灰树花秸秆栽培基质配方的优化

木屑一直是灰树花主要的栽培基质,但木质资源日趋匮乏。本文采用单纯格子法筛选替代木屑基质的原材料及高产配方,以玉米芯、玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆为栽培基质,以产量为考核指标,建立各组分配比与产量之间的回归模型,优化栽培配方及考察配方中各组分的互作效应。结果表明:玉米芯可以替代木屑栽培灰树花,大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆可以与玉米芯进行合适配比,也可以替代木屑基质。优化的高产配方为75%玉米芯,23%麦麸,2%轻质碳酸钙,每袋产量平均达133.3 g,比对照配方平均产量(97.25 g)高出36.05 g,提高了37.07%。     

新疆塔城地区羊肚菌人工栽培技术研究

根据羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta(L.)Pers)生物学特性,结合新疆塔城地区的土壤环境和气候特点,设计了不同栽培配方,利用日光温室控温法进行羊肚菌人工栽培,22℃条件下培养,对各处理组的菌丝状态、平均长速、长满菌袋时间、菌核产生时间等指标进行观测,确定不同配方对羊肚菌菌丝生长的影响;通过各处理组栽培出菇,对羊肚菌现蕾时间、第一潮菇产量、第二潮菇产量、总产量、优质菇率等指标进行检测,确定不同配方对羊肚菌产量、质量的影响。结果表明,处理组配方(3)(木屑15%,草粉30%,树叶20%,麦粒16%,麸皮12%,棉籽壳5%,石灰1%,石膏1%)无论菌丝生长状态还是产量都明显优于其他配方。分析发现,以草粉和树叶为主料替代木屑的配方更有利于羊肚菌菌丝生长和出菇。相比于木腐菌而言,羊肚菌木质素分解能力较弱,木屑不是羊肚菌栽培的最佳基质。羊肚菌不属于木腐菌,应属于草腐菌,此结论与野生羊肚菌生境相一致。     

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定桦褐孔菌多酚的条件优化

以没食子酸为标准品,通过正交试验和单因素实验研究了Folin-Ciocalteu 比色法测定桦褐孔菌中多酚含量的适宜条件。结果表明,优化后的显色条件为Folin-Ciocalteu试剂用量0.3mL、10% Na2CO3溶液0.6mL,25℃时避光反应30min,于750nm处测定其吸光值。多酚质量浓度在0.0032－0.0256mg/mL范围内与吸光值有良好的线性关系。根据拟合的线性回归方程对桦褐孔菌多酚进行定量测定,野生桦褐孔菌和人工培养桦褐孔菌中多酚含量最高分别为（72.05±0.08）mg/g、（52.76±0.06）mg/g（n=6）。不同加标水平的加标回收率测定实验获得的平均回收率为98.95%,RSD为1.27%。该法测定桦褐孔菌多酚具有快速、准确,稳定性强,重现性好,精密度高的特点,可应用于实际样品的测定。     

桦褐孔菌菌质活性组分的提取及其体外抗氧化作用

为提取桦褐孔菌菌质各活性组分并研究其体外抗氧化活性,将桦褐孔菌菌质醇提后分别梯度萃取获得各极性组分,将残渣沸水浸提醇沉得粗多糖;将获取的各活性组分别进行DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力的测定,并测定各组分中总多酚、总三萜的含量;同时与桦褐孔菌菌核进行对比。研究结果表明菌质和菌核乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分对DPPH自由基、OH自由基清除能力及其总抗氧化能力明显优于相应的其他组分(P0.01);菌质的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分对DPPH自由基的清除能力与菌核相应组分比较无显著性差异(P0.05),菌质和菌核的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇部位的总三萜和总多酚含量较高。结果显示桦褐孔菌菌质的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分的体外抗氧化活性较好,总多酚和总三萜含量较高,抗氧化活性的强弱可能与该二者活性成分的含量相关。通过双向固体发酵技术制得的桦褐孔菌菌质体外抗氧化作用较好。     

野生菌核侧耳生物学特性及驯化栽培

菌核侧耳是一种珍稀药食同源真菌,具有极高的营养价值和药用价值。为了充分保护和利用该类野生真菌资源,本研究对采自海南黎母山自然保护区的一株野生侧耳属子实体进行了菌株分离纯化培养,通过内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列分析,并结合形态学特征,鉴定为菌核侧耳Pleurotus tuber-regium。以此菌为试验菌株,从碳源、氮源、pH和温度4个方面进行生物学特性研究,从中选出3个较优水平进行正交试验。结果表明,在试验范围内,该菌株菌丝生长的最佳碳源为蔗糖,氮源为蛋白胨,pH 7.0,温度35 ℃。驯化出菇试验中,二级种选用玉米粒,25 ℃黑暗培养;出菇栽培的基质为杂木屑52%、玉米芯25%、麦麸20%、石灰2%、石膏1%,50 d左右出现原基,加大空气湿度至85%-90%,在28 ℃以上培养5 d后子实体成熟。本试验成功对野生菌核侧耳进行了人工出菇栽培,为该菌进一步的研究和开发提供了参考。     

寄生于蒙古黄榆上的粗毛纤孔菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

为了研究不同温度、初始pH、碳源和氮源在固体培养条件下对粗毛纤孔菌菌丝生长的影响,对以上4个因素进行单因素试验,从中选出3个最优的水平进行正交试验。结果表明,粗毛纤孔菌的最适生长温度为30℃;最适初始pH为6.5;最适碳源为木糖;最适氮源为酵母浸粉。在玉米、高粱和小麦3种基质中,对原种培养基进行了筛选,实验结果表明高粱和玉米在接种后的第1天和第2天开始萌发,且可更好地促进粗毛纤孔菌菌丝的生长。对粗毛纤孔菌栽培料的3种配方进行了筛选,实验结果表明配方：木屑78%、稻壳2%、玉米粉17%、蔗糖1%、石灰1%、石膏1%、含水量60%-62%的比例为栽培种培养料可使粗毛纤孔菌菌丝在接种28d后长满菌袋,且生长旺盛,可较快地培育出子实体。     

双水相超声法提取桦褐孔菌三萜

通过单因素实验和正交实验对影响桦褐孔菌三萜提取的异丙醇体积浓度、硫酸铵质量浓度、料液比和超声时间等因素进行探讨,旨在建立桦褐孔菌Inonotus obliquus菌丝体三萜类化合物的提取工艺。结果表明,提取桦褐孔菌三萜的最佳条件为：异丙醇体积浓度40%,硫酸铵质量浓度0.125g/mL,料液比（W/V）0.9:1,超声时间为35min,三萜提取率为6.18%,提取效率明显高于常规超声波提取法（5.38%）。利用该方法获得的三萜具有较强清除自由基的能力。通过正交实验获得的桦褐孔菌三萜的提取工艺是一种经济、有效的方法。     

桦褐孔菌子实体多糖提取研究

目的:为了获得桦褐孔菌多糖最大量的多糖收率,研究了影响多糖提取的最佳条件.方法:对影响桦褐孔菌胞内水溶性多糖提取效果的6个因素进行了单一因素影响实验,并对多糖提取影响因子的3个因素进行正交试验,对多糖提取工艺参数进行了优化.结果:正交试验确定桦褐孔菌子实体多糖的最佳提取条件是:料水比为1∶40,温度80℃,提取1.5h,多糖收率达2.53％.结论:确立了桦褐孔菌子实体多糖提取工艺,建立了一套简便、高效的桦褐孔菌胞内多糖的提取方法.     

桦褐孔菌三萜化合物提取工艺的优选

为了提高桦褐孔菌三萜化合物的产量,对其三萜化合物的提取工艺进行了初步优选。试验以桦褐孔菌发酵菌丝体为材料,齐墩果酸为标准品,用香草醛比色法测桦褐孔菌三萜化合物含量。通过单因素实验考察了不同提取剂、提取剂用量、提取温度、提取时间对桦褐孔菌三萜化合物提取的影响。结果表明,提取的最佳工艺为：以异丙醇为提取溶剂,用量为7倍,最佳提取温度为80℃,提取时间2h,在此条件下三萜化合物占菌丝体干质量的9．03％。该工艺的三萜桦褐物的提取率高,可用于桦褐孔菌中三萜化合物的提取。     

桦褐孔菌多糖的提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性评价

目的：优化桦褐孔菌多糖的超声波法提取工艺,对比不同产地桦褐孔菌多糖的抗氧化活性。方法：采用正交试验法确定超声波法的最佳工艺流程,检测不同产地桦褐孔菌的多糖提取率和抗氧化活性。结果：超声波法的最佳提取条件为超声时间25min、料液比1∶40、超声温度50℃、提取3次,在此条件下多糖提取率高达8.61 g/100g,与水提醇沉法相比提高了17.3%,耗时缩短了3/4,大大提高了提取效率。抗氧化能力检测结果证明超声波法得到的桦褐孔菌多糖都具有抗氧化活性,并且抗氧化能力与多糖提取率之间的相关性极其显著。结论：通过优化提取条件,超声波法明显提高了多糖提取率,保持了桦褐孔菌多糖的抗氧化活性,是一种可行、实用和高效的真菌多糖提取方法。     

Growth of Chaetomium cellulolyticum on Alkali-Pretreated Hardwood Sawdust Solids and Pretreatment Liquor

The treatment of a hardwood sawdust with 1% NaOH solution at 121°C dissolved 19.7% of the dry matter, mainly hemicellulose and lignin. Fermentation of the treated solids by Chaetomium cellulolyticum for 48 h gave a product containing 12.5% crude protein (total N × 6.25) on a dry weight basis. The in vitro rumen digestibility of the 48-h fermentation product was 30%, compared to 24% for the alkali-treated but unfermented sawdust. Growth was independent of sawdust particle size in the range 40 to 100 mesh. Fermentation of the pretreatment liquor gave a product containing up to 50% crude protein (dry weight basis) with an in vitro rumen digestibility of 65 to 76%. Approximately 6.7 g of crude protein was obtained from the treated solids and 2.2 g from the pretreatment liquor per 100 g of sawdust treated. The product from the pretreatment liquor fermentation has potential as a high-protein animal feed supplement but could not be produced economically without an outlet for the relatively indigestible product from the solids fermentation. Growth on the pretreatment liquor was strongly pH dependent; there was a considerable increase in the lag phase when the pH was lowered from 7.5 to 5.2. This effect appears to be due to an inhibitor whose toxicity is reduced at high pH.     

Sawdust Addition Reduces the Productivity of Nitrogen‐Enriched Mountain Grasslands

Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of mountain grasslands has boosted grasses and fast‐growing unpalatable plants at the expense of slow‐growing species, resulting in a significant loss in biodiversity. A potential tool to reduce nutrient availability and aboveground productivity without destroying the perennial vegetation is carbon (C) addition. However, little is known about its suitability under severe climatic conditions. Here, we report the results of a 3‐year field study assessing the effects of sawdust addition on soil nutrients, aboveground productivity, and vegetational composition of 10 grazed and ungrazed mountain grasslands. Of particular interest was the effect of C addition on grasses and on the tall unpalatable weed Veratrum album. After 3 years, soil pH, ammonium, and plant‐available phosphorus were not altered by sawdust application, and nitrate concentrations were marginally higher in treatment plots. However, the biomass of grasses and forbs (without V. album) was 20–25% lower in sawdust‐amended plots, whereas the biomass of V. album was marginally higher. Sawdust addition reduced the cover of grasses but did not affect evenness, vegetation diversity, or plant species richness, although species richness generally increased with decreasing biomass at our sites. Our results suggest that sawdust addition is a potent tool to reduce within a relatively short time the aboveground productivity and grass cover in both grazed and ungrazed mountain grasslands as long as they are not dominated by tall unpalatable weeds. The technique has the advantage that it preserves the topsoil and the perennial soil seed bank.     

Tuberculin Reactions in Bulls And Boars Sensitized with Atypical Mycobacteria from Sawdust

Due to a planned export from a combined bull and boar station, more than 70 boars and 100 bulls were examined by tuberculin tests. Distinct reactions to avian tuberculin appeared in about half of the animals. Many of them also reacted to bovine tuberculin. For diagnostic purposes, many of the reactors were slaughtered, and samples from these and from the environment were examined bacteriologically. Strains of Mycobacterium avium were isolated from only 2 out of 14 reacting boars and from none of the 23 reacting bulls. No isolation of Mycobacterium bovis was made. However, atypical mycobacterial strains, classified as Runyon Group III and IV, were isolated from 3 boars, 2 bulls, 1 pigeon and from many samples of sawdust. The isolation of identical fast-growing mycobacterial strains from the sawdust used in the pens for the reacting boars and bulls, was especially remarkable. The strains differed enzymatically and biochemically from those isolated from other sources. This indicated a possible sensitization of the animals with similar mycobacterial strains. Possible cross-reactions to avian and bovine tuberculin were investigated in tuberculin assays with guniea pigs and pigs sensitized to one of the mycobacterial strains isolated. Distinct reactions to both avian and bovine tuberculin appeared in all the animals. From these results it was concluded that the tuberculin reactions in the boars and the bulls were not due to any tuberculous infection in the herd, but to a sensitization of the animals with atypical mycobacteria.     

三种速生固氮树木屑栽培猴头菌的研究

以固氨树种银合欢、南洋楹、大叶相思的木屑为主料,添加棉籽壳等辅料培养猴头菌,以栲树木屑为主料作对照。结果表明,以三种固氨树木屑栽培的猴头菌,菌丝粗壮,均匀,日长速快于对照,增长5.4%~16.2%,而且出菇快,朵形大,产量比对照增加6.0~13.9%。添加南洋楹基质的菌丝长速最快,其次为添加银合欢基质。产量则以添加银合欢基质的最高,添加大叶相思的次之。     

Sawdust and Bark-Based Substrates for Soilless Strawberry Production: Irrigation and Electrical Conductivity Management

The objective of this work was to optimize a soilless growing system for producing bare-root strawberry transplants in three organic substrates. Three trials were conducted in the Quebec City area to determine the productivity potential of a peat-sawdust mixture (PS25) and an aged bark (AB) material compared to conventional coconut fiber (CF) substrate. A first experiment was carried out to define appropriate irrigation set points for each substrate that allowed optimal plant growth and fruit yields. For all substrates, wetter conditions (irrigation started at -1.0 kPa for CF; -1.5 kPa for AB and PS25, relative to -1.5 kPa for CF; -2.5 kPa for AB and PS25) enhanced plant growth and fruit production. The second trial was carried out to test the productivity potential for commercial production of the three substrates using high-tunnels. After the addition of an initial fertilizer application to PS25, we successfully established bare-root plants that gave similar fruit yields than those in CF and AB. The productivity potential of PS25 and AB were further confirmed during a third trial under greenhouse conditions. The critical factor for plant establishment in PS25 was attributed to consistent N, P and S immobilization by microorganisms, as well as the retention of other elements (Mg²⁺, K⁺) in the growth media. Taken together, our results showed that PS25 and AB are promising alternative substrates to coconut coir dust for strawberry cultivation. This paper also provides a useful guide for strawberry cultivation in Quebec, and suggests future research that might be conducted to optimize soilless systems for cold-climate strawberry production in Northern America.