PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对黄秋葵种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解黄秋葵(Abelmoschusesculentus)对干旱胁迫的应答机制,采用PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对‘纤指’和‘红秋葵’品种的种子萌发和幼苗的生理特性进行研究。结果表明,两品种的种子吸水率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、简易活力指数,幼苗下胚轴长、根长、苗鲜重和苗干重均随PEG-6000浓度的增加呈下降的趋势,旱害率则不断增加。PEG-6000浓度为20%时,两品种的种子均未能发芽。幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量随PEG-6000浓度的增加而增加,且均PEG-6000浓度为15%时最高。因此,干旱胁迫会抑制黄秋葵种子的萌发,提高细胞内含物的含量,同时引发其抗氧化系统的响应。     

旱盐互作对冬小麦幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响

采用水培方法,以不同浓度的PEG-6000（0、8.3%、12.6%（W/V））和NaCl（0、25、50 mmol·L^-1）溶液模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫及盐胁迫,研究了盐分对干旱胁迫条件下冬小麦沧-6001幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响.结果表明：在8.3%或12.6% PEG-6000处理条件下,添加25 mmol·L^-1NaCl均使植株干物质积累和植株含水量比单一PEG处理增加,同时叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量下降,植株各部位Na⁺含量升高、K⁺含量下降;在12.6% PEG-6000处理条件下,添加50 mmol·L^-1NaCl对植株的胁迫效应高于单一PEG处理.表明在干旱胁迫条件下,加入适量盐分可缓解干旱胁迫对冬小麦幼苗生长的抑制.     

冬小麦幼苗根系适应土壤干旱的生理学变化

采用盆栽试验对冬小麦幼苗根系适应土壤干旱的生理学变化进行了初步研究。结果表明，随干旱胁迫的加剧，洛麦9133和济麦21幼苗根水势、根相对含水率和根系活力均降低，饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性以及SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明，在干旱胁迫下，冬小麦幼苗根系通过降低水势、相对含水率和根系活力，增加渗透调节物质可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和增强SOD、POD活性等生理上的变化以提高抗旱性，从而使冬小麦幼苗适应干旱逆境。     

干旱胁迫下2种香蕉幼苗叶片和根的主要渗透调节物质的变化

本文研究了不同干旱胁迫下抗旱性不同的帝王蕉和粉蕉幼苗叶片和根系的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖主要渗透调节物质的含量变化。结果表明:2种香蕉幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而显著增多;根系可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量并未持续上升,而是重度胁迫低于中度胁迫,但仍高于对照和轻度胁迫。干旱胁迫后,除帝王蕉根系可溶性糖含量外,帝王蕉根系可溶性蛋白质、粉蕉根系可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量在3个胁迫程度下增加幅度均大于叶片增加幅度,且粉蕉较帝王蕉更能适应干旱胁迫环境。本文将为香蕉抗旱品种选育和栽培提供一定的理论依据和实践意义。     

外源芦丁预处理对水分胁迫下玉米幼苗的生理效应

以玉米(Zeamays L.)品种'郏单958'为材料.采用营养液水培法,研究了外源芦丁(Rutin)对聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫下幼苗叶片质膜相对透性、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及保护酶活性的影响.结果显示:(1)在15%PEG-6000胁迫下,玉米叶片的MDA含量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著增加,保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性显著升高.(2)一定浓度芦丁(>0.40 g/L)预处理可显著抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,并诱导SOD、POD和CAT活性提高.降低脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量.说明外源芦丁能够提高玉米幼苗的抗氧化作用,缓解水分胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化,保护细胞膜免受或减少损伤·达到提高植物抗旱性的目的.     

DCPTA对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响

以玉米自交系‘昌7-2’幼苗为材料,采用水培方式研究了模拟不同干旱胁迫程度(10%、12.5%、15%、17.5%、20%、22.5%、25%PEG-6000)及15%PEG-6000干旱胁迫下不同浓度(5、10、15、20、25、30mg/L)植物生长调节剂2-(3,4-二氯苯氧基)三乙胺(DCPTA)对玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响,以筛选出玉米苗期抗旱性鉴定的适宜PEG-6000浓度,为玉米自交系苗期的抗旱性鉴定提供依据。结果表明:不同浓度PEG-6000处理后,玉米幼苗地上部和根部的干重、鲜重、叶片相对含水量及叶绿素(SPAD)含量均下降,叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性增强,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸的积累量增加。且当PEG-6000浓度达15%时,以上各指标变化均与清水对照差异显著;在15%PEG-6000浓度模拟干旱胁迫下,不同浓度DCPTA处理均使玉米幼苗上述抗氧化酶活性增强,渗透调节物质含量增加,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素(SPAD)含量和生物量提高,而MDA含量降低,并以15和20mg/L浓度效果较佳。研究认为,室内水培条件下采用PEG-6000模拟干旱鉴定玉米苗期抗旱性的适宜浓度可初步确定为15%;DCPTA处理可促进干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的生长,并通过提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来增强其抗旱性,其适宜浓度为15和20mg/L。     

水分胁迫对白刺幼苗生物量和渗透调节物质积累的影响

以PEG-6000模拟不同程度的水分胁迫对白刺幼苗进行处理,研究了其植株干重及其K 、Na 、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量变化.结果表明,15%PEG胁迫下白刺幼苗的生物量最高,丙二醛含量最低,且二者与对照的差异均显著;随着水分胁迫程度的增强,K 含量逐渐降低并与对照差异显著,Na 含量先减少后增加而其总积累量无显著变化;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着水分胁迫程度的增强而显著增加.因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于白刺幼苗的生长,有机溶质游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖是白刺适应干旱环境的主要渗透调节物质.     

等渗盐分、干旱胁迫下冬小麦叶片部分渗透调节物质的动态变化

分别以PEG-6000、NaCl模拟干旱胁迫及盐胁迫,采用水培方法研究了抗旱耐盐冬小麦沧-6001在干旱胁迫、盐胁迫条件下叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的动态变化以及Na⁺、K⁺在地上部和根系的分布。结果表明可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白变化趋势相似,其含量随干旱胁迫或盐胁迫时间延长而增加,但在胁迫处理后期下降,并且随胁迫强度增加,二者出现下降时间提前;脯氨酸在干旱胁迫条件下快速积累达到峰值后下降但在胁迫处理后期再次增加,在盐胁迫条件下,随胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而增加;Na⁺在干旱胁迫下随胁迫程度增加而下降,盐胁迫条件下随胁迫程度的增加而增加,K⁺在干旱胁迫或盐胁迫下均随胁迫程度的增加而下降,且在根系中下降的速度大于地上部。     

彩叶草对模拟干旱胁迫的生理响应

采用盆栽试验,对彩叶草进行PEG-6000浓度为0(对照)、5%、10%、15%、20%(W/V)模拟干旱胁迫,研究在干旱胁迫下彩叶草的生长、渗透调节能力及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,随着PEG-6000浓度的增加,鲜质量、干质量、含水量、水势、根系脱氢酶活性、无机离子含量包括K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+等均呈下降趋势;NO-3含量呈先下降后上升趋势;硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性均呈先上升后下降趋势;脯氨酸含量、游离氨基酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧阴离子(O-2·)产生速率、质膜透性则呈上升趋势。因此,模拟干旱胁迫对彩叶草生长有抑制作用,且随着PEG-6000浓度增加,其生长受抑制和水分胁迫程度加重;模拟干旱胁迫下,彩叶草不积累K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和NO-3等无机离子进行渗透调节,而积累脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸等有机小分子物质进行渗透调节,但这4种小分子物质增加幅度不尽相同;轻度模拟干旱胁迫虽增强彩叶草抗氧化酶活性,但仍表现轻度的氧化伤害;重度模拟干旱胁迫加重彩叶草氧化伤害。研究结果可为彩叶草耐旱生理机制的研究积累资料,也为其节水型栽植和养护提供依据。     

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下沙芦草幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为明确外源褪黑素对沙芦草干旱胁迫的缓解效应,以‘盐池’沙芦草为试材,采用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,研究沙芦草幼苗对干旱胁迫的响应以及外源添加不同浓度(0、1、10、50、100、150和200 mg·L^-1)褪黑素对干旱胁迫下沙芦草幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫显著抑制沙芦草幼苗的生长,而外源添加不同浓度的褪黑素均能够缓解干旱胁迫引起的沙芦草幼苗生长抑制,并且当褪黑素浓度为100 mg·L^-1时缓解效果最显著。与单独干旱胁迫处理相比,在干旱胁迫下外源添加100 mg·L^-1褪黑素后沙芦草幼苗株高、地上干重和叶片相对含水量分别增加58.2%、121.2%和48.1%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别增加48.7%、80.8%和38.3%,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和根系活力分别增加12.6%、33.9%和39.1%,抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量分别增加19.5%和18.3%,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高16.2%、32.6%和14.3%,而丙二醛、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子含量分...     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.