水分胁迫下植物体内游离脯氨酸的累积及ABA在其中的作用

无论是土壤干旱,还是NaCl或PEG所引起的水分胁迫,都使植物体内游离脯氨酸含量明显升高。不同小麦品种反应不一,如对干旱敏感的甘麦8号比抗旱的和尚头、定西24在NaCl和PEG胁迫下游离脯氨酸水平增高得更快,而后者持续的时间较长。土壤干旱胁迫下,小麦各品种之间脯氨酸含量无明显差异。中生植物倒挂金钟(Fuchsia hybrida)和沙生植物猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)在水分胁迫下游离脯氮酸含量均有增高。把小麦幼苗放在5×10~(-5)M ABA溶液中浸根处理,无论在正常或胁迫情况下均能促进游离脯氨酸含量的增高。     

不同抗旱品种高粱苗中脯氨酸累积的差异

高粱抗旱品种“3197 B”比不抗旱品种“三尺三”在同样渗透胁迫条件下,要累积更多的游离脯氨酸。未受渗透胁迫前,两品种地上部的总氨基氮和游离氨基氮水平相似。氨基酸组成也相同。六种主要氨基酸分别占总的量和游离氨基酸量的50％和65％左右。受渗透胁迫24h后,总氨基氮水平未变,游离氨基氮增加,两品种的变化相似。因而,品种间脯氨酸累积的差异,似乎不因蛋白质或游离氨基酸的氨基酸组分的不同和蛋白质水解或合成受促进或抑制程度的不同而异。受渗透胁迫后,3197B植株内不但脯氨酸绝对量,而且相对量都超过“三尺三”。脯氨酸合成的潜在能力在3197B和“三尺三”之间有差别。     

沙冬青脱水素基因提高转基因紫花苜蓿的耐旱性

为鉴定转基因紫花苜蓿的耐旱能力,本研究以转基因紫花苜蓿T0代植株为材料,通过干旱胁迫,从转基因植株的表型、生理指标和分子水平等层面检测转基因植株的抗旱特性,试验表明,干旱胁迫后转基因苜蓿和对照的茎、叶片全部干枯,而复水后转基因苜蓿大部分恢复生长,对照几乎全部死亡。干旱胁迫后苜蓿叶片的Pro和MDA含量均随处理时间延长而逐渐增加,转基因植株叶片的Pro含量高于对照,而其MDA含量低于对照植株,且二者均达到了显著差异;转基因苜蓿的离体叶片失水率也明显低于对照。在20%PEG胁迫下,植株体内ProDH和P5CS基因的相对表达量都是先升后降,转基因植株和对照中ProDH和P5CS基因的表达量显著增加,且二者在转基因植株与对照间存在显著差异。这表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,由于AmDHN基因在紫花苜蓿中的过量表达,可能引起植株体内脯氨酸的大量积累,并进一步诱导脯氨酸合成相关基因的表达,最终引起植株抗旱性的提高,因此,推测转基因苜蓿的耐旱性比对照强。     

游离脯氨酸与高粱苗的抗旱性

阐明游离脯氨酸对生物体抗渗透胁迫能力,包括抗旱和抗盐的影响,一般要有两方面证明:胁迫条件下,生物体内游离脯氨酸的累积对生物体的抗渗透胁迫是有利的;外     

水分胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内游离脯氨酸和脱落酸含量的影响

以黑麦草为实验对象,研究了干旱胁迫条件下内生真菌感染对植株叶片含水量和叶内游离脯氨酸含量的影响,同时对渗透胁迫条件下植株叶内ABA含量的变化进行了分析。结果表明：①内生真菌的感染有助于使叶片保持较高的含水量;②在两种形式的水分胁迫下,。前期至中期高感染种群的叶片游离脯氨酸含量低于感染种群,而在末期则有高出低感染种群的趋势;③内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内ABA累积的正效应只发生在轻度渗透胁迫下的较短时间范围内。     

紫穗槐幼苗根系生理特性和解剖结构对PEG-6000模拟干旱的响应

采用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理,测定了紫穗槐幼苗根系的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD酶活性变化以及解剖结构特征,旨在比较不同干旱程度对紫穗槐幼苗根系生理指标、内部解剖结构的影响,探索紫穗槐幼苗对水分胁迫的适应能力,揭示紫穗槐幼苗根系对土壤水分胁迫的响应和调控机制。结果表明:丙二醛含量变化显示当PEG-6000溶液浓度超过50g/L以后,紫穗槐幼苗根的膜系统开始受到损伤,并在PEG-6000溶液浓度达到250g/L受损程度显著增强,达到了对照的1.6倍,同时启动渗透调节作用(游离脯氨酸含量显著增加),达到了对照的3.8倍,在PEG-6000溶液浓度低于200g/L时,紫穗槐幼苗根系中至少没有启动以游离脯氨酸为主的渗透调节过程。可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量及SOD、POD酶活性的变化印证了胞内发生的生理代谢变化,在PEG-6000溶液浓度为200g/L时,可溶性糖含量仅为0.121mg/g,达到最低点,随后上升,当PEG-6000溶液浓度进一步增加到250g/L时,紫穗槐幼苗根系中的可溶性糖含量则迅速回升到0.64mg/g,为对照组的63.37%。可溶性蛋白质含量在低浓度PEG-6000溶液(50g/L)处理下即有明显反应,下降到对照的61.5%,随后呈波动性变化。SOD和POD活性对PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫的响应规律类似,均对PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理迅速响应且活性增加。当PEG-6000溶液浓度达到50g/L至100g/L时,抗氧化酶的合成量最高,而后活性下降。60d的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理影响了紫穗槐幼苗根系的生长发育,随着PEG-6000溶液浓度增加,维管柱的直径变大,木质部厚度增大,导管直径变小、但导管密度增加,当PEG-6000溶液浓度达到250g/L时,导管密度比对照组增加了41.3%,木质部厚度比对照组增加了91.5%。以上结果表明,PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理下,不同胁迫程度紫穗槐内部生理和根系解剖结构变化不同,通过改变自身生理代谢和根系内部解剖结构,以适应土壤水分胁迫的逆境条件,来满足自身生长和发育的需求平衡。     

高温和干旱胁迫对鳞叶藓游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响

研究了高温和干旱胁迫对鳞叶藓 (Taxiphyllumtaxirameum)游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果显示 ,高温和干旱均能诱导植物体内可溶性糖的积累。在 60℃高温胁迫下处理 ,可溶性糖含量随处理时间的延长而增加 ,最高值比对照增加了 2倍。PEG 60 0 0胁迫下处理可使可溶性糖含量分别增加 2 .4倍。经统计学检验 ,逆境条件与游离脯氨酸含量变化无关     

干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用人工控制水分模拟干旱的处理方法,研究了干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗生长状况、水分状况和主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果显示:轻度干旱胁迫有利于甘草幼苗根系生长,植株根冠比加大.干旱胁迫下甘草根叶组织中相对含水量下降,束缚水/自由水升高.甘草幼苗组织中渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量在干旱胁迫下也均显著增加;且...     

水分胁迫对白刺幼苗生物量和渗透调节物质积累的影响

以PEG-6000模拟不同程度的水分胁迫对白刺幼苗进行处理,研究了其植株干重及其K 、Na 、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量变化.结果表明,15%PEG胁迫下白刺幼苗的生物量最高,丙二醛含量最低,且二者与对照的差异均显著;随着水分胁迫程度的增强,K 含量逐渐降低并与对照差异显著,Na 含量先减少后增加而其总积累量无显著变化;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着水分胁迫程度的增强而显著增加.因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于白刺幼苗的生长,有机溶质游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖是白刺适应干旱环境的主要渗透调节物质.     

营养液缺钙或缺钾对糜子幼苗抗旱性的影响

糜子幼苗生长于完全、缺钙、缺钾、缺钙并缺钾４种营养液中。水分胁迫下,各种幼苗相对含水量均下降,造性增强。其中,单缺钾及缺钙并缺钾时相对合水量比完全及单缺钙时下降较大,单缺钙时透性更易增强。水分胁迫下,完全营养苗游离脯氨酸含量明显高于对照,而其它３种苗的游离脯氨酸含量与其对照之间差异不显著。水分胁迫４８ｈ,缺钾苗和缺钙并缺钾苗叶肉细胞有质壁分离现象,叶绿体受到一定程度的损伤,单缺钾时超微结构损伤尤甚。另外,钙调蛋白抑制剂实验表明,干旱胁迫引起的幼苗体内游离脯氨酸含量的增加可能与钙调蛋白无关。     

Does proline accumulated in leaves of water deficit stressed barley plants confine cell membrane injury? I. Free proline accumulation and membrane injury index in drought and osmotically stressed plants

The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between proline accumulation and membrane injury in barley leaves suffering from the effects of water deficit. Water deficit stress was induced by water withholding or by immersing the roots in polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution of osmotic potential −1.5 MPa. The effect of water stress on proline accumulation and on membrane injury was evaluated in leaf blades of several barley genotypes. Substantial differences in proline accumulation and membrane injury indices among most of the genotypes investigated were observed. It was found that in drought stressed plants a higher ability to accumulate proline positively correlates with lower membrane injury. Whereas, in osmotically stressed plants the highest proline accumulation in the leaves was noticed in genotype with the largest membrane injury. The possible role of proline in membrane protection under conditions of slow-acting drought or shock-acting osmotic stress is discussed.     

渭北旱地不同玉米品种苗期抗旱适应性的研究

选用５个玉米品种在渭北旱地条件下对苗期进行了抗旱适应性研究,从形态和水分生理两方面着手．观察研究了叶卷曲、基叶衰老、干物质累积、根部形态、含糖量、电阻值及蒸腾强度等多项指标;并综合分析得出在水分亏缺条件下抗旱适应性强弱依次为：正交陕单９号、反交陕单９号＞丹玉１３,掖单１３＞陕单８４１０。     

Physiology of rice tungro virus disease: Proline accumulation due to infection

Tungro virus infection stimulates proline accumulation in leaves of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), especially in a sensitive cultivar, Taichung Native 1. Disease-induced proline accumulation increases with the severity of the disease. Proline also accumulates in senescing, detached healthy rice leaves. The magnitude of proline accumulation in these leaves was further accentuated by ABA and retarded by kinetin. In the absence of drought stress, virus infection induces severe symptoms (stunting) in a drought tolerant cultivar (Lalnakanda 41) when compared to cultivars with intermediate (MW 10) and high sensitivity (Cauvery) to drought. Thus tungro virus mimics water stress in inducing proline accumulation in rice leaves. In both cases a common factor, ABA, may mediate proline accumulation. In drought stress, proline accumulation is associated with tolerance, while in virus stress, proline accumulation is connected with sensitivity. It is, therefore, clear that proline cannot always act to relieve physiological stress.     

Drought-induced proline accumulation is uninvolved with increased nitric oxide,which alleviates drought stress by decreasing transpiration in rice

Accumulation of proline is trusted to be an adaptive response of plants against drought stress, and exogenous application of nitric oxide (NO) enhances proline accumulation in Cu-treated algae. In order to investigate whether NO works as a necessary signaling molecule in drought-induced proline accumulation in rice leaves, effects of drought stress on endogenous NO content and proline accumulation were studied in rice leaves, using sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO, a NO scavenger). The results showed that drought treatment increased both endogenous NO and proline contents in rice leaves, while foliar spray of various concentrations of SNP failed to induce proline accumulation in the leaves of well-watered rice and foliar spray of cPTIO failed to inhibit proline accumulation in the leaves of drought-stressed rice. These results indicate that increase of endogenous NO is dispensable for proline accumulation in the leaves of rice under drought stress. Further studies indicate that exogenous application of NO alleviates drought-induced water loss and ion leakage by decreasing transpiration rate of rice leaves.     

Proline accumulation: A parameter for evaluation of sensitivity of tomato varieties to drought stress?

The pattern of proline accumulation and the growth response were followed in several tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties which were exposed to 7 days of drought stress followed by a 15-day period of rewatering. During dehydration, water potential and leaf elongation rates decreased more in var. 'Hosen' and 'S-5' than in 'LX-11', '1970', 'Pakmor', 'Faculty-16', 'Alcobaca' and '475'. Proline accumulation during stress was greatest in the first two varieties. In 'Hosen' and 'S-5' rewatering resulted in a decrease of proline to control levels, whereas in the other varieties accumulation of proline continued long after turgor had been regained. The extent of this continued accumulation was not correlated with the degree to which each variety was dehydrated. Upon rewatering of the plants the rate of leaf elongation was increased, but the final leaf size as well as whole shoot and root fresh weight of the recovered plants were not colated with the degree of "suffering" that each variety experienced during the drought period. Incubation of detached young tomato leaves in polyethylene glycol solution for 48 h resulted in a substantial accumulation of proline. The varietal differences observed under these conditions were reminiscent of the differential responses in proline accumulation obtained in the intact plants. It is concluded that proline accumulation at the time of dehydration signals drought stress in tomato plants but does not correlate with the overall varietal sensitivity to transient dehydration in recovered plants.     

土壤含水量对麻疯树幼苗生长及其生理生化特征的影响

以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)1年生盆栽幼苗为材料,通过设置3个土壤水分(分别为80%、50%和30%田间持水量(FC))处理,研究土壤含水量对麻疯树幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨麻疯树的水分适应性。结果表明:随土壤含水量的降低,麻疯树的株高、生物量等均呈下降趋势,根重比、根冠比和比叶面积无显著变化;蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著降低,净光合速率和PSII的光能转换效率无明显变化;叶片色素含量显著升高。在80%FC下,丙二醛和过氧化氢含量、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和抗坏血酸含量均呈现最大值。在本实验条件下:麻疯树作为一种抗旱性较强的树种,30%FC没有对其造成干旱胁迫;而从生理生化代谢方面看,80%FC不能为麻疯树生长提供最适宜的条件,主要体现在体内自由基积累、膜脂过氧化程度加重以及叶绿体色素含量的降低,但体内抗氧化防御系统的积极防御和渗透调节物质含量的增加缓解了水分过多对麻疯树造成的伤害,从而没有对净光合速率造成影响。因此,在当地土壤养分状况下,以30%-50%FC的土壤含水量栽培,更有利于麻疯树的生长。     

Proline accumulation and nitrate reductase activity in contrasting sorghum lines during mid-season drought stress

Six lines of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) with differing drought resistance (IS 22380, ICSV 213, IS 13441 and SPH 263, resistant and IS 12739 and IS 12744, susceptible) were grown under field conditions in the semi-arid tropics and analysed for proline and nitrate reductase activity (NRA; EC 1.6.6.1) during a mid-season drought. The resistant lines accumulated high levels of proline, while the susceptible lines showed no significant proline accumulation. Most of the proline was accumulated after growth of the plants had ceased. In a separate greenhouse experiment, most of the proline was found in the green rather than the fired portions of leaves. The levels returned to that of irrigated controls within 5 days of rewatering. Proline levels increased as leaf water potential and relative water content fell, and there was no apparent difference among the different sorghum lines with change in plant water status. Susceptible lines accumulated less proline than resistant lines as leaf death occurred at higher water potentials. Proline accumulation may, however, contribute to the immediate recovery of plants from drought. Leaf NRA reached high levels at about 35 days after sowing in both the stressed and irrigated plants, after which it declined. The decline in NRA was more pronounced in the stressed than in the irrigated plants and closely followed changes in the growth rate. Upon rewatering, NRA increased several-fold in all the lines and, in contrast to proline accumulation, genotypic differences in NRA were small, both during stress and upon rewatering. The high sensitivity of NRA to mild drought stress was reflected in the rapid decline of activity with small changes in leaf water potential and relative water content. The results are discussed in the light of a possible role for proline during recovery from drought, and the maintenance of NRA during stress and its recovery upon rewatering.     

杠柳幼苗对不同强度干旱胁迫的生长与生理响应

以黄土丘陵区常见灌木杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge.)的两年生苗木为试验材料,模拟不同程度的土壤干旱环境,研究了土壤干旱对杠柳生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,在3种土壤水分条件下杠柳的耗水和快速生长期均集中在6-8月,与黄土丘陵区雨热期重叠。在干旱胁迫下杠柳生长减慢,生物量累积减小,生物量优先向根系分配,根冠比显著增大。与适宜水分下相比,干旱胁迫下杠柳的水分利用效率随生物量与耗水量减小而显著升高,表明杠柳具有节约型水分利用对策。杠柳在干旱前期和中期丙二醛(MDA)含量下降、膜透性略有增加,干旱末期MDA含量和细胞膜透性与适宜水分相比显著升高。在中度干旱与严重干旱下,杠柳的超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化物保护酶活性持续上升直到试验末期才稍有下降。干旱胁迫对杠柳叶片渗透调节物质含量的影响显著,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均随着干旱胁迫程度的加大而显著升高,且随着胁迫时间的延长,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量一直保持上升趋势;可溶性蛋白含量在前期急剧上升,中、后期下降,但含量一直高于适宜水分处理。本研究表明,杠柳能够充分利用黄土丘陵区局部雨热资源优势、具备减少地上蒸发面积、增加地下生长、吸收深层土壤水源等御旱策略以及保持较高的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力等生理学耐旱机制,本研究从生长、生理特征上揭示了杠柳在黄土高原植被自然恢复中普遍存在的原因。     

Stress-induced synthesis of proline confers tolerance to water deficit in transgenic wheat

Water deficit is one of the main abiotic factors that affect spring wheat planted in subtropical regions. Accumulation of proline appears to be a promising approach to maintain the productivity of plants under stress condition. However, morphological alterations and growth reduction are observed in transgenic plants carrying genes coding for osmoprotectants controlled by constitutive promoters. We report here the effects of water deficit on wheat plants transformed with the Vigna aconitifolia Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) cDNA that encodes the key regulatory enzyme in proline biosynthesis, under the control of a stress-induced promoter complex-AIPC. Transgenic wheat plants submitted to 15 days of water shortage presented a distinct response. We have found that drought resulted in the accumulation of proline. The tolerance to water deficit observed in transgenic plants was mainly due to protection mechanisms against oxidative stress and not caused by osmotic adjustment.     

Antioxidant responses to water deficit by drought‐tolerant and ‐sensitive sugarcane varieties

Water deficit is the major yield‐limiting factor of crop plants. The exposure of plants to this abiotic stress can result in oxidative damage due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant‐stress response of drought‐tolerant (SP83‐2847 and SP83‐5073) and drought‐sensitive (SP90‐3414 and SP90‐1638) sugarcane varieties to water‐deficit stress, which was imposed by withholding irrigation for 3, 10 and 20 days. The drought‐sensitive varieties exhibited the lowest leaf relative water content and highest lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and proline contents during the progression of the drought‐stress condition. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities changed according to variety and stress intensity. SP83‐2847 exhibited higher CAT and APX activities than the other varieties in the early stage of drought, while the activities of GPOX and GR were the highest in the other varieties at the end of the drought‐stress period. A Cu/Zn SOD isoenzyme was absent at the end of drought period from the SP90‐3414‐sensitive variety. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation and early accumulation of proline may be good biochemical markers of drought sensitivity in sugarcane.