CRISPR/Cas9系统介导敲除CSN2基因奶山羊胎儿成纤维突变细胞的制备

旨在研究β-酪蛋白(β-casein,CSN2)对奶山羊泌乳性能的影响,利用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞(GFFs)CSN2基因,为转基因动物模型构建提供核供体。针对CSN2第二号、八号外显子设计5个靶向CSN2基因sg RNA(T1、T2、T3、E1和E2),与PX330-e GFP载体连接,构建PX330-e GFP-sg RNA敲除表达载体,经T7E I酶切实验评估敲除效率;选择第八号外显子敲除效率最高sg RNA,构建PX330-Neo-sg RNA敲除载体,将PX330-e GFP-sg RNA T及PX330-e GFP-sgRNAE与PX330-Neo-sgRNAE组合转染细胞,经流式分选、G418药筛获得敲除CSN2基因细胞。Western blot测定转染细胞CSN2表达情况。测序结果表明各sgRNA均正确连入PX330表达载体中,T7E 1酶切实验表明sg RNA T1、sgRNAE2敲除效率最高达34.9%和25.9%;经荧光定量PCR及免疫荧光检测结果表明,eGFP+Neo转染组CSN2敲除细胞比例显著高于e GFP+e GFP转染组(P0.05)。综上表明,CRISPR/Cas9系统可有效应用于奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞基因编辑,产生的突变细胞为制备CSN2基因敲除奶山羊提供核供体材料。     

表达红色荧光及转胸腺素β4基因绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞系的制备

旨在构建胸腺素β4(thymosin beta4,Tβ4)基因真核表达载体并转染绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,获得稳定表达胸腺素β4及红色荧光蛋白的转基因细胞克隆。将克隆载体pMD19TT中的胸腺素β4基因亚克隆到表达载体pIRES2-DsRed2的多克隆位点,构建表达载体pIRES2-DsRed2-Tβ4,脂质体介导转染绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,G418筛选获得稳定转染的细胞克隆。RT-PCR检测Tβ4基因在宿主细胞中的转录。测序结果显示,构建的表达载体pIRES2-DsRed2-Tβ4序列中,Tβ4基因正确连接在CMV启动子下游,顺序连接IRES2序列和红色荧光蛋白基因,载体构建正确。脂质体介导的稳定转染效率约为15%,经G418筛选得到转基因细胞克隆并高效表达红色荧光蛋白。RT-PCR检测显示外源Tβ4基因在绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞中得到转录。成功构建具有红色荧光蛋白和新霉素抗性双选择标记的胸腺素β4基因真核表达载体并稳定转染绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选得到的超表达胸腺素β4绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞系为下一步通过核移植和克隆技术获得转基因绵羊提供了条件。     

大肠杆菌双顺反子表达载体中绿色荧光蛋白表达水平的研究

构建了一系列含有编码硫氧还蛋白(Trx)和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的双顺反子重组表达质粒,重点考察双顺反子间紧密相连和重迭的间隔序列.诱导表达后,对表达的GFP进行荧光检测,利用GFP的荧光强度来反映蛋白质的表达水平.结果表明各表达载体所表达的GFP的平均荧光强度差距很大,表明双顺反子间的间隔序列对报告基因表达水平有一定的影响,为实现不同功能基因表达的精确调控奠定了基础.     

利用自裂解肽T2A共表达猴B病毒糖蛋白gB和gD

目的:探讨自裂解肽T2A对猴B病毒g D和g B蛋白共表达的可行性。方法:利用一点褐翅蛾病毒(Ta V)的2A元件(T2A)连接猴B病毒膜蛋白g D和g B基因,构建多顺反子表达质粒,制备CHO-S工程细胞,采用Western印迹和ELISA检测蛋白表达及重组蛋白的免疫学特性。结果:g D和g B蛋白实现了共表达且保持了独立和完整的分子结构,但g B的表达水平明显低于g D;ELISA结果显示,单独表达的g D和g B以及共表达产物都能与B病毒阳性血清反应,但共表达产物的反应强度高于单独表达的g D和g B;重组蛋白经变性处理后,g B蛋白的吸光度值降幅最大。结论:自裂解肽T2A能够实现不同分子共表达且保持独立和完整的分子结构;共表达猴B病毒g D和g B分子有利于提高抗体检测的敏感性。     

体细胞核移植生产绵羊转hALR基因囊胚

扩增人肝细胞再生增强因子(human augmenter of liver regeneration,ALR)基因,利用质粒pIRES2-EGFP 构建新霉素(Neo)、增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescence protein,EGFP)双标记基因且EGFP和ALR基因为双顺反子的真核表达载体.LipofectAMINETM介导其转染体外培养的绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞(sheep fetal fibroblast cells,sFFCs);经G418筛选转基因细胞;激光共聚焦显微镜挑选绿色荧光单克隆细胞.PCR、RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法进一步检测ALR基因及其表达;稳定表达外源基因的sFFCs作供体,移入去核的绵羊卵母细胞中,进行体细胞核移植.通过激光共聚焦显微镜和ALR抗体检测EGFP、ALR基因在胚胎水平上的表达,其结果表明:由IRES连接的EGFP和ALR基因可在绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞内同时表达,由此细胞核移植产生的转基因胚胎在发育的各阶段均可见绿色荧光;囊胚中所有细胞表达EGFP基因;发绿色荧光的胚胎中ALR基因同时存在.因此,由IRES连接标记基因和目的基因,以标记基因指示目的基因的表达,可简化检测目的基因的繁琐手段;用筛选的转基因早期胚胎进行移植,可提高制备转基因动物的效率.     

用于化学预防剂筛选的转基因细胞模型的建立

建立TK启动子以及抗氧化反应元件(ARE)增强子调控报告基因GFP在HepG2细胞中稳定表达的细胞模型。人工合成ARE增强子序列,经退火和磷酸化后插入pTK-GFP载体的TK启动子上游,构建pARE-TK-GFP重组质粒。PCR法扩增TK和ARE-TK目的片段克隆到pEGFP-N1上,构建TK启动子启动以及上游由ARE增强子调控的报告基因表达载体pTK-GFP/Neo和pARE-TK-GFP/Neo。脂质体转染法转染人HepG2肝癌细胞后加G418筛选出阳性克隆。经扩大培养的克隆细胞中加入化学预防剂PDTC和香菇多糖作用48h后检测细胞中GFP荧光强度,结果显示pARE-TK-GFP/Neo表达载体中的GFP基因受ARE增强子的调控,其表达水平高于对照载体且在一定范围内与化学预防剂的浓度呈剂量效应关系,从而表明所构建的细胞模型可用于各种天然或人工合成的化学预防剂的初步筛选。     

miR-122过表达转基因小鼠质粒构建及其功能验证

目的:比较两种miR-122转基因小鼠过表达载体构建方法,为建立miR-122过表达转基因小鼠奠定基础。方法:PCR扩增长约291bp的pre-miR-122的序列,分别定向克隆到pBROAD3-GFP载体GFP基因上游内含子或下游3'UTR区域,两种质粒分别转染293T细胞,Q-PCR检测miR-122和GFP的表达水平,并观察GFP绿色荧光。miR-122 sensor reporter是将3个miR-122成熟序列的反义序列串联克隆至psiCHECK2载体luciferase 3'UTR中,然后分别与2种miR-122过表达质粒载体共转染293T细胞,最后检测荧光素酶活性来鉴定miR-122调控功能。结果:2种构建方法的miR-122表达水平都明显增高,而只有插入到GFP基因3'UTR的质粒表达GFP功能正常。结论:构建microRNA过表达载体时,microRNA位于报告基因3'UTR区域不会影响microRNA和报告基因的功能;构建的两种miR-122过表达质粒载体都可应用到转基因小鼠研究中,而将miR-122插入到GFP下游的方法则更利于miR-122的表达。     

CDC6靶向RNA干扰质粒载体的构建及生物活性鉴定

目的:构建小鼠CDC6基因的RNAi真核表达载体PGCsilencer TM u6/Neo/GFP/RNAi,观察其转染小鼠肝细胞前后CDC6的表达变化。方法:根据GenBank中CDC6的序列,设计特异性siRNA序列,将模板序列克隆至PGCsilencer U6/Neo/GFP质粒中,通过测序鉴定后,用脂质体将重组子转染至正常小鼠肝细胞中,用RT-PCR检测CDC6的mRNA的表达及用Western blot方法检测CDC6蛋白水平的表达,并比较转染前后其表达水平的变化。结果:经测序,模板序列与设计序列完全正确,经过RT-PCR及Western blot方法检测,转染干扰质粒后,小鼠肝细胞中CDC6表达在mRNA及蛋白水平都有明显的下降。结论:成功构建了CDC6基因的RNAi真核表达载体并转染至小鼠肝细胞中,为下一步探讨CDC6在肝再生的作用奠定了基础。     

Mpl与绿色荧光蛋白融合基因的真核载体构建及表达

目的:探索Mpl与绿色荧光蛋白GFP基因共同转粢哺乳动物细胞NIH3T3的方法.方法:采用PCR方法将GFP基因与Mpl基因构建融合荧光蛋白的真核表达载体,用脂质体介导转染NIH3T3细胞和筛选稳定细胞系,使用荧光显微镜方法和Westernblotting检测转染效果.结果:利用PCR方法有效扩增了Mpl基因,构建了融合荧光蛋白的真核表达载体,序列分析表明所构建的含Mpl基因的质粒与设计相同,使用荧光显微镜方法和Western blotting检测Mpl融合绿色荧光蛋白表达载体成功转染NIH3T3细胞.结论:成功构建了Mpl荧光表达载体,融合基因可以在NIH3T3细胞中稳定表达,为进一步研究Mpl的生物学活性及其与hNUDC蛋白相互作用提供了重要的理论依据.     

人死亡结构域相关蛋白干扰载体的构建与鉴定

[目的]构建人死亡结构域相关蛋白(hDaxx)的干扰载体,为研究hDaxx在HPV致宫颈癌发生与发展过程中的作用提供实验基础。[方法]以hDaxx全基因序列为模板,设计hDaxx RNA干扰引物并扩增干扰片段,将其连接到pGPU6/GFP/Neo真核表达载体,构建pGPU6/GFP/Neo-SiDaxx干扰载体,转染至HeLa细胞,利用荧光显微镜观察转染效率以及通过RT-PCR、Western Blot检测siRNA对HeLa细胞中hDaxx表达的影响。[结果]在转染了pGPU6/GFP/Neo-Si Daxx载体的HeLa细胞中,其hDaxx mRNA和蛋白的表达水平与空载体对照组比较明显降低。[结论]成功构建了hDaxx的干扰载体pGPU6/GFP/Neo-Si Daxx,该干扰载体能抑制HeLa细胞中hDaxx mRNA基因和蛋白的表达。     

2A肽介导猪PID1与CuZnSOD双基因真核共表达载体的构建与细胞表达

构建PID1基因与CuZnSOD基因的真核共表达载体,在PK15细胞中鉴定基因的表达。PCR扩增的PID1与CuZnSOD两基因分别经双酶切后定向插入pIRES2-AcGFP1空载体,构建pIRES2-CuZnSOD-PID1真核双表达载体并进行测序与酶切鉴定。采用脂质体转染法将重组质粒转染至PK15细胞,细胞内荧光显微镜下观察其荧光的表达,RT-PCR、Westernblot技术分别检测PID1基因与CuZnSOD基因mRNA和蛋白表达情况。重组克隆载体插入目的片段序列与PID1基因与CuZnSOD基因序列完全一致。PIRES2-CuZnSOD-PID1真核双表达载体测序、酶切鉴定结果与预期结果一致。荧光显微镜下观察转染后的PK15细胞出现绿色荧光。RT-PCR检测结果显示,转染细胞中PID1基因与CuZnSOD基因表达量明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。Westernblot检测结果表明pIRES2-CuZnSODPID1真核双表达载体稳定有效表达。成功构建pIRES2-CuZnSOD-PID1真核共表达载体,且双基因在真核细胞独立稳定表达,为转基因猪等育种新材料的制备奠定基础。     

Energy transfer between fluorescent proteins using a co-expression system in Mycobacterium smegmatis.

The goal of this study was to establish a two-plasmid co-expression system for Mycobacterium smegmatis. Two vectors with compatible origins of replication and a polylinker, which allows modular cloning of promoters and genes, were constructed and used to clone genes encoding a blue fluorescent protein (BFP) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP). A 160-fold variation of GFP expression levels in M. smegmatis was achieved by combining three promoters with different copy numbers of the vectors. An efficient energy transfer between BFP and GFP in M. smegmatis was observed by fluorescence measurements and demonstrated that these genes were simultaneously expressed from both vectors. Thus, these vectors will be valuable for all strategies where co-expression of proteins in M. smegmatis is needed, e.g. for constructing a two-hybrid system or for deleting essential genes.     

Bovine oocyte cytoplasm supports nuclear remodeling but not reprogramming of murine fibroblast cells

Nuclear transfer (NT) is used to elucidate fundamental biological issues such as reversibility of cell differentiation and interactions between the cytoplasm and nucleus. To obtain an insight into interactions between the somatic cell nucleus and oocyte cytoplasm, nuclear remodeling and gene expression were compared in bovine oocytes that had received nuclei from bovine and mouse fibroblast cells. While the embryos that received nuclei from bovine fibroblast cells developed into blastocysts, those that received nuclei from mouse fibroblasts did not develop beyond the 8-cell stage. Similar nuclear remodeling procedures were observed in oocytes reconstructed with mouse and bovine fibroblast cells. Foreign centrosomes during NT were introduced into embryos reconstructed with both fibroblast cell types. A number of housekeeping mouse genes (hsp70, bax, and glt-1) were abnormally expressed in embryos that had received nuclei from mouse fibroblast cells. However, development-related genes, such as Oct-4 and E-cad, were not expressed. The results collectively suggest that the bovine oocyte cytoplasm supports nuclear remodeling, but not reprogramming of mouse fibroblast cells.     

Effects of different feeder layers on culture of bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells in vitro

To find a suitable feeder layer is important for successful culture conditions of bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells. In this study, expression of pluripotency-related genes OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG in bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers at 1–5 passages were monitored in order to identify the possible reason that bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells could not continue growth and passage. Here, we developed two novel feeder layers, mixed embryonic fibroblast feeder layers of mouse and bovine embryonic fibroblast at different ratios and sources including mouse fibroblast cell lines. The bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells generated in our study displayed typical stem cell morphology and expressed specific markers such as OCT4, stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 and 4, alkaline phosphatase, SOX2, and NANOG mRNA levels. When feeder layers and cell growth factors were removed, the bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells formed embryoid bodies in a suspension culture. Furthermore, we compared the expression of the pluripotent markers during bovine embryonic stem cell-like cell in culture on mixed embryonic fibroblast feeder layers, including mouse fibroblast cell lines feeder layers and mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results suggested that mixed embryonic fibroblast and sources including mouse fibroblast cell lines feeder layers were more suitable for long-term culture and growth of bovine embryonic stem cell-like cells than mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers. The findings may provide useful experimental data for the establishment of an appropriate culture system for bovine embryonic stem cell lines.     

转基因鸡生物反应器载体的构建及其表达特性分析

以增强型绿色荧光蛋白和萤火虫荧光素酶为报告基因,构建了鸡卵清蛋白启动子表达载体和慢病毒载体,以巨细胞病毒 (Cytomegalovirus,CMV)启动子表达载体为对照,转染或感染鸡原代输卵管上皮细胞、鸡胚成纤维细胞、鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和牛乳腺上皮细胞,通过荧光和酶活性检测,旨在筛选出用于实现转基因鸡生物反应器的高效特异性表达载体。结果发现,鸡卵清蛋白启动子表达载体转染以上4种细胞后2种标记基因均有表达,没有表现出明显的细胞特异性,且荧光素酶检测结果表明其在各细胞组中表达活性都低于CMV启动子表达载体100倍以上;慢病毒载体感染以上4种细胞后2种标记基因均有表达,在鸡输卵管上皮细胞组感染单个细胞的病毒颗粒 (Multiplicity of infection,MOI) 为20时绿色荧光蛋白表达量就可以达到CMV启动子表达载体的水平。上述结果表明,基于卵清蛋白基因调控序列构建的表达载体无法实现外源基因的高效、特异性表达,而慢病毒载体在表达活性和广泛性上可以用于进行鸡输卵管生物反应器的研究。     

慢病毒载体系统介导hUC—MSC绿色荧光蛋白和荧光素酶共表达技术体系的建立

目的建立慢病毒载体系统介导的人脐带间充质干细胞（hUC-MSC）绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）和荧光素酶共表达技术体系。方法 GFP和荧光素酶共表达慢病毒载体与相应包装质粒psPAX2和pMD2.G经聚乙烯亚胺介导共转染HEK293T细胞以包装病毒;病毒感染P4代hUC-MSC 12 h后,再行嘌呤霉素筛选24 h,普通光学显微镜观察细胞形态,荧光显微镜下观察GFP的表达情况,IVIS Kinetic成像系统拍照以观察和记录慢病毒感染后hUC-MSC荧光素酶的表达情况;MTS法行细胞生长曲线作图,同时,普通和实时定量RTPCR法检测细胞周期调控相关蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1和p21WAF1/CIP1的表达。采用方差分析和t检验进行统计学分析。结果慢病毒感染并不会造成体外培养hUC-MSC形态的明显改变,而荧光显微镜和IVIS Kinetic成像系统的观察结果则分别证实,GFP和荧光素酶经慢病毒载体系统的介导可在hUC-MSC中成功地共表达。此外,细胞生长曲线作图结果表明,对照和GFP及荧光素酶共表达慢病毒感染后hUC-MSC的生长增殖速率相仿（P〉0.01）;实时定量RT-PCR法检测结果则显示,与对照慢病毒感染相比,GFP和荧光素酶共表达慢病毒感染后其细胞周期调控相关蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1和p21WAF1/CIP1mRNA表达水平分别是对照组的1.11倍（P=0.130）、0.54倍（P=0.000）和0.78倍（P=0.005）,表明外源GFP和荧光素酶共表达对体外培养的hUC-MSC生长增殖等表型无显著影响。结论慢病毒载体系统可有效介导外源基因在hUC-MSC中的表达;同时,GFP和荧光素酶在hUC-MSC中的共表达也将极大地方便其体内转归的示踪。     

Sindbis virus vectors designed to express a foreign protein as a cleavable component of the viral structural polyprotein

Alphavirus-based expression vectors commonly use a duplicated 26S promoter to drive expression of a foreign gene. Here we describe an expression strategy in which the foreign sequences are linked to the gene encoding the 2A protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus and then inserted in frame between the capsid and E3 genes of Sindbis virus. During replication, the 2A fusion protein is synthesized as a component of the viral structural polyprotein that is then released by intramolecular cleavages mediated by the capsid and 2A proteases. Recombinant Sindbis viruses that expressed fusion proteins composed of 2A linked to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and to the VP7 protein of bluetongue virus were constructed. Viruses engineered to express GFP and VP7 from a duplicate 26S promoter were also constructed. All four viruses expressed the transgene and grew to similar titers in cultured cells. However, the GFP/2A- and VP7/2A-expressing viruses displayed greater expression stability and were less attenuated in newborn mice than the cognate double-subgenomic promoter-based viruses. By combining the two expression strategies, we constructed bivalent viruses that incorporated and expressed both transgenes. The bivalent viruses grew to lower titers in cultured cells and were essentially avirulent in newborn mice. Groups of mice were vaccinated with each VP7- and VP7/2A-expressing virus, and antibody responses to native VP7 were measured in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Despite their genetic and phenotypic differences, all viruses induced similarly high titers of VP7-specific antibodies. These results demonstrate that 2A fusion protein-expressing alphaviruses may be particularly well suited for applications that require enduring expression of a single protein or coexpression of two alternative proteins.     

Conversion of green fluorescent protein into a toxic, aggregation-prone protein by C-terminal addition of a short peptide

A non-natural 16-residue "degron" peptide has been reported to convey proteasome-dependent degradation when fused to proteins expressed in yeast (Gilon, T., Chomsky, O., and Kulka, R. (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 7214-7219) or when fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed in mammalian cells (Bence, N. F., Sampat, R. M., and Kopito, R. R. (2001) Science 292, 1552-1555). We find that expression of the GFP::degron in Caenorhabditis elegans muscle or neurons results in the formation of stable perinuclear deposits. Similar perinuclear deposition of GFP::degron was also observed upon transfection of primary rat hippocampal neurons or mouse Neuro2A cells. The generality of this observation was supported by transfection of HEK 293 cells with both GFP::degron and DsRed(monomer)::degron constructs. GFP::degron expressed in C. elegans is less soluble than unmodified GFP and induces the small chaperone protein HSP-16, which co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with GFP::degron deposits. Induction of GFP::degron in C. elegans muscle leads to rapid paralysis, demonstrating the in vivo toxicity of this aggregating variant. This paralysis is suppressed by co-expression of HSP-16, which dramatically alters the subcellular distribution of GFP::degron. Our results suggest that in C. elegans, and perhaps in mammalian cells, the degron peptide is not a specific proteasome-targeting signal but acts instead by altering GFP secondary or tertiary structure, resulting in an aggregation-prone form recognized by the chaperone system. This altered form of GFP can form toxic aggregates if its expression level exceeds the capacity of chaperone-based degradation pathways. GFP::degron may serve as an instructive "generic" aggregating control protein for studies of disease-associated aggregating proteins, such as huntingtin, alpha-synuclein, and the beta-amyloid peptide.