山东潍坊寒武系苗岭统乌溜阶馒头组上部的腕足动物

寒武系腕足动物属种多样性高、个体数量丰富、形态差异明显、地理分布广泛,具有辅助寒武系三叶虫生物地层划分和对比的潜力。华北板块寒武系苗岭统沉积和化石记录发育良好,是中国苗岭统的经典研究区之一。前人已针对华北寒武系苗岭统乌溜阶腕足动物的系统古生物学开展了一系列基础工作,但这些相关研究主要集中于辽宁地区,目前对华北其他地区苗岭统乌溜阶腕足动物的研究程度仍然有限,相关生物地层学也有待进一步探索。本文首次系统描述了山东潍坊寒武系苗岭统乌溜阶馒头组上部碎屑岩中的腕足动物,共鉴定出舌形贝型亚门4属5种,包括馒头组洪河段的舌孔贝未定种Lingulellotreta sp.indet.以及馒头组上页岩段的山西小舌形贝Lingulella shansiensia(Walcott,1905)、德姆斯小舌形贝Lingulella damesi (Walcott,1905)、伊瑞克乳房贝Acrothele eryx (Walcott,1905)和东方原孔贝Prototreta orientalis(Resser and Endo,1937)。值得注意的是,在馒头组上页岩段的3层岩性略有差异的泥岩中,分布着3层完全不同的腕足动物,共有4种,但这3个组合都位于Bailiella lantenoisi带这一三叶虫生物带。腕足动物组合在极短时间内的快速交替现象,表明了腕足动物对环境背景的微弱变化具有较强的响应。     

湖南花垣中寒武世晚期至晚寒武世早期球接子类

在考察、实测了湘西地区数条剖面后,主要研究了花垣排碧剖面。建立了中寒武统上部至上寒武统下部的球接子类三叶虫带,这在湘西黔东地区尚属首次,为本区与国内、外有关地区的地层对比,提供了直接证据。本文详细讨论了这些对比证据,并系统描述了球接子类三叶虫新种和属于我国首次报道的种。此外,基于微相分析,概述了排碧地区中寒武世晚期至晚寒武世早期的沉积环境。     

湖南花垣中寒武世晚期至晚寒武世早期球接子类

在考察、实测了湘西地区数条剖面后,主要研究了花垣排碧剖面。建立了中寒武统上部至上寒武统下部的球接子类三叶虫带,这在湘西黔东地区尚属首次,为本区与国内、外有关地区的地层对比,提供了直接证据。本文详细讨论了这些对比证据,并系统描述了球接子类三叶虫新种和属于我国首次报道的种。此外,基于微相分析,概述了排碧地区中寒武世晚期至晚寒武世早期的沉积环境。     

南澳大利亚沃伯顿盆地Gidgealpa一号钻孔寒武系(鼓山阶)的三叶虫（英文）

描述采自南澳东北部全地下沃伯顿盆地的Gidgealpa一号钻孔23号岩芯的寒武系第三统碳酸盐前缘斜坡相动物群,有11个球接子类群,包括新种Raragnostus shergoldi sp.nov.,和14个多节类三叶虫群,包括新种Dorypyge gidgealpaensis sp.nov.,Amphoton zangi sp.nov.,Solenoparia gatehousei sp.nov.和Lisania changi sp.nov.。在澳大利亚北部生物地层范围内,这一动物群隶属Undillan(Ptychagnostus punctuosus带,Doryagnostus deltoides带和Goniagnostus nathorsti带),并且可与江南斜坡带的P.punctuosus带和G.nathorsti带对比。     

南澳大利亚沃伯顿盆地Gidgealpa一号钻孔寒武系(鼓山阶)的三叶虫(英文)北大核心CSCD

描述采自南澳东北部全地下沃伯顿盆地的Gidgealpa一号钻孔23号岩芯的寒武系第三统碳酸盐前缘斜坡相动物群,有11个球接子类群,包括新种Raragnostus shergoldi sp.nov.,和14个多节类三叶虫群,包括新种Dorypyge gidgealpaensis sp.nov.,Amphoton zangi sp.nov.,Solenoparia gatehousei sp.nov.和Lisania changi sp.nov.。在澳大利亚北部生物地层范围内,这一动物群隶属Undillan(Ptychagnostus punctuosus带,Doryagnostus deltoides带和Goniagnostus nathorsti带),并且可与江南斜坡带的P.punctuosus带和G.nathorsti带对比。     

河北唐山寒武系馒头组腕足动物艾苏贝(Nisusia)新材料

文中描述了河北唐山寒武系第二、三统馒头组的艾苏贝,分别鉴定为布尔吉斯艾苏贝(相似种)(Nisusia cf.burgessensis)和艾苏贝(不定种)(Nisusiasp.indet.),均为内模化石。其中,布尔吉斯艾苏贝(相似种)和艾苏贝(不定种)各有一块标本保存了较为清晰的铰齿和齿板印模。该铰齿发育微弱,推测应是齿板末端的微弱凸起。这一发现是对Nisusia特征的重要补充。     

华北地台东部中寒武世微生物礁的时空分布

以三叶虫化石带的划分对比为时间标尺,通过对华北地台东部山东和辽宁复州湾8个中寒武世剖面广泛发育以Epiphyton,Renalcis和Girvanella类群落建造的微生物礁时空分布研究表明：曾经有5次主要的造礁期,它首现的最低层位是山东长清崮山徐庄阶顶部Bailiella—Lioparia带,而后在张夏期以此为核心向东、东北、东南扩展,至张夏阶顶部的Demesella-Yabeia带规模达最大。     

全尾宽背虫Bathynotus holopygus (Hall, 1859)在 贵州剑河八郎寒武系凯里组的首次发现及意义

宽背虫属Bathynotus (Hall, 1859)广泛分布于劳伦古大陆、中国华南地区、澳大利亚和西伯利亚, 为寒武纪第二世末期最重要的标志性三叶虫之一,已成为寒武系划分的重要指示化石。其模式种B. holopygus以其狭长的颊刺、胸轴宽, 第11节肋刺巨大, 第12、13节肋刺不发育为主要特征;具有很强的地域性, 仅分布于华南和北美, 在华南主要见于寒武系扬子区与江南区之间过渡区的黔东地区。B. holopygus产出地层延限较窄, 仅见于寒武系第二统第四阶顶部。本文所描述的部分标本采自贵州剑河八郎苗板坡剖面苗岭统及乌溜阶界线之下2 m左右, 是在该地的首次报道, 也是全球仅有的第4个产地。笔者通过数理统计值分析进一步描述B. holopygus的特征和发育趋势, 为进一步属种研究提供新材料; 根据新发现的唇瓣标本进一步推测其唇瓣与腹边缘为愈合状态。     

贵州金沙寒武系牛蹄塘组的古盘虫类三叶虫

贵州金沙寒武系牛蹄塘组产出大量古盘虫类三叶虫化石,包括分离头盖、尾部和完整背甲。依据标本中具分类鉴定意义的构造特征的测量数据比值并线性拟合,结合形态学特征、个体发育趋势等特点分析,认为Tsunyidiscus armatus和Tsunyidiscus niutitangensis两个三叶虫种是有效的,支持以尾部肋区分节差异作为两个种种征判别标志。本项研究可为厘定贵州金沙地区三叶虫Tsunyidiscus序列提供可靠证据。     

湖北宜昌寒武系纽芬兰统岩家河组小壳化石

小壳化石在寒武纪早期地层时代划分中具有重要意义,尤其在寒武系纽芬兰统的区域和洲际对比以及第二阶全球界线层型的确定方面,它们是重要的生物地层对比化石。湖北省宜昌滚子坳剖面寒武系纽芬兰统岩家河组含大量的小壳化石,根据小壳化石带可知岩家河组第1-3层为幸运阶,第5层硅磷质结核灰岩中出现Aldanella yanjiaheensis,表明第5层应属于第二阶。由于第4层炭质灰岩中缺乏化石记录,而不能确定幸运阶和第二阶的地层界线位置。笔者首次在湖北宜昌寒武系纽芬兰统岩家河组第4层上部炭质灰岩处理出一批微体古生物化石,弥补了这一层位化石记录的空缺。通过28个样品的系统分析,笔者获得上千枚小壳个体,系统鉴定和描述了6属10种,其中包括1个未定种和1个新种,新种为肿瘤形盘织金壳Zhijinites tumourifomis sp.nov.。据材料中出现的纽芬兰统第二阶的标准分子Zhijinites longistriatus、其它共生化石组合以及碳同位素地层学等证据,可以推测第4层上部应该属于纽芬兰统第二阶,因此幸运阶和第二阶间的界线位置应该在第4层的中下部。     

大黄鱼精子的超微结构

大黄鱼的精子由头产和尾部两部分组成。头部结构较为独特,其腹侧有一较大的细胞核,背部有中心粒复合体。头部的后端是袖套。细胞核的腹面稍向外突出背面则稍向内凹。细胞核中的染以质浓缩成致密的团块状。团块状的染色质之间分布着松散的纤维状染色质。植入窝位于细胞核的背部表面,由细胞核背面向内凹陷而成,呈一沟状,其走向与精子的长轴平行。     

菱臼齿兽((犭亚)目、哺乳纲)耳区的骨骼结构

本文详细描述了菱臼齿兽耳区各个部分的基本结构;并指出了耳区结构与某些啮齿类的相似性,以及中耳鼓泡组成成份与戈壁(犭亚)兽(Anagale gobiensis)的区别。     

THE BIOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL WASPS (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE)

1. After defining social wasps, an outline is given of their classification and possible evolution. The Vespidae probably arose in the Malayan region at about the beginning of the Tertiary period and spread from there all over the world. They are now highly developed in South America and it is suggested that they may have reached that country over the Behring Straits, probably in two waves, the first of an ancestral Polybiine, the second perhaps of Polistes only. 2. A biief account is given of the architecture of wasps' nests which is often specific to the genus. Nevertheless, there are examples of very similar wasps making very different nests and there does not seem any case for putting an overriding value on nest-architecture in classification. While we know sufficiently well what we have to explain, only a very small beginning has been made in describing and analysing the behaviour which produces the elaborate constructions we find. 3. In the familiar Vespinae the concepts of queen and worker are well defined and the two castes are discontinuous. In genera such as Polistes the position is much more fluid, particularly in the tropical species in which it is not necessary to have a queen specialized for hibernation. Some time after nest-production, however, a queen becomes recognizable, though often more by her behaviour than by her structure. In the Polybiini, queens and workers are sometimes well differentiated and sometimes not; but in most genera and species there is more than one queen in a nest. Other types of females not so well defined and of uncertain significance also occur. In temperate climates new colonies are founded by one or a few queens; in the tropics most colonies are founded by swarms of queens and workers. 4. The main differences between queens and workers seem to be determined in the larval stage, perhaps by some secretion administered by the adults, but clearly influenced by other factors as well. The full behavioural differences between the castes are often finally established by social interactions between the adults. 5. Males tend to be produced towards the end of the life of short-lived colonies or towards the end of the reproductive cycles of longer-lived colonies. There is need for more information about in- or out-breeding patterns, particularly in relation to specific differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism. 6. Very few pheromones are recognized with certainty and only one, the queen-substance of Vespa orientalis, has been identified chemically. However, some species produce a substance from the female sixth gastral sternite (Van der Vecht's organ) which at least in one genus is an ant-repellent. Some genera of Polybiines have a somewhat similar gland on the fifth sternite which may be connected with caste-differentiation. Some wasps (Vespula) produce a footstep pheromone concerned with the recognition of the nest entrance and there is less good evidence for the existence of significant substances in the saliva of workers and in their poison glands (alarm substance). 7. Trophallaxis, or the supply of salivary secretion by the larvae to adults more or less in exchange for the food provided from outside by the foragers, seems to be essential to the colonies of Vespa since the adults have no proteases. Trophallaxis also occurs in some Polistinae but its significance there is not known. 8. Social hierarchies of ‘peck orders’ are always established amongst the adults of Polistes and play a part in determining which of several potential queens becomes the acting one. They are also important in establishing the relations of the queen to the workers and of the latter amongst themselves. A similar hierarchy occurs in Belono-gaster. Some sort of hierarchy also exists amongst adult Vespula and is probably important in relation to trophallaxis, but the hierarchies must become less definite in large colonies with hundreds of individuals, especially if there is more than one queen. 9. The principal hurdle in the evolution of social behaviour is the establishment of genes which determine that some females lay most or effectively all of the eggs while others nurse, build and forage. This evolution may only be possible amongst females which are so closely related that their genomes are almost identical. In this connexion we need much more direct field evidence on the dispersal of queens, on mating systems and the incidence of multiple insemination. It appears that, once true social life is established, considerable diversification in nest architecture and social organization may happen relatively rapidly, probably much influenced by various ecological pressures, especially predation. 10. A number of species of Vespula, Vespa and Polistes have become social parasites, in the first and the last cases without a worker caste. This seems like a wrong turning taken in the course of the normal evolution of the queen-worker relationship. 11. A brief account is given of the attempts to provide a theoretical framework for the population dynamics of wasp-colonies. 12. An account is given of the relations of wasps, chiefly as foragers, with plants and with other animals.     

THE CLADISTICS OF IDEAS (LEPIDOPTERA, DANAINAE)

Abstract— Males of Idea tambusisiana , previously unstudied, lack the only known unequivocal synapomorphy associating the constituent members of Idea . Further cladistic analyses were performed on an expanded data matrix containing two characters alternatively coded in binary and multistate form. Two topologies were obtained of which one, in which I. tambusisiana remains internal to the genus, is accepted following consideration of information content and assessment of the supporting character states. A character analysis is also performed in which the problem of ambiguous charater state assignments to the internal nodes of the cladogram is examined. Biogeographic implications of the results are discussed with respect to areas of endemism in southeast Asia, the origin of Sulawesi (Celebes), and vicariance/dispersal models intended to explain the distribution of Idea species in relation to the Makassar Strait.     

三峡水库秀丽白虾生长与繁殖生物学特征研究

2012 年11 月至2013 年10 月逐月对三峡水库木洞江段秀丽白虾的生长和繁殖生物学特征进行了研究。结果显示秀丽白虾是一年生的虾类, 寿命为1214 个月。雌性个体的平均体长(37.727.92) mm 显著大于雄性(37.086.59) mm, 具有明显的雌雄异形现象。秀丽白虾的渐近体长(L)为59.33 mm, 生长系数(K)是1.6/年, 生长方程为:Lt=59.33-e-1.6(t+0.081)。雌虾繁殖季节从4 月上旬持续至9 月下旬, 繁殖高峰期为4 月中旬至6 月中旬, 由越冬虾和当年虾两个世代的繁殖群体组成。抱卵雌虾的体长为27.0753.71 mm, 平均体长(L50)为37.06 mm。雌雄性比月变化为1.112.36, 平均为1.46, 群体中雌性个体数量显著多于雄性(P 0.001)。绝对繁殖力(FA)为31294 粒, 相对繁殖力(FR)为(11522)粒/g。绝对繁殖力与体长呈幂函数关系(FA=0.0031L2.8632, r=0.72, n=106), 而与体重呈直线关系(FA=104.63W+9.9534, r=0.79, n=106)。卵径(D)平均值为(1215102) m。为合理保护和利用三峡水库秀丽白虾种群资源, 建议加强虾类捕捞管理, 繁殖期间(49 月)禁止捕捞虾类或限制捕捞强度。       

丹江口水库马口鱼肠道寄生蠕虫群落结构

从2004年8月到2005年11月在丹江口水库调查的847尾马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)肠道内共获得寄生蠕虫14种,其中线虫7种,复殖吸虫4种,棘头虫2种,绦虫1种。该寄生蠕虫群落以广谱性寄生虫为主。杜父鱼驼形线虫(Camallanus cotti)、鱊头槽绦虫(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi)、卡斯杆咽线虫(Rhabdochona cascadilla)和木村小棘吻虫(Micracanthorhynchina motomurai)为群落的核心种。研究结果表明,寄生蠕虫群落随着马口鱼的体长和食性的改变而发生显著的变化。群落核心种的感染强度与马口鱼体长呈显著相关关系。种间相关性分析表明群落结构呈非随机组合,种间感染强度存在显著的相关性。同时群落种间关系受到马口鱼的体长和食性以及季节变化的显著影响。马口鱼肠道寄生蠕虫群落在宿主较大个体或夏秋季节中更容易形成显著的种间相关性。