低能离子注入诱变选育高产虾青素红法夫酵母突变株

红法夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。采用低能氩离子注入、紫外线复合诱变处理,选育到一株高产虾青素的红法夫酵母突变株G993。在优化条件下,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量、虾青素产量和虾青素含量分别为17.15 g/L、13 206μg/L和770.0μg/g干菌体,较出发菌株分别提高45.34%、271.5%和155.6%。在1吨发酵罐放大实验中,该菌株生物量为26.04 g/L,虾青素产量达到20 041μg/L。菌株经过八次传代培养,虾青素产量下降率小于等于1.35%,是一株性状较稳定、可深入开发研究的优良菌株。     

补料工艺对两株法夫酵母菌株产虾青素的影响

【目的】考察不同补料工艺对法夫酵母菌株生长和虾青素合成的影响。【方法】对法夫酵母JMU-VDL668和JMU-MVP14菌株在7 L罐中进行分批及分批补料培养; 同时, 测定发酵过程中生物量、虾青素和葡萄糖含量的变化。【结果】采用恒DO补料, 法夫酵母JMU-VDL668菌株获得的生物量最大(64.6 g/L), 是分批培养的2.2倍; 采用恒pH补料发酵, 虾青素的产量最高(20.6 mg/L), 是分批培养的1.5倍。与JMU-VDL668菌株不同, 虾青素高产菌株JMU-MVP14菌株采用恒pH补料, 获得生物量最大(48.5 g/L), 但虾青素产量大大降低(仅17.5 mg/L); 采用脉冲补料, 虾青素产量最高, 达到414.1 mg/L, 与分批发酵相比提高了200.2%; 采用恒DO补料, 生物量(38.5 g/L)和虾青素产量(403.2?mg/L)增加显著, 与分批发酵相比分别提高了133.1%和192.3%。【结论】不同补料工艺对法夫酵母菌株生产虾青素影响很大。其中, 采用恒pH补料工艺, 法夫酵母JMU-VDL668菌株可以获得最高的虾青素产量, 而采用脉冲补料工艺, 最适于法夫酵母JMU-MVP14菌株发酵生产虾青素。     

虾青素高产菌的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma)是微生物发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株,作者采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达老人家酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.3g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较出发菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株颇具开发潜力的虾青素高产菌株。     

高产虾青素的红发夫酵母菌种的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma）是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。本采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并交替进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红夫酵母YB-20-29突变株。该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.32g/L,总色素含量为1216.0ug/g,较原始菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9ug/mL,是一株很有开发前景和虾青素高产菌株。     

高产虾青素的红发夫酵母菌种的选育*

红发夫酵母（Phaffia　rhodozyma）是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。本文采用Cs137-γ射线重复辐照,并交替进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-29突变株。该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.32g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较原始菌株提高308％,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株很有开发前景的虾青素高产菌株。     

利用亚硝酸钠选育法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株

以亚硝酸钠作为筛选剂选择性分离法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株。实验研究表明,在亚硝酸钠存在的情况下,法夫酵母的生长和虾青素合成量均会减少;当亚硝酸钠浓度为5000μmol/L时,法夫酵母的致死率为100%。挑取200株经过甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变后的法夫酵母,以5000μmol/L的亚硝酸钠为筛选剂摇瓶发酵后测得虾青素体积产率为正突变的菌株有87株,正突变率为43.5%。挑取其中8株进行复筛,编号为N030的菌株比出发菌株的虾青素体积产率和细胞产率分别提高了39.3%和89.3%。结果说明,亚硝酸钠可作为法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株的筛选剂,用于提高菌种的筛选效率。     

烷化剂NTG诱变虾青素产生菌红法夫酵母的研究

虾青素是一种很有效的生物抗氧化剂和某些生物的天然着色剂,应用前景广阔。红法夫酵母是 生产虾青素的一个来源,优点颇多。天然菌株虾青素产量较少,缺少实用价值。实验采用烷化剂ＮＴＧ 诱变红法夫酵母,筛选出类胡萝卜素产量高的诱变株。用薄层层析对红法夫酵母产生的色素及其皂 化产物进行分析,并对各个成分的扫描光谱进行了比较。认为红法夫酵母产生的类胡萝卜素成分主 要是虾青素及虾青素二酯,还有一部分β－胡萝卜素。同时,还对虾青素产生的时相和ＢＨＴ对虾青素 光分解的保护作用进行了初步研究。     

物化因子结合诱变选育耐温型法夫酵母

以法夫酵母为出发菌株,采用紫外线及甲基磺酸乙酯对其进行诱变育种,筛选出1株最适生长温度比诱变前提高10℃且虾青素产量可达到5．08mg／L的突变菌株,该菌株经多次传代生产性能稳定。     

诱变选育法夫酵母耐热突变株及基因组变异检测

法夫酵母（Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous）发酵生产虾青素中存在发酵温度低的主要问题。为了获得耐中温的突变菌株,应用化学诱变,筛选能在25 ℃下生产虾青素且稳定遗传的耐热突变菌株,进一步通过基因组重测序,对突变菌株进行变异检测。筛选出一株法夫酵母突变株YB25,其生长温度为25 ℃,经五代培养后虾青素产量无显著差异。在培养120 h后,YB25的虾青素产量达到237.19 μg/g,比野生型提高29%。通过比较基因组分析,获得了YB25的遗传图谱和遗传变异结果,检测到单核苷酸多态性位点数626个,小片段的插入和缺失序列数184个,结构变异数703个,基因组片段的拷贝数变异293个。通过对变异基因分析发现,脂代谢相关基因及虾青素合成酶基因的变异可能是突变菌株中温高产虾青素的原因。     

高产虾青素红法夫酵母的紫外线诱变

虾青素(3,3'-二羟基-β,β'-胡萝卜素-4,4'-二酮)是一种类胡萝卜、素类物质,具有巨大的开发价值。本文通过单一紫外线、紫外线-氯化锂复合处理,结合选择性平板的筛选作用,对菌株G26进行诱变育种。实验结果表明:紫外线照射3～9min,法夫酵母的死亡率在70%～95%之间;当死亡率为78.57%时,正变率达到最大值71.43%。经多次单独紫外线处理,以及紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变,获得稳定高产突变株G49,虾青素产量达到10 321μg/L,含量为713.8μg/g DCW,较出发菌株G26分别提高31.48%和20.47%。     

Role of the supX gene in ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium.

Salmonella typhimurium strains with supX mutations are more sensitive than wild type to killing by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Studies with strains bearing the leuD21 mutation revealed that inactivation of the supX locus by a nonsense mutation or a deletion results in a complete lack of ability to produce induced Leu+ reversion mutations after UV irradiation. Suppression of the nonsense supX mutation or the presence of an Escherichia coli K-12 F'-borne supX+ allele restored the capacity for induced reversions and increased cell survival after UV irradiation. Introduction of plasmid pKM101 into supX mutant strains also restored their capacity for UV mutagenesis as well as increased survival. The possible nature of the supX gene product and mechanisms by which it may affect expression of the inducible SOS error-prone repair system are considered.     

Effect of tsl (thermosensitive suppressor of lex) mutation on postreplication repair in Escherichia coli K-12.

Cells of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying lexA or recA mutations are more sensitive to UV radiation than corresponding wild-type cells and are defective in postreplication repair. Supressor mutations (tsl) have been described previously which increase the UV resistance of lexA uvr+, lexA uvrA, and recAI uvr+ strains, but not the resistance of recA1 uvrA strains. We have studied the effect of the tsl-1 mutation on postreplication repair and find that the enhanced survival conferred by this mutation is correlated with an increased capacity for postreplication repair.     

双向复合磁场在诱变育种中增变作用的研究

Norcardiasp HD9611经双向复合磁场 +UV复合诱变处理 ,与单纯UV处理的结果相比 ,其诱变致死率和营养缺陷型突变率均有明显提高 ,并且经双向复合磁场 +UV复合诱变处理所筛选出的菌株酶活比单纯UV处理的对照菌株平均酶活相对提高17.2 %。     

Ultraviolet light-induced mutation in UV-resistant, thermosensitive derivatives of lexA-strains of Escherichia coli K-12

It was shown previously that a major class of UV-resistant derivatives of lexA- strains of E. coli K-12 is defective in cell division at 42.5 degrees. The thermosensitive mutations, judging by genetic mapping and complementation tests, are believed to be intragenic suppressor mutations that lower the activity of the diffusible product that results in the LexA- phenotype (Mount et al., 1973). Several thermosensitive derivatives have been characterized in regard to their susceptibility to mutation induction by UV at the permissive growth temperature (30 degrees). Although the strains tested are approximately as resistant to UV as lexA+ strains, they showed a level of mutation induction that was considerably lower. By means of genetic complementation tests it was demonstrated that the low levels of UV mutagenesis in lexA- strains and their thermosensitive derivatives result from the synthesis of a diffusible product. One possible interpretation of these results is that a diffusible product in lexA- strains prevents the induction of error-prone repair. Altering the activity of this product by tsl mutations can lead to increased, but not normal, levels of error-prone repair.     

Substitution of UmuD' for UmuD does not affect SOS mutagenesis

In order to study the role of UmuDC proteins in SOS mutagenesis, we have constructed new Escherichia coli K-12 strains to avoid i) over-production of Umu proteins, ii) the formation of unwanted mixed plasmid and chromosomal Umu proteins upon complementation. We inserted a mini-kan transposon into the umuD gene carried on a plasmid. The insertion at codon 24 ends protein translation and has a polar effect on the expression of the downstream umuC gene. We transferred umuD24 mutation to the E coli chromosome. In parallel, we subcloned umuD+ umuC+ or umuD' umuC+ genes into pSC101, a low copy number plasmid. In a host with the chromosomal umuD24 mutation, plasmids umuD+ umuC+ or umuD' umuC+ produced elevated resistance to UV light and increased SOS mutagenesis related to a gene dosage of about 3. UV mutagenesis was as high in umuD' umuC+ hosts devoid of UmuD+ protein as in umuD+ umuC+ hosts. UmuD' protein, the maturated form of UmuD, can substitute for UmuD in SOS mutagenesis.     

赤霉素产生菌的激光,化学复合诱变育种研究

采用激光和氯化锂复合诱变赤霉菌,对其产生的赤霉素中活性最高的ＧＡ３含量作为效价测定。结果表明与出发菌株相比,激光诱变,ＬｉＣｌ诱变,复合诱变效价分别提高为１１３．７％,４０．２％,１８９．６％。展示激光复合诱变是遗传育种的一种有效方法。     

Recombination-deficient mutants of Bacillus subtilis.

Two mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis Marburg, NIG43 and NIG45, were isolated. They showed high sensitivities to gamma rays, ultraviolet light (UV), and chemicals. Deficiencies in genetic recombination of these two mutants were shown by the experiments on their capacity in transformation. SPO2 transfection, and PBS1 phage transduction, as well as on their radiation and drug sensitivities and their Hcr+ capacity for UV-exposed phage M2. Some of these characteristics were compared with those of the known strains possessing the recA1 or recB2 alleles. Mapping studies revealed that the mutation rec-43 of strain NIG43 lies in the region of chromosome replication origin. The order was purA dna-8132 rec-43. Another mutation, rec-45, of strain NIG45 was found to be tightly linked to recA1. The mutation rec-43 reduced mainly the frequency of PBS1 transduction. On the other hand, the mutation rec-45 reduced the frequency of recombination involved both in transformation and PBS1 transduction. The mutation rec-43 of strain NIG43 is conditional, but rec-45 of strain NIG45 is not. The UV impairment in cellular survival of strain NIG43 was gradually reverted at higher salt or sucrose concentrations, suggesting cellular possession of a mutated gene produce whose function is conditional. In contrast to several other recombination-deficient strains, SPO2 lysogens of strain NIG43 and NIG45 were not inducible, indicating involvement of rec-43+ or rec-45+ gene product in the development of SPO2 prophage to a vegetative form. The UV-induced deoxyribonucleic acid degradation in vegetative cells was higher in rec-43 and rec-45 strains.     

Mutations in uvrD induce the SOS response in Escherichia coli.

We have isolated three new mutations in uvrD that increase expression of the Escherichia coli SOS response in the absence of DNA damage. Like other uvrD (DNA helicase II) mutants, these strains are sensitive to UV irradiation and have high spontaneous mutation frequencies. Complementation studies with uvrD+ showed that UV sensitivity and spontaneous mutator activity were recessive in these new mutants. The SOS-induction phenotype, however, was not completely complemented, which indicated that the mutant proteins were functioning in some capacity. The viability of one of the mutants in combination with rep-5 suggests that the protein is functional in DNA replication. We suggest that these mutant proteins are deficient in DNA repair activities (since UV sensitivity is complemented) but are able to participate in DNA replication. We believe that defective DNA replication in these mutants increases SOS expression.     

Construction of Escherichia coli K12 phr deletion and insertion mutants by gene replacement

We replaced an Escherichia coli phr gene by a 1.4-kb fragment of DNA coding for resistance to chloramphenicol. Characterization of 2 deletions (phr-19 and phr-36) and 1 insertion (phr-34) in the phr gene revealed no photoreactivation. Photoreactivation-deficient strains of either recA56 or lexA1(ind-) were more sensitive to UV radiation in the dark than phr-proficient counterparts. The presence of the phr defect in uvrA6 strains increased by 1.5-2-fold his-4(Ochre) to His+ mutation induced by ultraviolet light compared to uvrA6 phr+ strains, although there was no difference in UV sensitivity between uvrA6 phr+ and uvrA6 phr- strains. 30-35% of the His+ mutations thus induced were suppressor mutations in uvrA6 phr+ and 49-55% in uvrA6 phr- strains. The UV mutagenesis results are consistent with the previous observations that suppressor mutations targeted by a thymine-cytosine pyrimidine dimer are reduced in the dark in cells with amplified DNA photolyase.     

Plasmid pGW16, a derivative of pKM101, increases post-UV DNA synthesis, but sensitises some strains of Escherichia coli to UV

Plasmid pKM101, which carries muc genes that are analogous in function to chromosomal umu genes, protected Escherichia coli strains AB1157 uvrB+ umuC+, JC3890 uvrB umuC+, TK702 uvrB+ umuC and TK501 uvrB umuC against ultraviolet irradiation (UV). Plasmid pGW16, a derivative of pKM101 selected for its increased spontaneous mutator effect, also gave some protection to the UmuC-deficient strains, TK702 and TK501. However, it sensitised the wild-type strain AB1157 to low, but protected against high doses of UV, whilst sensitising strain JC3890 to all UV doses tested. Even though its UV-protecting effects varied, pGW16 was shown to increase both spontaneous and UV-induced mutation in all strains. Another derivative of pKM101, plasmid pGW12, was shown to have lost all spontaneous and UV-induced mutator effects and did not affect post-UV survival. Plasmids pKM101 and pGW16 increased post-UV DNA synthesis in strains AB1157 and TK702, whereas pGW12 had no effect. Similarly, the wild-type UV-protecting plasmids R46, R446b and R124 increased post-UV DNA synthesis in strain TK501, but the non-UV-protecting plasmids R1, RP4 and R6K had no effect. These results accord with the model for error-prone DNA repair that requires umu or muc gene products for chain elongation after base insertion opposite non-coding lesions. They also suggest that the UV-sensitizing effects of pGW16 on umu+ strains can be explained in terms of overactive DNA repair resulting in lethal, rather than repaired UV-induced lesions.