雷帕霉素靶在小鼠受精卵早期发育中的作用研究

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶(mTOR)是细胞生长的中心调控因子,应用RT-PCR、免疫印迹、放射性同位素体外测定酶活性等方法,研究mTOR在小鼠受精卵第一次有丝分裂过程中在卵中的表达、活性变化以及对卵裂的影响.研究发现mTOR在小鼠卵母细胞和受精卵中都有表达,在mRNA水平,mTOR从G2期开始降解,在蛋白水平,则各期没有明显变化;mTOR的激酶活性在受精后明显升高,并且在整个1-细胞期保持较高活性;mTOR的特异性抑制剂雷帕霉素能抑制卵裂,并且能抑制成熟促进因子MPF的调节亚基cyclin B的表达,从而抑制了MPF的活性.结果表明mTOR可能通过促进MPF的激活而促进小鼠受精卵的分裂.     

mTOR信号通路与癌症治疗

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一种非典型的丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在细胞的生长、分化、增殖、迁移和存活上扮演了重要的角色。由于mTOR信号转导通路在细胞周期进程中发挥了重要作用,而细胞周期进程调节异常与许多疾病尤其是癌症的发生、发展有关,因此mTOR信号通路的失调可引起多种癌症。mTOR的特异性抑制剂雷帕霉素及其衍生物CCI-779能抑制mTOR的功能,使细胞阻滞在G。期,并引起凋亡。CCI-779作为抗癌药物已分别进入Ⅱ期临床。通过临床实验CCI-779显示出较高的抗癌活性和相对较小的副作用。越来越多的实验证据显示,mTOR信号转导通路的抑制剂可开发成为潜在的肿瘤特异性治疗药物。     

基于雷帕霉素与FRB结合的蛋白质间相互作用的相关技术

FKBP12-rapamycin复合物的结合位点(FKBP1 2-rapamycin binding,FRB)为雷帕霉素(rapamycin,RAP)与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)结合的结构城,基于RAP介导FK506结合蛋白12(12 kD FK506-binging protein,FKBP12)与FRB蛋白质相互作用相关研究技术的发展与应用,使人们对小分子介导的蛋白质相互作用有了更多的认识.就研究RAP作用于FRB域及研究FKBP12-RAP-FRB三元复合物形成的相关技术作一综述,为确认新的mTOR抑制剂的作用机制及认识其他蛋白质间相互作用提供参考.     

胰岛素在小鼠受精卵早期发育中的作用

大量研究已经证实生长因子和激素在胚胎早期发育的细胞增殖与分化过程中起着重要的作用．应用定量ELISA,RT—PCR,免疫印迹和免疫荧光的方法检测胰岛素在小鼠受精卵和卵母细胞中的表达和定位．发现胰岛素均匀分布在卵细胞的胞浆中．同时也检测到mTOR（mammalian target of rapamycin）和p70S6K的表达、活性和定位．在小鼠受精卵中mTOR和p70S6K的表达没有明显不同．二者在G1,G2和M期分布在细胞浆,在S期聚集在原核的周围．在不同时期,mTOR的活性是波动的．利用P13K的特异性抑制剂渥曼青霉素,观察到卵裂率明显减低．当使用mTOR的特异性抑制剂雷帕霉素时,受精卵的第一次有丝分裂延迟．这些结果表明胰岛素存在于小鼠的卵母细胞和受精卵中,并且胰岛素可能通过激活P13K／PKB／mTOR／S6K的信号传导通路在小鼠的早期胚胎发育中发挥功能作用．     

综述:mTOR信号通路与“炎-癌”转变

慢性炎症是指刺激因素持续作用或其他原因导致的难以消退的炎症反应．它与许多重大疾病的发生、发展密切相关．近年来,慢性炎症在癌症发生发展中的关键作用得到普遍认可,其促癌作用的机制已成为当前生命科学研究热点之一．哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)是接受细胞内外各种信号、调节细胞生长与代谢的关键分子,多数肿瘤存在mTOR通路的过度激活．最近,我们与其他实验室的研究发现mTOR通路在“炎-癌”转变中起重要作用．本综述将对慢性炎症与癌症的关系、慢性炎症的促癌作用机制做一概括介绍,重点讨论mTOR信号通路介导慢性炎症促癌效应的作用、机制及未来研究方向,为慢性炎症恶性转化分子机制研究提供新的观点．     

左归丸促进小鼠未成熟卵母细胞体外核成熟的实验研究

目的:研究左归丸对小鼠未成熟卵母细胞体外核成熟的影响。方法:制备左归丸含药血清,将生发泡(germinal vesicle,GV)期卵母细胞分别在不同采血时间获取的左归丸含药血清培养液中进行体外培养,观察左归丸含药血清对生发泡破裂(germinal vesicle breakdown,GVBD)和第一极体(the first polar body,PB1)排出的时效关系。结果:药物血清组卵母细胞GVBD的发生率高于正常血清组和对照组,于培养后4h差异最显著(P<0.01);药物血清组卵母细胞PB1的发生率高于正常血清组和对照组,于培养后18h差异最显著(P<0.01)。结论:2～2.5h左归丸含药血清对未成熟卵母细胞体外核成熟具有明显促进作用。     

抑制mTOR信号通路可增强5-aza-dC对胃癌细胞生长的抑制作用

本实验主要研究哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）信号通路与DNA甲基化在人胃癌细胞生存活力、细胞周期、相关基因及蛋白表达方面的相互作用．分别单独或联合DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷（5-aza-dC）、mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素（rapamycin,RAPA）和P13K抑制剂LY294002干预人胃癌MKN45和SGC7901细胞,以MTT检测细胞生存活力,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,real-timePCR检测PTEN,p27^Kip1基因表达情况,亚硫酸氢盐修饰后测序检测DNA甲基化改变,蛋白免疫印迹检测相关蛋白表达情况．结果发现单独应用5-aza-dC对胃癌细胞的抑制作用不明显,当其联合mTOR信号通路抑制剂时则显著抑制胃癌细胞生长（P〈0．01）;抑制mTOR信号通路可增强5-aza-dC使细胞阻滞在G2期的作用;联合用药还能提高抑癌基因PTEN,p27^Kip1的表达,但不影响DNA甲基化状态;LY294002及RAPA使Akt,p70S6K及4E-BPl磷酸化表达显著下降（P〈0．01）,但5-aza-dE并不增强这一效应．以上研究提示mTOR信号通路抑制剂可间接促进DNA甲基化酶抑制剂对胃癌细胞的抑制作用,为肿瘤的治疗提供新思路．     

mTOR信号通路与“炎-癌”转变

慢性炎症是指刺激因素持续作用或其他原因导致的难以消退的炎症反应.它与许多重大疾病的发生、发展密切相关.近年来,慢性炎症在癌症发生发展中的关键作用得到普遍认可,其促癌作用的机制已成为当前生命科学研究热点之一.哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是接受细胞内外各种信号、调节细胞生长与代谢的关键分子,多数肿瘤存在mTOR通路的过度激活.最近,我们与其他实验室的研究发现mTOR通路在"炎-癌"转变中起重要作用.本综述将对慢性炎症与癌症的关系、慢性炎症的促癌作用机制做一概括介绍,重点讨论mTOR信号通路介导慢性炎症促癌效应的作用、机制及未来研究方向,为慢性炎症恶性转化分子机制研究提供新的观点.     

酵母TOR信号转导途径

TOR(target of rapamycin)是真核细胞中一种高度保守的与磷脂酰肌醇激酶相关的蛋白激酶(PIKK),它是免疫抑制剂/抗癌药物雷帕霉素(rapamycin)的靶物质。TOR是细胞生长的中枢控制因子,外界营养因素通过TOR的作用控制酵母、果蝇和哺乳动物细胞的生长。TOR根据细胞环境的营养条件做出相应的应答,参与调控蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酯酶的活性,从而控制与蛋白质合成和基因转录相关基因的表达。现对酵母细胞中TOR信号转导途径的研究进行简明的阐述。     

左归丸促进小鼠未成熟卵母细胞体外核成熟的实验研究

目的：研究左归丸对小鼠未成熟卵母细胞体外核成熟的影响。方法：制备左归丸含药血清,将生发泡（germinal vesicle,GV）期卵母细胞分别在不同采血时间获取的左归丸含药血清培养液中进行体外培养,观察左归丸含药血清对生发泡破裂（germinal vesicle breakdown,GVBD）和第一极体（the first polar body,PB1）排出的时效关系。结果：药物血清组卵母细胞GVBD的发生率高于正常血清组和对照组,于培养后4h差异最显著（P〈0.01）;药物血清组卵母细胞PB1的发生率高于正常血清组和对照组,于培养后18h差异最显著（P〈0.01）。结论：2～2.5h左归丸含药血清对未成熟卵母细胞体外核成熟具有明显促进作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.