转染人乳头瘤病毒16型E6E7重组基因及感染模型细胞建立

人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)是性传播疾病的主要病原之一,高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染和宫颈癌的关系已被肯定[1],在约50%~90%的宫颈癌组织中可检出HPV16 DNA。为了解与HPV相关疾病的的分子生物学致病基础,尚待深入研究其生物特性和病理特征,方能逐步解决临床简便易行的试验诊断方法和抗HPV感染的治疗问题。目前已经证实HPV16 E6/E7基因是转化基因,它们编码的蛋白可分别使抑癌蛋白P53和PRb失活,在宫颈癌的发生中起着重要作用[2],被认为是宫颈癌的始动因子。本文选择HPV16 E6E7作为研究对象,利用基因重组技术构建EGFP-…     

人乳头瘤病毒16型E5蛋白功能研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)E5蛋白具有多种生物学活性,主要通过与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)等细胞膜表面蛋白相互作用,导致信号转导、细胞转化与细胞融合等,在肿瘤形成的早期起重要作用。HPV16 E5蛋白作为肿瘤抗原,可作为候选疫苗,以预防和治疗由HPV16诱发的宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤。     

Head Neck:检测细针穿刺样品中的HPV16可用于诊断HPV阳性

正口咽鳞状细胞癌HPV16是指人乳头瘤病毒16型。HPV有多种类型,其中低危型HPV感染,主要引起生殖器疣(俗称菜花),而高危型HPV感染则引起生殖器癌和子宫颈癌上皮细胞病变,此病毒为生殖器癌和子宫颈癌前细胞病毒的开端。HPV16属于高危型,HPV病毒会导致尖锐湿疣,长期感染可能与女性宫颈癌的发生有关。口腔良性赘生物和癌前病变,皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织中     

人乳头瘤病毒16型变异株E7蛋白在HeLa细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位

目的构建增强绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）-人乳头瘤病毒16型变异株E7（HPV16-HBE7）重组质粒pEGFP-HBE7,研究HPV16-HBE7蛋白亚细胞定位,为进一步了解其生物学功能奠定基础。方法采用分子克隆技术,将HPV16-HBE7基因克隆在pEGFP—Cl表达载体上,用脂质体法导入宫颈癌细胞中;Western印迹检测HBE7蛋白的表达;同时借助免疫荧光技术和EGFP-融合蛋白技术,采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察HBE7蛋白的亚细胞定位。结果重组质粒经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定,其目的片段大小、插入位点和核苷酸序列完全正确;结果表明,转染细胞HBE7蛋白的相对表达量其胞浆明显多于胞核;各个时间段HBE7蛋白均以胞浆分布为主,绿色荧光密集点状分布于细胞浆内,而野生株E7（WE7）蛋白分布在核内。结论人乳头瘤病毒16型变异株E7蛋白主要分布在细胞浆内,以胞浆为主的分布可能和HBE7基因发生突变后丢失核定位信号有关。     

人乳头瘤病毒致癌蛋白E6的结构与功能研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)是一类无包膜的小DNA病毒,主要感染人皮肤上皮细胞和黏膜,持续感染HPV会引起良性和恶性肿瘤,如尖锐湿疣和宫颈癌等多种疾病。HPV早期蛋白E6是引起宿主细胞发生恶性转化的关键致癌蛋白,其参与调节宿主细胞内多个关键的生理生化过程,如促使抑癌蛋白p53的降解、激活端粒酶和降解细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bak(Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer)等,进而干扰宿主细胞的生长因子依赖性、细胞凋亡、细胞转录、DNA损伤反应、细胞周期和宿主细胞分化等一系列生命活动。因此,分析阐述HPV致癌蛋白E6的结构与功能,有助于阐明HPV诱发宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤的分子机理,为今后设计治疗性HPV疫苗奠定理论基础。本文就HPV致癌蛋白E6的结构及其生物学功能进行综述。     

HPV16 E6蛋白在宫颈癌中的作用研究进展

高危型人乳头状瘤病毒16型(HPV16)与50%以上的宫颈癌密切相关,其E6癌蛋白作为病毒生命周期的主要蛋白之一,在诱导肿瘤发生与发展进程中起重要作用,且与病毒复制、宿主细胞周期调控、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖、细胞恶性表型转化有关。E6蛋白主要作用包括:通过结合E6相关蛋白降解P53抑制细胞凋亡;增强端粒酶活性使宿主细胞永生化;与Daxx启动子区结合,抑制启动子转录活性,降低Daxx蛋白表达,阻遏细胞凋亡;与多种细胞因子相互作用后,经多种途径改变细胞微环境,使之有利于肿瘤细胞逃避宿主固有免疫应答。因此,在宫颈癌的发生和发展中,HPV16 E6蛋白通过多种作用机制发挥重要作用。     

人乳头瘤病毒E2蛋白及其相关疫苗

人乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus,HPV）感染在全球范围内颇为常见,其与肛门生殖器疣、生殖器肿瘤的发生关系密切。研究发现,乳头瘤的形成与HPVE2蛋白密不可分,该蛋白质涉及到病毒生命周期的各个阶段,与病毒的有丝分裂、其他早期蛋白的转录及细胞凋亡有关。近年来,各国学者利用E2蛋白的特性研制出E2相关疫苗,分别使用不同的重组病毒来传输E2,或是使用纯化的E2蛋白或E2融合蛋白,运输至体内的HPV转化细胞和／或HPV感染细胞中,以期达到防治HPV感染相关疾病的目的。     

人乳头瘤病毒E2蛋白对细胞增殖作用的研究进展

宫颈癌的发生与人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染密切相关。HPV E2蛋白能特异性抑制病毒基因E6、E7的表达,从而抑制它们的致癌作用,并可通过与p53、Caspase等相互作用影响细胞增殖,在HPV感染及致病过程中具有重要作用。     

高危型人乳头瘤病 E2蛋白功能研究进展

高危型人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)是诱发宫颈癌,肛门癌,外阴癌及部分头颈癌等多种肿瘤的主要原因。在病毒生命周期过程中,HPV E2蛋白通过与病毒自身及宿主基因组DNA及蛋白相作用,在病毒基因转录调控、病毒DNA的复制和维持中起到关键作用,其还对宿主细胞转录、RNA加工、凋亡、泛素化及胞内转运等多种活动产生影响,为病毒增殖创造有利的宿主细胞环境,并在HPV致病过程中发挥重要作用。为了解E2蛋白的各种功能及其与病毒和宿主DNA和蛋白作用情况、HPV病毒生活史、HPV病毒致病和致癌机制的研究均有着重要的意义。细致描述E2蛋白的功能可以帮助我们寻找病毒相关疾病治疗的新方法。本文以HPV16为重点,对高危型HPV E2蛋白结构、功能和活性相关研究的进展进行了综述。     

Tetramer技术检测人乳头瘤病毒抗原特异性T细胞条件的优化

人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染是宫颈癌发生的首要因素。针对病毒早期蛋白E6的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic Tlymphocyte,CTL)在清除HPV感染细胞和病毒转化形成的肿瘤细胞过程中发挥重要作用,因此检测体内抗原特异性CTL的频数和功能有助于了解病毒感染者或宫颈癌患者体内的特异性细胞免疫反应。利用加载HPV16 E6表位抗原肽(E6 133-142;HNIRGRWTGR)的HLA-A6801四聚体(Tetramer),即HPV16 E6 133-142/HLA-A6801-PE四聚体,通过检测混有HPV特异性CTL的PBMC标本,优化Tetramer染色的实验条件,探讨染色的最佳温度及Tetramer浓度。结果显示,染色温度(4℃、室温及37℃)对Tetramer与CTL的结合无明显影响。Tetramer稀释度为1∶1 600时,HPV特异性CTL荧光强度保持高水平,且非特异性染色少,为最佳染色浓度。研究结果为进一步检测HPV感染者或宫颈癌患者体内抗原特异性的CTL打下基础。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型 E7蛋白在子宫颈癌细胞内的定位

应用重组质粒在大肠杆菌中表达人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)16 型 E7 基因.以所产生的 E7 融合蛋白为抗原免疫家兔,制得抗 E7 蛋白抗血清.在子宫颈癌组织切片中用此抗血清作免疫组化染色(胶体金标记染色法).在光学显微镜下可观察到癌细胞中存在 E7 抗原黑色颗粒,位于细胞核内.主要附着于核膜,可证明 E7 基因在 HPV16 感染的子宫颈癌细胞中有强烈表达;提示 E7 基因可能即为 HPV16的癌基因.     

Inhibition of cervical carcinoma cell line proliferation by the introduction of a bovine papillomavirus regulatory gene.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes are expressed in the great majority of human cervical carcinomas, whereas the viral E2 regulatory gene is usually disrupted in these cancers. To investigate the roles of the papillomavirus E2 genes in the development and maintenance of cervical carcinoma, the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E2 gene was acutely introduced into cervical carcinoma cell lines by infection with high-titer stocks of simian virus 40-based recombinant viruses. Expression of the BPV E2 protein in HeLa, C-4I, and MS751 cells results in specific inhibition of the expression of the resident HPV type 18 (HPV18) E6 and E7 genes and in inhibition of cell growth. HeLa cells, in which HPV gene expression is nearly completely abolished, undergo a dramatic and rapid inhibition of proliferation, which appears to be largely a consequence of a block in progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Loss of HPV18 gene expression in HeLa cells is also accompanied by a marked increase in the level of the cellular p53 tumor suppressor protein, apparently as a consequence of abrogation of HPV18 E6-mediated destabilization of p53. The proliferation of HT-3 cells, a human cervical carcinoma cell line devoid of detectable HPV DNA, is also inhibited by E2 expression, whereas two other epithelial cell lines that do not contain HPV DNA are not inhibited. Thus, a number of cervical carcinoma cell lines are remarkably sensitive to growth inhibition by the E2 protein. Although BPV E2-mediated inhibition of HPV18 E6 and E7 expression may contribute to growth inhibition in some of the cervical carcinoma cell lines, the BPV E2 protein also appears to exert a growth-inhibitory effect that is independent of its effects on HPV gene expression.     

Production of human papillomavirus type 16 early proteins in Bac-To-Bac Expression System (GibcoBRL)

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a major agent in cervical cancer etiology. Its early proteins are responsible for virus persistence, replication and initiation of neoplastic disease. In the present study we describe a use of baculovirus-insect cell expression system for production and study of HPV16 E2 and E4 proteins. The E2 protein binds specifically to viral DNA and E4 protein shows characteristic cytopathic effects on cells.     

Triggering of death receptor apoptotic signaling by human papillomavirus 16 E2 protein in cervical cancer cell lines is mediated by interaction with c-FLIP

Human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 gene disruption is one of the key features of HPV-induced cervical malignant transformation. Though it is thought to prevent progression of carcinogenesis, the pro-apoptotic function of E2 protein remains poorly understood. This study shows that expression of HPV16 E2 induces apoptosis both in HPV-positive and -negative cervical cancer cell lines and leads to hyperactivation of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Activation of these signaling factors is responsible for the observed sensitivity to apoptosis upon treatment with anti-Fas antibody or TNF-α. In addition, immunoprecipitation experiments clearly show an interaction between HPV16 E2 and c-FLIP, a key regulator of apoptotic cell death mediated by death receptor signaling. Moreover, c-FLIP and a caspase-8 inhibitor protect cells from HPV16 E2-mediated apoptosis. Overexpression of c-FLIP rescues cervical cancer cells from apoptosis induced by HPV16 E2 protein expression. The data suggest that HPV16 E2 abrogates the apoptosis-inhibitory function of c-FLIP and renders the cell hypersensitive to the Fas/FasL apoptotic signal even below threshold concentration. This suggests a novel mechanism for deregulation of cervical epithelial cell growth upon HPV-induced transformation, which is of great significance in developing therapeutic strategies for intervention of cervical carcinogenesis.     

Identification and Validation of Human Papillomavirus Encoded microRNAs

We report here identification and validation of the first papillomavirus encoded microRNAs expressed in human cervical lesions and cell lines. We established small RNA libraries from ten human papillomavirus associated cervical lesions including cancer and two human papillomavirus harboring cell lines. These libraries were sequenced using SOLiD 4 technology. We used the sequencing data to predict putative viral microRNAs and discovered nine putative papillomavirus encoded microRNAs. Validation was performed for five candidates, four of which were successfully validated by qPCR from cervical tissue samples and cell lines: two were encoded by HPV 16, one by HPV 38 and one by HPV 68. The expression of HPV 16 microRNAs was further confirmed by in situ hybridization, and colocalization with p16INK4A was established. Prediction of cellular target genes of HPV 16 encoded microRNAs suggests that they may play a role in cell cycle, immune functions, cell adhesion and migration, development, and cancer. Two putative viral target sites for the two validated HPV 16 miRNAs were mapped to the E5 gene, one in the E1 gene, two in the L1 gene and one in the LCR region. This is the first report to show that papillomaviruses encode their own microRNA species. Importantly, microRNAs were found in libraries established from human cervical disease and carcinoma cell lines, and their expression was confirmed in additional tissue samples. To our knowledge, this is also the first paper to use in situ hybridization to show the expression of a viral microRNA in human tissue.     

宫颈癌中SOCS-1表达的研究新进展

每年全球大约有38万宫颈癌新发病例,已成为现今世界女性最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,高危型人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV-16、18等)是公认的宫颈癌的致病因素。研究证实HPV E7原癌基因的产物HPV E7原癌蛋白通过与抑癌蛋白p Rb结合,诱导p Rb的降解,导致宫颈上皮细胞永化生,致细胞生长增殖失控及细胞凋亡程序发生异常是HPV诱导宫颈癌发生的一个主要机制。细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白(suppressor of cytokine signaling,SOCS)家族是由细胞产生的,可通过反馈调节来阻断细胞因子信号转导过程的一类负性调节因子,SOCS-1可抑制多种细胞因子的信号转导途径,调控体内多种免疫反应,现有研究表明SOCS-1可通过诱导E7蛋白降解来抑制HPV E7介导的异常转化。而且socs-1在癌细胞中表达明显降低,说明SOCS-1可能是抑癌基因,其失活机制主要是甲基化和杂合性缺失,所以说SOCS-1的甲基化和杂合性缺失对宫颈癌的发生、发展起着至关重要的作用,因此SOCS-1的去甲基化及打破基因沉默可能是一种潜在的治疗宫颈癌的新策略。     

Quantitative role of the human papillomavirus type 16 E5 gene during the productive stage of the viral life cycle

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small circular DNA viruses that cause warts. Infection with high-risk anogenital HPVs, such as HPV type 16 (HPV16), is associated with human cancers, specifically cervical cancer. The life cycle of HPVs is intimately tied to the differentiation status of the host epithelium and has two distinct stages: the nonproductive stage and the productive stage. In the nonproductive stage, which arises in the poorly differentiated basal epithelial compartment of a wart, the virus maintains itself as a low-copy-number nuclear plasmid. In the productive stage, which arises as the host cell undergoes terminal differentiation, viral DNA is amplified; the capsid genes, L1 and L2, are expressed; and progeny virions are produced. This stage of the viral life cycle relies on the ability of the virus to reprogram the differentiated cells to support DNA synthesis. Papillomaviruses encode multiple oncoproteins, E5, E6, and E7. In the present study, we analyze the role of one of these viral oncogenes, E5, in the viral life cycle. To assess the role of E5 in the HPV16 life cycle, we introduced wild-type (WT) or E5 mutant HPV16 genomes into NIKS, a keratinocyte cell line that supports the papillomavirus life cycle. By culturing these cells under conditions that allow them to remain undifferentiated, a state similar to that of basal epithelial cells, we determined that E5 does not play an essential role in the nonproductive stage of the HPV16 life cycle. To determine if E5 plays a role in the productive stage of the viral life cycle, we cultured keratinocyte populations in organotypic raft cultures, which promote the differentiation and stratification of epithelial cells. We found that cells harboring E5 mutant genomes displayed a quantitative reduction in the percentage of suprabasal cells undergoing DNA synthesis, compared to cells containing WT HPV16 DNA. This reduction in DNA synthesis, however, did not prevent amplification of viral DNA in the differentiated cellular compartment. Likewise, late viral gene expression and the perturbation of normal keratinocyte differentiation were retained in cells harboring E5 mutant genomes. These data demonstrate that E5 plays a subtle role during the productive stage of the HPV16 life cycle.     

Antigen processing defects in cervical carcinomas limit the presentation of a CTL epitope from human papillomavirus 16 E6.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly type 16, is causally associated with the development of cervical cancer. The E6 and E7 proteins of HPV are constitutively expressed in cervical carcinoma cells making them attractive targets for CTL-based immunotherapy. However, few studies have addressed whether cervical carcinomas can process and present HPV E6/E7-derived Ags for recognition by CTL. We generated HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL clones against HPV16 E6(29-38) that recognized HPV16 E6 Ags transfected into B lymphoblastoid cells. These CTL were unable to recognize HLA-A*0201(+) HPV16 E6(+) cervical carcinoma cell lines even when the level of endogenous HPV16 E6 in these cells was increased by transfection. This defect in presentation of HPV16 E6(29-38) correlated with low level expression of HLA class I, proteasome subunits low molecular mass protein 2 and 7, and the transporter proteins TAP1 and TAP2 in the cervical carcinoma cell lines. The expression of all of these proteins could be up-regulated by IFN-gamma, but this was insufficient for CTL recognition unless the level of HPV16 E6 Ag was also increased by transfection. CTL recognition of the HPV16 E6(29-38) epitope in 721.174 B cells was dependent on TAP expression but independent of immunoproteasome expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that presentation of the HPV16 E6(29-38) epitope in cervical carcinoma cell lines is limited both by the level of TAP expression and by the low level or availability of the source HPV E6 oncoprotein. These observations place constraints on the use of this, and potentially other, HPV-derived CTL epitopes for the immunotherapy of cervical cancer.     

Identification of a G(2) arrest domain in the E1 wedge E4 protein of human papillomavirus type 16

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the most common cause of cervical carcinoma. Cervical cancer develops from low-grade lesions that support the productive stages of the virus life cycle. The 16E1 wedge E4 protein is abundantly expressed in such lesions and can be detected in cells supporting vegetative viral genome amplification. Using an inducible mammalian expression system, we have shown that 16E1 wedge E4 arrests HeLa cervical epithelial cells in G(2). 16E1 wedge E4 also caused a G(2) arrest in SiHa, Saos-2 and Saccharomyces pombe cells and, as with HeLa cells, was found in the cytoplasm. However, whereas 16E1 wedge E4 is found on the keratin networks in HeLa and SiHa cells, in Saos-2 and S. pombe cells that lack keratins, 16E1 wedge E4 had a punctate distribution. Mutagenesis studies revealed a proline-rich region between amino acids 17 and 45 of 16E1 wedge E4 to be important for arrest. This region, which we have termed the "arrest domain," contains a putative nuclear localization signal, a cyclin-binding motif, and a single cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) phosphorylation site. A single point mutation in the putative Cdk phosphorylation site (T23A) abolished 16E1 wedge E4-mediated G(2) arrest. Arrest did not involve proteins regulating the phosphorylation state of Cdc2 and does not appear to involve the activation of the DNA damage or incomplete replication checkpoint. G(2) arrest was also mediated by the E1 wedge E4 protein of HPV11, a low-risk mucosal HPV type that also causes cervical lesions. The E1 wedge E4 protein of HPV1, which is more distantly related to that of HPV16, did not cause G(2) arrest. We conclude that, like other papillomavirus proteins, 16E1 wedge E4 affects cell cycle progression and that it targets a conserved component of the cell cycle machinery.