鸡贫血病毒VP1和VP1蛋白在家蚕中的联合表达

将鸡贫血病毒vp1和vp2基因分别克隆入转移载体pBacPAK8中,获得重组转移质粒pBac-vp1和pBac-vp2。以上两质粒分别与CunI酶切线性化的亲本病毒Bm-Bacpak6DNA共转染家蚕细胞,通过蓝白斑筛选,纯化得到重组病毒Bm-vp1和Bm-vp2。PCR分析表明vp1和vp2基因已整合进杆状病毒基因组中。将Bm-vp1和Bm-vp2共感染5龄家蚕,通过表达产物免疫SPF鸡产生的抗血清与CAV感染的MDCC－MSB1细胞的间接荧光抗体分析,证明表达产物能诱导鸡产生的抗体,而且能够保护子代鸡免受CAV的攻击。该研究表明,表达VP1和VP2蛋白的重组家蚕杆状病毒（Recombinant BmNP)是很有前途的CAV亚单位疫苗的生产系统。     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达及其特性

将猪细小病毒(Porcine Parvovirus, PPV)vp2基因重组到杆状病毒BacToBac表达系统的pFastBacⅠ质粒中,构建了pFastvp2质粒。在DH10Bac大肠杆菌中,pFastvp2与改造过的苜蓿夜蛾核型多角体病毒(AcNPV)基因组(Bacmid)发生同源重组,从而获得重组穿梭载体Bacmidvp2,转染Sf9细胞得到重组病毒AcNPVvp2。SDSPAGE和Westernblotting分析可见大小约为64kD的特异性带,表明AcNPVvp2在Sf9细胞中成功地表达了PPV VP2蛋白。红细胞凝集试验和间接ELISA进一步证实,表达的VP2蛋白具有与全病毒相同的血凝活性和相似的抗原性。电镜观察VP2蛋白的粗提物,发现VP2蛋白可自行装配成许多病毒样粒子(VLPs)。     

以杆状病毒为载体在鸡原代骨骼肌细胞中表达IBDV VP2基因

摘要：【目的】本研究旨在构建在鸡原代骨骼肌细胞中表达IBDV病毒VP2基因的重组杆状病毒。【方法】从IBDV适应细胞毒中提取RNA,用RT-PCR技术扩增VP2基因,将其克隆到自主构建的杆状病毒转移载体的CMV启动子之下,通过Bac-to-Bac系统获得VP2重组Bacmid,并将其转染Sf9昆虫 细胞,获得了VP2重组杆状病毒。重组病毒经扩增后以50个MOI感染鸡原代骨骼肌细胞,接种72h后裂解细胞收获蛋白。【结果】蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE和Western blot证实VP2蛋白获得表达,分子量约48kDa,与预测蛋白大小一致,且能被IBDV阳性血清所识别。【结论】重组杆状病毒可以有效地将VP2基因导入鸡原代细胞,并在CMV的启动下表达具有抗原性的VP2蛋白,本研究为研制IBDV及其他重要禽类传染病的杆状病毒载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

双基因双重组AcNPV的构建及其杀虫活性

质粒pAcIEneo携带杆状病毒极早期基因IE1启动子驱动的新霉素抗性基因(neo),经酶切回收后插入到质粒pAc34DZ1的SacI位点上,构建成多角体外膜蛋白基因(pe)失活的转移载体pAc34DZ2。我们曾构建了一个多角体完整(ocu+)的表达苏云金杆菌(Bt)截短cryIab基因的重组病毒(1)vAcPhBtT。为了改进这一重组病毒的杀虫效率,将转移载体pAc34DZ2与重组病毒(1)vAcPhBtT DNA共转染Sf9细胞,进行第二次同源重组。由于neo基因的表达,用G418筛选得到重组病毒(2)vAcPhBtTPE^-;Southern blot证明vAcPhBtTPE-的构建是正确的,经SDS-PAGE分析,重组病毒(2)仍然能在昆虫细胞中表达80kD的Bt截短毒蛋白,但不表达34kD的多角体外膜蛋白。电镜观察重组病毒(2)无多角体外膜,碱解时病毒粒子释放的速度快于重组病毒(1)。以重组病毒(2)感染甜菜夜蛾三龄幼虫,LC₅₀比野生型病毒小了接近1倍,LT₅₀提前近2d。     

GII型诺如病毒VP2蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达与定位研究

【目的】利用杆状病毒表达系统表达诺如病毒(GenegroupⅡ)VP2蛋白,分析其亚细胞定位,为深入研究VP2蛋白的功能奠定基础。【方法】设计可扩增完整ORF3基因片段的引物P1和P2,在下游引物中引入6×His标签的编码序列,从质粒pMD-ORF3中克隆了含有6×His编码序列的ORF3基因,与pFastBac1载体连接,构建重组质粒pFB-ORF3,转化DH10Bac感受态细胞获得重组杆状病毒基因组Bac-ORF3,脂质体介导转染sf9昆虫细胞获得表达VP2蛋白的重组杆状病毒Ac-VP2,感染sf9细胞后,收集病变细胞,采用抗6×His标签的单克隆抗体作为一抗进行Western blot与间接免疫荧光实验鉴定。【结果】Western blot实验证实Ac-VP2感染的sf9细胞在约29 kD处出现特异性条带;间接免疫荧光实验证实Ac-VP2感染的sf9细胞出现特异性绿色荧光,并且VP2主要定位于sf9的细胞核与细胞膜。【结论】诺如病毒VP2蛋白在Ac-VP2感染的sf9细胞中获得成功表达,并且主要定位于sf9细胞的细胞核与细胞膜。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒多聚蛋白基因在家蚕中的表达

将传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)细胞致弱株(JD1株)的基因组A节段基因重组于家蚕杆状病毒转移载体pAcHLT-C中,获得的重组转移载体pAcHLT-C-A与线性化病毒Bm-BacPAK6 DNA共转染家蚕培养细胞,获得重组病毒BacPAK-A。DIG标记的DNA点杂交证实重组病毒基因组中含有A节段基因,重组病毒感染家蚕5龄幼虫进行表达, ELISA和Western blotting等结果表明多聚蛋白基因在蚕体内得到了表达,表达产物具有免疫反应性,表达量在感染后5～6 d达到最高。家蚕生物反应器表达IBDV多聚蛋白具有我国的资源优势,为今后研制低成本、实用化的IBDV基因工程疫苗打下基础。     

犬瘟热病毒抗原表位T’TB和犬细小病毒VP2蛋白的共表达及免疫小鼠特异性抗体的测定

应用PCR方法扩增犬细小病毒VP2基因,将其克隆至Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统中的转移载体pFastBacHTc上,命名为pFastBacHTc-VP2,将人工合成的犬瘟热病毒抗原表位基因T'TB克隆至VP2基因的上游,命名为 pFastBacHTc-T'TB-VP2.进而转化含穿梭载体Bacmid的感受态细胞DH10Bac中,获得携带犬瘟热病毒T'TB细胞表位和犬细小病毒VP2基因的重组转染质粒Bacmid-BacHT-T'TB-VP2,将其转染昆虫细胞Sf-9后获得融合重组T'TB-VP2蛋白,大小约为70 ku.经Western blot分析,结果显示:表达的蛋白具有良好的免疫原性.表达的重组蛋白在无佐剂参与的情况下,按确定的免疫程序免疫6～8周龄的BALB/c小鼠,检测小鼠的体液免疫学指标.结果表明:表达蛋白能诱导小鼠产生抗CDV和CPV的特异性中和抗体.本实验为重组犬瘟热与犬细小病毒新型亚单位疫苗的研制奠定了重要的物质基础.     

含禽流感病毒M2e 氨基端抗原表位的重组传染性法氏囊病毒VP2 蛋白的免疫原性鉴定

【目的】构建传染性法氏囊病毒VP2蛋白展示禽流感M2e抗原表位的重组蛋白,研发预防H5或H9亚型禽流感和传染性法氏囊的基因工程疫苗。【方法】根据现有禽流感疫苗株M2e的氨基端12个氨基酸多肽序列(nM2e)序列,结合GenBank中H5和H9亚型禽流感病毒nM2e的比对结果,确定nM2e序列。用融合PCR分别将1拷贝H5或H9的nM2e序列插入IBD B87株VP2基因的PBC区,获得VP2BCnM2e重组基因。将重组基因克隆至杆状病毒表达系统,转染Sf9细胞进行表达。经间接免疫荧光和Western blotting检测Sf9细胞表达重组基因后,扩繁重组病毒,制备疫苗,间隔4周对非免鸡作2次重复免疫,用间接ELISA和鸡胚成纤维细胞中的病毒血清中和试验检测血清中VP2和nM2e的抗体效价。【结果】成功构建含H5或H9 nM2e的VP2BCnM2e重组基因,该重组基因在Sf9细胞中得到表达。经免疫鸡,两重组蛋白均能激发针对VP2和nM2e的抗体,VP2BCnM2eH5组抗体效价高于VP2BCnM2eH9组。【结论】两重组蛋白均具有免疫原性,VP2BCnM2eH5免疫原性更佳。     

用构建的新型BmNPV载体在家蚕高效表达人β-干扰素

构建了家蚕核多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus,BmNPV)新型载体pBm92,该载体将多角体蛋白基因的起始密码ATG改变为ATT,然后在多角体蛋白基因的+12位后连接有5个外源基因的克隆位点。将HulFN-β基因克隆在多角体蛋白基因的+12位后,构建了pBmIFN+12;同时构建了HuIFN－β克隆在－3位后的转移载体pB．mIFN－3。将两种转移载体DNA分别与BmNPV基因组DNA共转染Bm—N细胞。利用重组病毒不产生多角体蛋白的特征,筛选重组病毒。用HuIFN－β基因探针与重组病毒DNA进行杂交鉴定。重组病毒BmIFN+12感染Bm-N细胞,其上清IFN活性为2．0×10⁶Iu／ml,将BmIFN+12注射5龄家蚕虫体,表达水平为5．O×10⁷Iu／ml,是HulFN-β基因克隆在多角体蛋白基因的-3位后获得的重组病毒表达量的2—4倍。构建的新型BmNPv载体能够在家蚕高效地表达HuIFN-β。家蚕虫体生产的rHulFN-β蛋白具有天然HuIFN-β的抗原性。     

表达猫瘟热病毒VP2蛋白重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫原性研究

为构建能表达FPV VP2蛋白的重组犬2型腺病毒(CAV-2)载体。首先用PCR方法从FPV GT-2株细胞培 养物中扩增出了VP2蛋白基因,将其克隆到真核表达质粒pVAX1中构建了含有FPV vp2基因的表达盒(CMV- VP2-PolyA),将该表达盒酶切后定向克隆到含有CAV-2 E3区的穿梭质粒pVAX△E3中,构建出pVAX △E3VP2。用Sal I Nru I双酶切pVAX△E3VP2,回收含有目的基因表达盒部分,将其定向克隆入含有CAV-2 全基因组的骨架质粒pPoly2-CAV-2中,构建了重组质粒pCAV-2-FPV-VP2。Cla I Asc I酶切pCAV-2-FPV- VP2释放出重组基因组,以此转染MDCK细胞,获得了重组病毒CAV-2-VP2。该重组病毒能使MDCK细胞产生 腺病毒样细胞病变。Western blot检测证实,该重组病毒能表达具有免疫学活性的VP2蛋白。该重组病毒可以有 效地诱导免疫猫产生抗FPV和CAV-2抗体。本实验表明该重组病毒有可能成为一个FPV的疫苗株。     

Poliovirus Mutants at Histidine 195 of VP2 Do Not Cleave VP0 into VP2 and VP4

The final stage of poliovirus assembly is characterized by a cleavage of the capsid precursor protein VP0 into VP2 and VP4. This cleavage is thought to be autocatalytic and dependent on RNA encapsidation. Analysis of the poliovirus empty capsid structure has led to a mechanistic model for VP0 cleavage involving a conserved histidine residue that is present in the surrounding environment of the VP0 cleavage site. Histidine 195 of VP2 (2195H) is hypothesized to activate local water molecules, thus initiating a nucleophilic attack at the scissile bond. To test this hypothesis, 2195H mutants were constructed and their phenotypes were characterized. Consistent with the requirement of VP0 cleavage for poliovirus infectivity, all 2195H mutants were nonviable upon introduction of the mutant genomes into HeLa cells. Replacement of 2195H with threonine or arginine resulted in the assembly of a highly unstable 150S virus particle. Further analyses showed that these particles contain genomic RNA and uncleaved VP0, criteria associated with the provirion assembly intermediate. These data support the involvement of 2195H in mediating VP0 cleavage during the final stages of virus assembly.     

Characterization of the mRNA's for the polyoma virus capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3.

Polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from polyoma virus-infected cells can be translated in the wheat germ system to yield all there polyoma virus capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3. The translation products of RNA selected from total cytoplasmic RNA of infected cells by hybridization to polyoma virus DNA showed a high degree of enrichment for VP1, VP2, and VP3. The identity of the in vitro products with authentic virion proteins was established in two ways. First, tryptic peptide maps of the in vitro products were found to be essentially identical to those of their in vivo counterparts. Second, the mobilities of the in vitro products on two-dimensional gels were the same as those of viral proteins labeled in vivo. VP1, VP2, and vp3 were all labeled with [35S] formylmethionine when they were synthesized in the presence of [35S] formylmethionyl-tRNAfmet. We determined the sizes of the polyadenylated mRNA's for VP1, VP2, and VP3 by fractionation on gels. The sizes of the major mRNA species for the capsid proteins are as follows: VP2, 8.5 X 10(5) daltons; VP3, 7.4 X 10(5) daltons; and VP1, 4.6 X 10(5) daltons. We conclude that all three viral capsid proteins are synthesized independently in vitro, that all three viral capsid proteins are virally coded, and that each of the capsid proteins has a discrete mRNA.     

Partial amino-terminal sequences of the polyoma nonhistone proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 synthesized in vitro.

The three polyoma virus capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 were synthesized in vitro in the presence of several radiolabeled amino acids and, after purification on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, were subjected to sequential Edman degradation. The partial amino-terminal amino acid sequences obtained were compared with the sequence of amino acids predicted from the polyoma virus DNA sequencing (Arrand et al., J. Virol. 33:606--618, 1980). Together, these results showed that the 5' ends of the VP1, VP2, and VP3 coding sequences are located 1,217, 289, and 634 nucleotides, respectively, from the junction of HpaII restriction fragments 3 and 5.     

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP3 Upregulates VP1-Mediated RNA-Dependent RNA Replication

Genome replication is a critical step in virus life cycles. Here, we analyzed the role of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP3, a major component of IBDV ribonucleoprotein complexes, on the regulation of VP1, the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Data show that VP3, as well as a peptide mimicking its C-terminal domain, efficiently stimulates the ability of VP1 to replicate synthetic single-stranded RNA templates containing the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) from the IBDV genome segments.     

Cell-free synthesis of polyoma virus capsid proteins VP1 and VP2.

Polyadenylated RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of mouse 3T6 cells 28 h after infection with polyoma virus has been isolated and translated in vitro. Polyoma capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 have been identified in the cell-free product by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, specific immunoprecipitation, and tryptic peptide fingerprinting. Polyoma mRNA species have been isolated by preparative hybridization to purified viral DNA immobilized on cellulose nitrate filters and shown to code for both VP1 and VP2. These experiments establish conditions for the isolation of late polyoma mRNA and the cell-free synthesis of polyoma capsid proteins and indicate that the active mRNA species are at least partially virus coded.     

Nuclear localizations of the herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument proteins VP13/14, vhs, and VP16 precede VP22-dependent microtubule reorganization and VP22 nuclear import

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces microtubule reorganization beginning at approximately 9 h postinfection (hpi), and this correlates with the nuclear localization of the tegument protein VP22. Thus, the active retention of this major virion component by cytoskeletal structures may function to regulate its subcellular localization (A. Kotsakis, L. E. Pomeranz, A. Blouin, and J. A. Blaho, J. Virol. 75:8697-8711, 2001). The goal of this study was to determine whether the subcellular localization patterns of other HSV-1 tegument proteins are similar to that observed with VP22. To address this, we performed a series of indirect immunofluorescence analyses using synchronously infected cells. We observed that tegument proteins VP13/14, vhs, and VP16 localized to the nucleus as early as 5 hpi and were concentrated in nuclei by 9 hpi, which differed from that seen with VP22. Microtubule reorganization was delayed during infection with HSV-1(RF177), a recombinant virus that does not produce full-length VP22. These infected cells did not begin to lose microtubule-organizing centers until 13 hpi. Repair of the unique long 49 (UL49) locus in HSV-1(RF177) yielded HSV-1(RF177R). Microtubule reorganization in HSV-1(RF177R)-infected cells occurred with the same kinetics as HSV-1(F). Acetylated tubulin remained unchanged during infection with either HSV-1(F) or HSV-1(RF177). Thus, while alpha-tubulin reorganized during infection, acetylated tubulin was stable, and the absence of full-length VP22 did not affect this stability. Our findings indicate that the nuclear localizations of tegument proteins VP13/14, VP16, and vhs do not appear to require HSV-1-induced microtubule reorganization. We conclude that full-length VP22 is needed for optimal microtubule reorganization during infection. This implies that VP22 mainly functions to reorganize microtubules later, rather than earlier, in infection. That acetylated tubulin does not undergo restructuring during VP22-dependent, virus-induced microtubule reorganization suggests that it plays a role in stabilizing the infected cells. Our results emphasize that VP22 likely plays a key role in cellular cytopathology during HSV-1 infection.     

The VP5 domain of VP4 can mediate attachment of rotaviruses to cells

Some animal rotaviruses require the presence of sialic acid (SA) on the cell surface to infect the cell. We have isolated variants of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) whose infectivity no longer depends on SA. Both the SA-dependent and -independent interactions of these viruses with the cell are mediated by the virus spike protein VP4, which is cleaved by trypsin into two domains, VP5 and VP8. In this work we have compared the binding characteristics of wild-type RRV and its variant nar3 to MA104 cells. In a direct nonradioactive binding assay, both viruses bound to the cells in a saturable and specific manner. When neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed to both the VP8 and VP5 domains of VP4 were used to block virus binding, antibodies to VP8 blocked the cell attachment of wild-type RRV but not that of the variant nar3. Conversely, an antibody to VP5 inhibited the binding of nar3 but not that of RRV. These results suggest that while RRV binds to the cell through VP8, the variant does so through the VP5 domain of VP4. This observation was further sustained by the fact that recombinant VP8 and VP5 proteins, produced in bacteria as fusion products with glutathione S-transferase, were found to bind to MA104 cells in a specific and saturable manner and, when preincubated with the cell, were capable of inhibiting the binding of wild-type and variant viruses, respectively. In addition, the VP5 and VP8 recombinant proteins inhibited the infectivity of nar3 and RRV, respectively, confirming the results obtained in the binding assays. Interestingly, when the infectivity assay was performed on neuraminidase-treated cells, the VP5 fusion protein was also found to inhibit the infectivity of RRV, suggesting that RRV could bind to the cell through two sequential steps mediated by the interaction of VP8 and VP5 with SA-containing and SA-independent cell surface receptors, respectively.     

Proteolysis of Monomeric Recombinant Rotavirus VP4 Yields an Oligomeric VP5* Core

Rotavirus particles are activated for cell entry by trypsin cleavage of the outer capsid spike protein, VP4, into a hemagglutinin, VP8*, and a membrane penetration protein, VP5*. We have purified rhesus rotavirus VP4, expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Purified VP4 is a soluble, elongated monomer, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Trypsin cleaves purified VP4 at a number of sites that are protected on the virion and yields a heterogeneous group of protease-resistant cores of VP5*. The most abundant tryptic VP5* core is trimmed past the N terminus associated with activation for virus entry into cells. Sequential digestion of purified VP4 with chymotrypsin and trypsin generates homogeneous VP8* and VP5* cores (VP8CT and VP5CT, respectively), which have the authentic trypsin cleavages in the activation region. VP8CT is a soluble monomer composed primarily of beta-sheets. VP5CT forms sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant dimers. These results suggest that trypsinization of rotavirus particles triggers a rearrangement in the VP5* region of VP4 to yield the dimeric spikes observed in icosahedral image reconstructions from electron cryomicroscopy of trypsinized rotavirus virions. The solubility of VP5CT and of trypsinized rotavirus particles suggests that the trypsin-triggered conformational change primes VP4 for a subsequent rearrangement that accomplishes membrane penetration. The domains of VP4 defined by protease analysis contain all mapped neutralizing epitopes, sialic acid binding residues, the heptad repeat region, and the membrane permeabilization region. This biochemical analysis of VP4 provides sequence-specific structural information that complements electron cryomicroscopy data and defines targets and strategies for atomic-resolution structural studies.