑为主料的配方,但均无子实体形成;以棉籽壳为主料有利于子实体的形成,特别是棉子壳添加少量木屑、树叶、腐殖土、发酵料和小麦更利于子实体形成,菌株3001的出菇周期最短（108d）,产量最高（214.80g/袋）,各菌株出菇的顺序为3001、1035、1004和1013。因此,栽培料组分对荷叶离褶伞菌丝生长及子实体形成影响较大。     

香栓菌的驯化栽培及生物学发育特征

为了筛选香栓菌Trametes suaveolens的最佳出菇配方,同时对子实体不同生长阶段的生物学发育特征进行研究。本文用杨树、柳树、秸秆木屑作为培养料设置了8种配比,每种分为对照A、测试组B共计16个配方进行筛选,对不同时期的菌丝发育状况进行显微观察。结果柳树木屑、杨树木屑的配方均能成功栽培出香栓菌子实体,开袋后在90%-95%空气湿度、一定散射光、13-18℃的低温刺激下28d原基发育为菇蕾,继续培养28d后子实体成熟。其中配料为柳树木屑97%、蔗糖1%、石灰1%、石膏1%、含水量65%左右的配方出菇率最高,配料为柳树木屑的配方开袋后子实体长势最佳,采用边缘开袋方式最佳。子实体发育过程中,先分化出白色蜂窝状原基,原基依靠孔状结构吸收营养后,在其上层包被形成黑色菇蕾,同时基部开始形成子实层;菇蕾内部生殖菌丝不断分化和发育,体积逐渐膨大,颜色由深变浅,菌丝分化出担子并产生担孢子,最终形成子实体。     

梯棱羊肚菌大田栽培品比试验与分子鉴定

以7个羊肚菌栽培菌株为试验材料,在设施化大棚栽培条件下进行品比试验。结果表明:7个羊肚菌菌株在相同的试验条件下菌丝生长速度、平均产量、出菇密度及单菇质量等均有显著差异(P0.05);其中9号菌株的综合性状最优,菌丝生长速度14.0 mm/d,平均产量1 934.1 g/m2,出菇密度93.8个/m2,单菇质量19.6 g。对7个羊肚菌菌株进行分子鉴定,ITS-RPB1B-RPB2B序列联合矩阵的系统发育分析表明,7个菌株均为梯棱羊肚菌(Morchella importuna)。     

硬杂木屑替代桦木屑栽培桦褐孔菌

为获得广泛栽培原料和提高栽培菌核生物学效率,开展了桦褐孔菌人工栽培比较试验,并利用桦褐孔菌常规栽培配方筛选人工栽培管理条件。试验获得桦木屑培养料出核最佳条件:菌袋不割口,无棉盖体封口,温度20～25℃,光照200 lx,基质含水量60%。菌丝粗壮,浓密,生长速度快;菌核出现早,数量多,颜色深,产量高。此管理条件下,通过桦木屑、杂木屑+玉米芯的复方栽培基质比较,获得了代用栽培料配方:杂木屑46%,玉米芯40%,麦麸10%,豆粉2%,白糖1%,石膏1%,水分60%,pH自然。菌核产量27.5 g/袋,生物学效率达30.7%,该配方与桦木屑基质菌核产量差异不显著。     

硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响

【背景】大球盖菇是我国新兴的食用菌栽培品种，其栽培技术简单、产量高、效益高，在农业废弃物高效转化和农民增收方面发挥重要作用。【目的】探究硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响，为富硒大球盖菇的实践生产提供依据。【方法】通过平板试验，测定添加不同质量浓度的Na₂SeO₃对菌丝生长速度和干重的影响。以木屑、稻壳、玉米芯为主要原料，添加0-10mg/kgNa₂SeO₃，进行大球盖菇生料栽培试验，测定一潮菇农艺性状、营养品质和抗氧化活性。【结果】Na₂SeO₃浓度为0-10mg/L时，对大球盖菇菌丝生长速度与干重无显著影响，分别为3.74-3.76 mm/d和40.67-41.33 mg；当浓度达到15 mg/L及以上时，显著抑制菌丝生长。栽培试验结果表明，添加0-10 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃对一潮菇生物学效率无显著影响，7.5 mg/kg剂量组表现出最佳的菌盖直径、菌柄直径和单菇鲜重。子实体营养分析显...     

羊肚菌种袋栽培研究

羊肚菌的大田栽培已在我国进行了十余年,生产规模已超过10万亩,在不断高产出现的同时,区域性连作障碍、病虫害、较高的成本已成为制约产业发展的重要因素.以六妹羊肚菌菌株YAASMJNLM1-25和YAASMJNLM 1-31为材料,研究了1种羊肚菌栽培的新方法——种袋栽培技术,以常见的营养袋栽培方法为对照,进行了直接种袋栽培方法和间接种袋栽培方法研究.结果 表明:菌丝长满墒面的时间为8～23 d,现原基时间为55～91 d,第一次采收时间为77～110d,无论是直接种袋栽培法还是间接种袋栽培法,菌丝长满墒面的时间、现原基时间和采收时间均比撒播的营养袋栽培法长,即同一区域同一播种时间,六妹羊肚菌现原基时间和采收时间与菌丝长满墒面的时间相关;墒面污染率和袋(瓶)污染率分别为0～5％和0～25％,与撒播的营养袋栽培法相比,种袋栽培法的墒面和营养基质污染率显著降低,多数处理的污染率为零;试验的最低产量和最高产量分别为(295.00±8.66) g/m2和(466.89±33.67) g/m2,虽然组内有显著性差异的处理存在,但组间没有明显的规律性,这种显著差异的产生应该是羊肚菌的环境适应敏感性所致;种袋栽培法实现了羊肚菌菌丝向营养基质和土壤基质的双向生长,营养能有效向土壤基质转移,有利于稳产和减少病虫害;与营养袋栽培法相比,种袋栽培法减少了操作步骤,降低了生产成本.总之,2种方法的研究结果显示,羊肚菌出菇时间与菌丝长满墒面的时间密切相关,这对室内栽培及出菇机制的研究奠定了基础.     

刺芹侧耳菌渣对肺形侧耳（秀珍菇）生长和营养成分的影响

以常规棉籽壳培养料为对照,用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii工厂化生产的废料（简称菌渣）代替部分棉籽壳进行格氏侧耳Pleurotus geesterani栽培试验,并测定格氏侧耳的营养成分。结果表明,供试培养料中菌丝长势均良好,随着菌渣替代比例的增加,菌丝满袋时间、原基出现时间和转潮期缩短,生长周期变短;菌渣代替比例增加,产量呈降低趋势,其中替代比例33%（1:2）和55%（1.2:1）时培养料的生物学效率与对照无显著差异,替代比例55%和78%（3.5:1）时培养料对第四潮和第五潮菇产量影响明显,显著低于对照;供试菌渣培养料栽培格氏侧耳的粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量略高于或显著高于对照,说明添加适量的菌渣栽培格氏侧耳可提高子实体的营养成分。     

与槟榔芋间作的棘托竹荪栽培配方筛选

以棘托竹荪D89为供试菌株,研究栽培料发酵时间及不同比例杂木屑和谷壳培养料对棘托竹荪生长的影响。结果表明,棘托竹荪栽培料发酵60 d时,产量最高,为2.18 kg/m~2;供试范围内,随着谷壳用量的增加,菌丝长势之间无明显差异,但菌丝长满畦床时间逐渐缩短,棘托竹荪鲜质量呈降低趋势,槟榔芋产量无显著性差异。其中配方A(89.5%杂木屑,10%谷壳,0.5%尿素)用于槟榔芋间作棘托竹荪时,原基形成时间为70 d,棘托竹荪产量1.73 kg/m~2,槟榔芋产量达4.80 kg/m~2。     

混料设计优化黑木耳菌丝生长的农业剩余物配方

【背景】菌林矛盾日益突出,农业剩余物资源丰富,可作为食用菌栽培主要基质。【目的】筛选出适合黑木耳菌丝生长的农业剩余物配方。【方法】以大豆秸秆、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生秸秆、小麦秸秆和杂木屑等6种基质为原料,运用单纯形格子法进行配方设计,分析不同基质交互作用对黑木耳菌丝生长速率、菌丝生长指数、漆酶酶活、多酚氧化酶酶活和纤维素酶酶活的影响。【结果】在这些农业剩余物基质中,大豆秸秆基质最适合黑木耳菌丝生长,其次是油菜秸秆。3种主料共同作用可以优化出最适合黑木耳菌丝生长的基质配比。【结论】最终优化出一个适合黑木耳菌丝生长的农业剩余物配方：杂木屑49.4%、油菜秸秆16.4%、大豆秸秆12.2%、麦麸20%、蔗糖1%、CaSO₄ 1%。本研究为“以草代木”栽培黑木耳提供了理论基础。     

香根草栽培平菇的研究

本文以香根草为主要配方材料,以常规木屑为对照,设计了12个配方,栽培平菇,通过菌丝的长势和生长速度的不同,筛选适宜平菇生长的配方.研究结果表明,最适配方为香根草48%,类芦20%,芒萁10%,麸皮20%,碳酸钙1%和石灰1%;该配方菌丝长势旺盛、生长速度快,利用该配方栽培平菇,其生物转化率达到102.7%.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.