卵母细胞的生发泡移植

生发泡(germinal vesicle,GV)移植到去核的GV期卵母细胞后,获得重构卵,重构卵在体外能成熟,受精和进行胚胎发育。GV移植到去核的第二次减数分裂中期(metaphase Ⅱ,MII)卵母细胞后,重构卵能发生GV破裂,但难以排出第一极体。GV移植后,通过连续核移植,重构合子具有发育到终期的能力。GV移植为研究卵母细胞的发育提供了一种重要工具。     

Ca^2＋与哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟分裂的关系

哺乳动物在胎儿期或出生后不久,初级卵母细胞进入并停滞于第一次成熟分裂前期的双线期,直到排卵。在促性腺激素的作用下,第一次成熟分裂重新启动,但完成第一次成熟分裂后又停滞在第二次成熟分裂的中期,必须在精子或化学信号的作用下,才完成第二次成熟分裂。当第一次成熟分裂重新启动后,卵母细胞发生明显的形态变化:生发泡破裂(GVBD),核仁消失,排出第一极体等。     

小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟及受精过程中细胞核的时空变化规律

用电镜方法研究小鼠卵母细胞的发育及受精虽然已有很多报道,但大多数是有关细胞质、尤其是皮质颗粒、高尔基复合体及线粒体的形态及分布变化的。从卵母细胞体外成熟培养、第一次减数分裂恢复到受精后第二次减数分裂完成,细胞核经历了复杂的变化,有关的系统研究却很少。本实验详细地研究了小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟及受精过程中两性生殖细胞内细胞核的时空变化规律。从卵巢中采集生发泡（ＧＶ）期卵母细胞,进行体外成熟培养,经超排获得的成熟卵母细胞去卵丘和透明带后,用于体外受精。于体外成熟培养及受精后的不同时间,用光镜及电镜方法观察细胞核变化及极体排放。结果表明,尽管大多数卵母细胞在体外培养２至４小时生发泡破裂（ＧＶＢＤ）,但有１３．６％在培养８小时后仍处于ＧＶ期（图１）。电镜观察揭示,不发生ＧＶＢＤ的卵母细胞核的核仁由颗粒性纤维成分、空泡及纤维中心组成。有时核仁表面有空泡。只有核仁完全致密化、核仁周围有核仁相随染色质分布时,卵母细胞才获得恢复减数分裂的能力。ＧＶＢＤ发生时,随着核仁相随染色质向核膜侧扩散迁移,核仁越来越小;与此同时,核膜打折,染色质团块中央出现电子致密的芯。核仁的消失早于核膜的破裂,提示核仁成分可能参与核膜打折及破裂,体外培     

正常培养条件下绵羊卵母细胞减数分裂从中期Ⅰ至中期Ⅲ的动态变化过程

以绵羊卵母细胞为研究对象,通过免疫组织化学的方法研究其染色体和纺锤体微管及微丝在体外成熟、孤雌激活过程中的动态变化。结果表明:(1)纺锤体的形态由中期的桶形,变成早后期的圆柱形及后期和末期细长而扁平的三角锥形,与椎体底面连接的染色质将来进入极体并最终被排出。(2)染色体形态从中期单个的清晰可见的状态,变为后期和末期凝缩的染色质状态,随后在下一个中期再次呈现出清晰可见的形态。(3)第一次减数分裂中期(MI)纺锤体比第二次减数分裂中期(MII)和第三次减数分裂中期(MIII)大,但MII期纺锤体形态比MI期更接近桶形。(4)几乎所有组成纺锤体的微管和微丝都被分配到极体中。     

去甲斑蝥酸钠对小鼠卵母细胞第一次减数分裂的影响

体外培养的小鼠卵母细胞在１２ｈ内可完成第一次减数分裂,排出第一极体。将卵母细胞培养在含２５０μｇ／ｍｌ去甲斑蝥酸钠的培养液中,生发泡破裂（ＧＶＢＤ）过程不受影响,但卵母细胞不能完成减数分裂过程,卵母细胞中没有减数分裂器的形成,染色体紧密凝缩在一起;去甲斑蝥酸钠对小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂的影响在６ｈ内具有可逆性：卵母细胞ＧＶ破裂后用去甲斑蝥酸钠处理２ｈ换正常培养液培养,整个减数分裂过程不受影响;ＧＶ期卵母细胞用去甲斑蝥酸钠连续处理６ｈ,洗去药物继续培养,减数分裂可继续进行,但第一极体的排放时间推迟。去甲斑蝥酸钠对分裂期细胞特异性磷蛋白的出现影响不显著,在连续处理的卵母细胞中分裂期细胞特异性磷蛋白仍然存在。     

文昌鱼卵子发生中成熟分裂时卵母细胞的超微结构研究

首次观察文昌鱼卵发生进入和一次成熟分裂前期联合会丝复合粗线期,双线期和网状期卵原细胞及卵母细胞生发泡及胞质的超微结构特点,在生发泡内同源染色体配对,联会丝复合体中央出现重组节。不同发育类型的核样体及其相关线粒体是这一时期卵母细胞胞质的主要特征     

血管紧张素Ⅱ在小鼠卵母细胞中的免疫组化定位

本文研究了血管紧张素Ⅱ在小鼠卵母细胞中的免疫组织化学定位,结果表明血管紧张素Ⅱ不仅分布在卵巢内的黄体细胞,卵泡的膜细胞,基质和血管,在恢复减数分裂过程中,处于生发泡破裂和第一极体排放期的卵母细胞内也检测到血管紧张素Ⅱ的免疫阳性物,因此,血管紧张素Ⅱ有可能在卵泡的生长发育和卵母细胞的成熟过程中起着重要作用。     

山羊卵母细胞体外成熟过程中细胞核迁移的研究

本试验应用传统的醋酸地衣红染色法研究了山羊卵母细胞体外成熟过程中细胞核迁移现象,结果发现成熟分裂从GVBD现象起,其细胞核即由卵母细胞的近中央位置逐渐移向细胞表面,之后同源染色体分开,排出第一极体。卵母细胞成熟后,随着时间的延长,细胞核又逐渐远离第一极体端。试验结果采用面积积分法处理,结果为:0~5.7h山羊卵母细胞处于GV期,持续时间为5.7h;5.7~8.9h为DK期,持续时间为3.2h;8.9~15.9h卵母细胞处于MI期,持续7h;15.9~17.5h为AI期,持续1.6h;17.5~22h为MII期,持续4.5h。     

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)在小鼠卵母细胞成熟过程中的表达及作用

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一种Ser/Thr激酶,属于PIKK超家族,对调节细胞周期、蛋白质合成等具有重要作用,是细胞生长、增殖、分化、凋亡的中心调控器,但在哺乳动物卵母细胞中的研究还未见报道．以小鼠卵母细胞为研究对象,采用免疫荧光为主要研究方法,对mTOR在小鼠卵母细胞中的表达进行研究,并通过mTOR的特异性抑制剂雷帕霉素( rapamycin,RAPA )对卵母细胞进行处理,对mTOR在卵母细胞成熟过程中的作用进行研究．结果显示：小鼠卵母细胞成熟过程中,生发泡( germinal vesicle,GV )期mTOR主要集中在核膜处表达,生发泡破裂 ( germinal vesicle breakdown,GVBD )后mTOR伴随染色体分布,第二次减数分裂中期( second metaphase,MⅡ期 ) mTOR伴随纺锤体分布;雷帕霉素处理后,小鼠卵母细胞的成熟受到抑制,且这种抑制作用具有浓度依赖性,同时其mTOR的表达部位和形态也发生变化．研究表明,在小鼠卵母细胞成熟过程中,mTOR在各个时期的表达及分布具有阶段特异性,并对小鼠卵母细胞GVBD的发生和第一极体的排放都具有重要作用．     

蛋白水解酶复合体抑制剂lactacystin对小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂和初次卵裂的作用

为探讨泛素-蛋白水解酶复合体通路(UPP)在小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂和卵裂中的作用, 使用蛋白水解酶复合体特异性抑制剂lactacystin作用于减数分裂不同时期的卵母细胞和受精卵, 结果发现, lactacystin对GVBD的发生无明显影响, 但可明显抑制随后的减数分裂进程, 使极体排放受阻, 引起超排卵母细胞的孤雌激活率下降, 并抑制第一次卵裂. β-tubulin免疫荧光染色显示lactacystin抑制减数分裂微管的组装和纺锤体的形成; 对已进入中期的卵母细胞使用lactacystin, 则对中期纺锤体形态无影响. lactacystin还可使受精卵阻滞于间期或第一次有丝分裂中期. 免疫荧光染色还显示蛋白水解酶复合体催化亚单位PA700在GV期定位在GV及其周围区域, 在中期定位于纺锤体区域. 以上结果表明UPP对小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂和早期卵裂是必需的, 且对减数分裂的作用是多方面的, 在前期与纺锤体的正常形成有关, 而在中期则为染色体的分离和进入后期所必需.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).