毕赤酵母发酵液的脱色和重组水蛭素的分离

用毕赤酵母表达重组水蛭素的发酵液中含有大量色素和一些杂蛋白。本文对发酵上清的脱色和重组水蛭素的分离进行了探讨。鉴于水蛭素的稳定性 ,用加热法预处理发酵上清取得了满意的效果。对离子交换、疏水层析、凝胶过滤、羟基磷灰石吸附层析以及它们的优化组合进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,阳离子交换层析、凝胶过滤和阴离子交换层析的组合对发酵上清的脱色和重组水蛭素的分离是有效的。     

重组水蛭素的纯化和鉴定

本文报导了化学合成的水蛭素基因在酵母细胞中得到表达,井能分泌水蛭素到胞外。将该菌株培养物的上清液经硫酸铵沉淀和Sephadex G-50过滤后,用DEAE-SephadexA-25进行阴离子交换层析,进而用HPLC反相层析,得到表达产物重组水蛭素。经SDS-PAGE,氨基酸序列分析,抗凝血酶活力分析及血浆滴定实验等方法鉴定,证明该基因表达产物与天然水蛭素HV_2相同。     

反相高效液相色谱法分析聚乙二醇修饰的水蛭素

目的：采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）对聚乙二醇（PEG）修饰的水蛭素进行分析分离,用以分析修饰产物中不同修饰度水蛭素的组成和比例。方法：色谱柱为Hypersil C18,5μm,4.6mm×150mm;流动相A为H2O＋0.01％的三氟乙酸,流动相B为乙腈＋0.01％的三氟乙酸。40min内由10％-50％流动相B进行梯度洗脱,洗脱流速1mL／min,上样量50μL,检测波长为214nm。结果：在单甲基化PEG-丙酸琥珀酰亚胺和水蛭素摩尔比不同的的反应产物中,PEG1-水蛭素、PEG2-水蛭素均可以达到基线分离,且不同批次的反应产物进行RP-HPLC的重复性良好。结论：RP-HPLC可以有效地对PEG修饰的水蛭素产物进行分析分离,为PEG化水蛭素的长效、缓释剂型的开发提供技术支持。     

水蛭素抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2的生成及活化

研究凝血酶对人脐静脉内皮细胞表达基质金属蛋白酶的影响及重组水蛭素的作用。将原代培养人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的第2～5代分组后与凝血酶(4．0ku／L)共同温育,同时分别加入水蛭素(6．0ku/L)和肝素(6．0ku／L),在不同时间,用逆转录聚合酶链反应和免疫组织化学分析的方法评价基质金属蛋白酶-2的表达情况。结果显示凝血酶促进血管内皮细胞产生和活化基质金属蛋白酶-2。重组水蛭素可以有效地阻断凝血酶的上述作用。     

重组抗凝蛋白-新蛭素的原核表达研究

目的:重组新蛭素(EH)是在抗凝蛋白水蛭素的氨基末端添加3个氨基酸(EPR)的衍生物,以往EH的表达工艺沿用水蛭素的酵母表达工艺,生产周期长、目标蛋白表达效率相对较低。而水蛭素类的蛋白在大肠杆菌中往往以包涵体形式表达,后期的分离纯化收率较低,无法适应产业化。为了提高EH的生产效率,探索了EH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达。方法:首先通过PCR的方法获得eh的cDNA,PCR产物连接入原核表达载体pET-22或pET-24中获得重组表达质粒,将重组表达质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)或BL21(plySs),获得重组工程菌BL21(DE3)-pET-24-eh,BL21(DE3)-pET-22-eh,BL21(plySs)-pET-22-eh。重组工程菌进行IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定表达产物。结果:EH在3个重组工程菌中均可实现可溶性表达。表达水平较高的为BL21(DE3)-pET-24-eh工程菌;之后通过优化诱导温度,时间,诱导剂浓度、诱导前菌种密度,确定最佳条件为:37℃,诱导6h,IPTG浓度为0.4μmol/L,诱导前菌种密度在OD₆₀₀=1左右。诱导产物经分离纯化,其纯度可达96.93%。最后通过蛋白含量测定及抗凝活性检测,确定表达的EH蛋白本身无抗凝活性,被FXa裂解后可以释放出水蛭素的抗凝活性。结论:实现了EH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达,表达周期短,有望提高EH的生产效率,为EH的产业化奠定了基础,也为水蛭素类产品的生产提供了新的工艺途径。     

重组水蛭素的抗血栓形成作用及其机制

目的：研究重组水蛭素抗血栓形成的作用及机制。方法：将60只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阿司匹林组和重组水蛭素低、中、高剂量组（n=10）。除对照组外,其余各组小鼠分别腹腔注射角叉菜胶2.5 mg/kg,诱发小鼠尾部血栓形成。注射角叉菜胶前24 h、0.5 h和注射后24 h,阿司匹林组小鼠分别腹腔注射阿司匹林25 mg/kg,重组水蛭素低、中、高剂量组小鼠分别腹腔注射0.05、0.1、0.2 mg/kg重组水蛭素,对照组和模型组小鼠分别腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。注射角叉菜胶后48 h,观察小鼠黑尾长度并计算黑尾发生率;检测血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI-1）、6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α）、血栓恶烷B2（TXB2）水平。结果：与对照组比较,模型组小鼠尾部形成血栓;血浆PT明显缩短（P<0.01）,PAI-1、TXB2水平明显升高（P<0.01）,t-PA、6-keto-PGF1α水平明显降低（P<0.01）。与模型组比较,重组水蛭素低、中、高剂量组和阿司匹林组小鼠尾部血栓长度明显缩短（P<0.05或P<0.01）,PT明显延长（P<0.01）,PAI-1、TXB2水平明显降低（P<0.01）,t-PA、6-keto-PGF1α水平明显升高（P<0.01）。与阿司匹林组比较,重组水蛭素低剂量组小鼠尾部血栓长度明显增加（P<0.05）,PT明显缩短（P<0.01）,PAI-1、TXB2水平明显升高（P<0.01）;重组水蛭素低、中剂量组6-keto-PGF1α水平明显降低（P<0.01,P<0.05）;重组水蛭素中剂量组PAI-1、TXB2水平明显升高（P<0.01,P<0.05）。结论：重组水蛭素有明显抗血栓形成作用,其机制可能与影响外源性凝血系统、促进纤溶功能有关。     

水蛭素12肽与低分子量单链尿激酶融合基因的构建、表达及产物特性分析

用化学合成的方法合成了水蛭素12肽基因的编码序列,通过DNA重组技术将水蛭素12肽基因片段与低分子量单链尿激酶cDNA片段连接构建了融合基因。融合基因在大肠杆菌中获得表达。体外实验结果表明,表达的融合蛋白具有溶纤活性和抗凝活性。     

水蛭素明胶微球的制备及体外释放的考察

目的:制备重组水蛭素(rHV2)明胶微球,达到减少胃肠道对其降解和破坏的目的.方法:采用明胶为载体材料,用注入法制成重组水蛭素(rHV2)明胶微球,并考察微球形态、粒径和体外释放情况.结果:制成的明胶微球平均粒径为54.40μm,三批微球的rHV2含量为(2.60±0.05)mg,载药量为(2.67±0.05)mg,包封率为(54.60±1.09)%.三种不同固化时间制备的rHV2明胶微球体外释放试验情况一致,30 min释放量能达到50%,60 min能达到80%以上.结论:结果显示制备的重组水蛭素明胶微球基本达到要求.     

大肠杆菌表达的重组葡激酶-水蛭素融合蛋白的分离纯化及其二聚体分析

采用阴离子交换和凝胶过滤色谱法纯化大肠杆菌高密度培养所表达的重组葡激酶－水蛭素融合蛋白（rSFH）,经SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC分析纯度达到98％以上,每升发酵液得率约0.7g。同时利用疏水色谱、MALDI-TOF对纯化过程中出现的rSFH同源二聚体的分析和表面疏水面积的计算及利用高效排阻色谱（HPSEC）分析NaCl、温度对rSFH的可逆二聚化行为的影响,认为疏水作用在rSFH的可逆二聚化行为中发挥着重要作用。     

表达重组葡激酶-水蛭素融合蛋白的大肠杆菌工程菌的高密度培养

采用溶氧反馈的分批培养流加补料的方法高密度培养重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)生产重组葡激酶-水蛭素融合蛋白。通过摇瓶培养对菌种和培养条件的初步筛选,采用溶氧反馈的流加补料策略,进行了5L发酵罐的合成培养基和复合培养基的发酵工艺的研究。通过对培养条件的不断优化,重组葡激酶-水蛭素融合蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)里得到了高效表达,菌体密度最终达到115g/L(WCW)以上,可溶性重组融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的30%以上,含量约为1.1~1.2g/L。5L发酵罐的发酵工艺参数在40L发酵罐中进行了放大培养,结果表明该工艺能有效的放大,可适用于工业生产。     

Purification and identification of recombinant hirudin and its degradation products expressed in Pichia pastoris

The purification and identification of recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) (rHV2-Lys47) and its several C-terminal proteolytic degradation derivatives, produced by Pichia pastoris, were described. The high-purity rHV2-Lys47 of above 99% and its three degradation products were obtained by a straightforward two-step chromatography procedure, a combination of cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography, with a recovery yield of 74% for hirudin. The purified rHV2 had the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence and the derivatives were the degradation products of hirudin, short of one to three amino acid residues at C-terminal.     

重组虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素—I在巴氏毕赤酵母中的表达及纯化

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素I是从虎纹捕鸟蛛粗毒中分离纯化,具有镇痛活性的肽类神经毒素。对巴氏毕赤酵母生产的重组HWTX－I进行多步纯化,首先将分泌到培养上清的rHWTX-I进行90％饱和度的（NH4）2SO4沉淀,再用截留分子量3kD的滤膜脱盐,再用CM阳离子交换层析分离,最后用C18反相层析脱盐纯化,真空干燥后得到的rHWTX-I经Tricine SDS-PAGE,质谱鉴定,氨基酸组成分析,N－端序列测定后活性鉴定,证明已获得高纯度的重组HWTX－I,摇瓶表达量约为80mg/L,约占总分泌量的23．6％,并对摇瓶发酵条件进行了优化,为利用基因工程方法生产HWTX－I的规模化生产及临床应用提供了证据。     

Rapid purification and revised amino-terminal sequence of hirudin: a specific thrombin inhibitor of the bloodsucking leech

Hirudin is a specific polypeptide thrombin inhibitor consisting of 65 amino acids that is produced by the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. We describe a rapid method for the purification of hirudin from a leech extract. Crude hirudin, purchased from a commercial source, was first fractionated on a DEAE-HPLC column using a salt gradient. Hirudin activity was monitored by inhibition of the thrombin-mediated hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate H-D-Phenylalanyl-Pipecolyl-Arginine-p-Nitroanilide. The fractions containing antithrombin activity were pooled and further purified by reverse-phase HPLC. The homogeneity of purified hirudin was confirmed by a single amino-terminal sequence for 43 residues with Val-Val as the first two amino acids. Residue 33 was Asn rather than Asp as reported previously.     

Nonradioactive enzyme measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography of partially purified sugar-1-kinase (glucuronokinase) from pollen of Lilium longiflorum

Here we present a highly sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that enables specific quantification of glucuronokinase activity in partially purified extracts from pollen of Lilium longiflorum without radioactive labeled substrates. This assay uses a recombinant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with broad substrate specificity from Pisum sativum (PsUSP) or Arabidopsis thaliana (AtUSP) as a coupling enzyme. Glucuronokinase was partially purified on a DEAE-sepharose column. Kinase activity was measured by a nonradioactive coupled enzyme assay in which glucuronic acid-1-phosphate, produced in this reaction, is used by UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and further converted to UDP-glucuronic acid. This UDP-sugar, as well as different by-products, is detected by HPLC with either a strong anion exchange column or a reversed phase C18 column at a wavelength of 260 nm. This assay is adaptive to different kinases and sugars because of the broad substrate specificity of USP. The HPLC method is highly sensitive and allows measurement of kinase activity in the range of pmol min^-1. Furthermore, it can be used for determination of pure kinases as well as crude or partially purified enzyme solutions without any interfering background from ATPases or NADH oxidizing enzymes, known to cause trouble in different photometric assays.     

我国产日本医蛭水蛭素的分离和纯化

采用离子交换柱层析与凝胶过滤柱层析的方法对从我国产的日本医蛙［Hirudonipponica（whitman）］活体中提取出的唾液腺分泌物进行分离和纯化,获得了较纯净的水蛭素（Hirudin）。测定结果表明：日本医蛭唾液腺分泌物提取液中水蛭素含量为4AT－U／ml;纯化总得率为15％;纯化后的产物比活力为6708AT－U／mg蛋白。     

A low molecular weight substance purified from human placenta inhibits cAMP-dependent protein kinase and activates protein kinase C

We have purified from human placenta a low molecular mass substance that inhibits cAMP-dependent protein kinase and activates protein kinase C. This protein kinase regulator was purified in three steps: (1) homogenizing placentas in chloroform/methanol and extracting the regulator into water; (2) eluting a strong anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column with a quaternary gradient; and (3) eluting a reversed-phase HPLC column with a binary gradient. The regulator was found to be highly purified by HPLC, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry with a molecular mass of 703 Daltons by the latter procedure. The physical and biochemical properties of this protein kinase regulator suggest that it is a phospholipid but it did not co-elute by HPLC or by TLC with any of the known phospholipid activators of protein kinase C.     

增殖细胞核抗原蛋白在Spodoptera frugiperda昆虫细胞中的表达及纯化

目的:利用昆虫细胞表达系统生产重组的人增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA),并进行纯化和抗体结合特性鉴定。方法:以HeLa细胞逆转录的cDNA为模板,扩增人PCNA基因,并插入杆状病毒载体AcMNPV。利用昆虫细胞得到PCNA基因的重组杆状病毒。病毒感染细胞表达蛋白,联合镍柱亲和层析和离子交换层析获得高纯度的重组人PCNA蛋白。ELISA法测定抗体结合特异性。结果:以HeLa细胞cDNA为模板得到的基因序列同GenBank的人PCNA基因序列一致。草地贪夜蛾细胞(Spodoptera frugiperda,Sf9)表达重组人PCNA(recombinant human PCNA,rPCNA)的最佳感染值(MOI)和感染时间分别为0.05h和144h。rPCNA的产量高达110mg/L细胞,纯度95%。间接ELISA法检测抗体结合特性,rPCNA的敏感性和特异性分别为93.3%和85.0%。结论:建立了rPCNA的表达和纯化方法,获得了高效表达、高度抗体结合特异性的PCNA蛋白,该蛋白质能进一步开发为PCNA相关疾病的体外诊断试剂盒,具较大的应用价值。     

On-Column Refolding and Purification of Recombinant Human Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (rHuIL-1ra) Expressed as Inclusion Body in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rHuIL-1ra) was produced in E. coli as an inclusion body. rHuIL-1ra was purified to Over 98% purity by anion exchange chromatography after on-column refolding. The optimized processes produced more than 2 g pure refolded rHuIL-1ra per 1 l culture, corresponding to a 44% recovery, without an intermediate dialysis step. Refolded rHuIL-1ra had full biological activity with the MTT assay. An intramolecular disulfide linkage in the oxidized recombinant protein was suggested by data from HPLC and non-reducing SDS-PAGE.     

Production and Characterization of Hirudin Variant-1 by SUMO Fusion Technology in E. coli

Hirudin is the most potent non-covalent inhibitor of thrombin. Several expression systems have been used to produce recombinant hirudin for pharmaceutical purposes. However, high expression of active hirudin in Escherichia coli cytoplasm has not been successful owing to the fact that heterogenetic small peptide is easily degraded in the cell. To solve this problem, we constructed a recombinant form of the hirudin variant-1 (HV1) as a fusion protein with the small ubiquitin-related modifier gene (SUMO) by use of over-lap PCR. The fusion gene His₆-SUMO-HV1 was highly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) in which the SUMO-HV1 accounts for over 30% of the soluble fraction. The fusion protein was purified by Ni?CNTA affinity chromatography and cleaved by a SUMO-specific protease Ulp1 to release the HV1 with natural N-terminal. The recombinant HV1 (rHV1) was further purified by Ni?CNTA affinity chromatography and then by Q anion-exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequencing result demonstrated the purified rHV1 had the same N-terminal sequence as the native hirudin. MALDI-TOF/MS analysis indicated that the molecular weight of the purified rHV1 protein was 6939.161 Da, which was similar to the theoretical molecular weight of rHV1 6,944 Da. The Chromozym TH assay result showed that the anti-thrombin activity of purified rHV1 was 8,800 ATU/mg and comparable to the specific activity of native hirudin.