高产虾青素的红发夫酵母菌种的选育*

红发夫酵母（Phaffia　rhodozyma）是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。本文采用Cs137-γ射线重复辐照,并交替进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-29突变株。该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.32g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较原始菌株提高308％,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株很有开发前景的虾青素高产菌株。     

虾青素高产菌的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma)是微生物发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株,作者采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达老人家酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.3g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较出发菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株颇具开发潜力的虾青素高产菌株。     

法夫红酵母主同产虾青素菌株的研究概况

虾青素是一种天然类胡萝卜素,具有较强的抗氧化作用。法夫红酵母是一种能合成虾青素的真菌。本文主要概述法夫红酵母高产虾青素菌株的育种、高产株选择、培养条件和虾青素的提取检测方法。     

法夫红酵母高产虾青素菌株的研究概况

虾青素是一种天然类胡萝卜素,具有较强的抗氧化作用。法夫红酵母是一种能合成虾青素的真菌。本文主要概述法夫红酵母高产虾青素菌株的育种、高产株选择、培养条件和虾青素的提取检测方法     

低能离子注入诱变选育高产虾青素红法夫酵母突变株

红法夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。采用低能氩离子注入、紫外线复合诱变处理,选育到一株高产虾青素的红法夫酵母突变株G993。在优化条件下,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量、虾青素产量和虾青素含量分别为17.15 g/L、13 206μg/L和770.0μg/g干菌体,较出发菌株分别提高45.34%、271.5%和155.6%。在1吨发酵罐放大实验中,该菌株生物量为26.04 g/L,虾青素产量达到20 041μg/L。菌株经过八次传代培养,虾青素产量下降率小于等于1.35%,是一株性状较稳定、可深入开发研究的优良菌株。     

利用亚硝酸钠选育法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株

以亚硝酸钠作为筛选剂选择性分离法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株。实验研究表明,在亚硝酸钠存在的情况下,法夫酵母的生长和虾青素合成量均会减少;当亚硝酸钠浓度为5000μmol/L时,法夫酵母的致死率为100%。挑取200株经过甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变后的法夫酵母,以5000μmol/L的亚硝酸钠为筛选剂摇瓶发酵后测得虾青素体积产率为正突变的菌株有87株,正突变率为43.5%。挑取其中8株进行复筛,编号为N030的菌株比出发菌株的虾青素体积产率和细胞产率分别提高了39.3%和89.3%。结果说明,亚硝酸钠可作为法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株的筛选剂,用于提高菌种的筛选效率。     

协同诱变法选育虾青素高产优良酵母菌株

以红法夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)野生型菌株GH1为研究对象,选育虾青素高产优良酵母菌株,并初步研究其生长特性。对野生型菌株GH1用紫外线(UV)和亚硝基胍(NTG)协同诱变,用抗霉素A筛选,选育出虾青素高产突变菌株GH1-7.1。突变菌株GH1-7.1的虾青素最高产量达1200μg/gDCW,比野生菌株GH1的虾青素最高产量271μg/gDCW高出4倍,并且生长加快,达到最高生物量和最高虾青素产量的时间比野生菌株缩短了24h;野生菌株GH1的最适生长温度为20℃,高于28℃则不生长,而突变菌株GH1-7.1的最适生长温度为28～30℃,比野生菌株GH1提高8～10℃。首次采用协同诱变的方法成功选育了虾青素高产酵母菌株,并且生长周期短,最适的生长温度提高,是适宜南方高温环境发酵工程应用的优良菌株。     

补料工艺对两株法夫酵母菌株产虾青素的影响

【目的】考察不同补料工艺对法夫酵母菌株生长和虾青素合成的影响。【方法】对法夫酵母JMU-VDL668和JMU-MVP14菌株在7 L罐中进行分批及分批补料培养; 同时, 测定发酵过程中生物量、虾青素和葡萄糖含量的变化。【结果】采用恒DO补料, 法夫酵母JMU-VDL668菌株获得的生物量最大(64.6 g/L), 是分批培养的2.2倍; 采用恒pH补料发酵, 虾青素的产量最高(20.6 mg/L), 是分批培养的1.5倍。与JMU-VDL668菌株不同, 虾青素高产菌株JMU-MVP14菌株采用恒pH补料, 获得生物量最大(48.5 g/L), 但虾青素产量大大降低(仅17.5 mg/L); 采用脉冲补料, 虾青素产量最高, 达到414.1 mg/L, 与分批发酵相比提高了200.2%; 采用恒DO补料, 生物量(38.5 g/L)和虾青素产量(403.2?mg/L)增加显著, 与分批发酵相比分别提高了133.1%和192.3%。【结论】不同补料工艺对法夫酵母菌株生产虾青素影响很大。其中, 采用恒pH补料工艺, 法夫酵母JMU-VDL668菌株可以获得最高的虾青素产量, 而采用脉冲补料工艺, 最适于法夫酵母JMU-MVP14菌株发酵生产虾青素。     

一株法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株的生产性能

为了评价虾青素高产菌株-法夫酵母JMU-MVP14的生产性能及建立虾青素高产发酵技术,通过测定糖、生物量、虾青素产量、总类胡萝卜素产量等发酵参数,用摇瓶试验对比了法夫酵母JMU-MVP14和出发菌株的差异,用7 L罐试验对比了pH值调控方式及补料培养基成分对发酵的影响,用1 m3罐试验评估了法夫酵母JMU-MVP14高密度发酵虾青素的产量水平。摇瓶发酵结果表明,法夫酵母JMU-MVP14虾青素及总类胡萝卜素的细胞产率分别达到6.01 mg/g及10.38 mg/g;7 L罐分批发酵试验结果表明,自动流加调     

法夫酵母PLX-ll发酵纤维素酶水解物合成虾青素

法夫酵母（Phaffiarhodozyma)PLX朅ll菌株能够发酵纤维素酶水解物进行虾青素的生物合成。纤维素的酶解物主要为纤维二糖和葡萄糖,在另外添加适量其它营养物后可被法夫酵母发酵用于生长及合成虾青素。摇瓶试验结果表明,培养108h,法夫酵母的生物量可达2.3g／L,虾青素的产率达913.4g／g干细胞,虾青素体积产率为2.1mg／L。在2L罐的发酵试验中,法夫酵母的生物量可达3.23g／L（第96h）,虾青素的产率达581.4g／g干细胞,虾青素体积产率达1.88mg／L。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.