Annesorhiza calcicola (Apiaceae), a new limestone endemic species from the Western Cape Province of South Africa

The new species, Annesorhiza calcicola Magee and J.C. Manning, is described. It is known only from a few limestone outcrops around Jacobsbaai on the Saldanha Peninsula on the West Coast of South Africa. The species differs from all others in the genus in its small stature (inflorescence less than 0.3 m and leaves less than 150 mm long), the hysteranthous, pilose leaves which are completely absent at flowering (in the other species dead or dying at flowering and usually glabrous), the greyish-black, pilose inflorescence (yellowish-brown and glabrous in the other species) and the smaller homomericarpic fruit less than 5 mm long.     

Taxonomy, distribution and nomenclature of three confused broad-leaved Potamogeton species occurring in Africa and on surrounding islands

A taxonomic revision of broad-leaved Potamogeton species ascribed to the ' P. schweinfurthii–thunbergii complex' occurring in Africa and on surrounding islands is presented. Three species, P. nodosus , P. richardii and P. schweinfurthii , are recognized in the African mainland. The widespread species P. nodosus has been widely overlooked in sub-Saharan Africa. It is recorded here for the first time from eight countries of tropical and southern Africa and from six surrounding islands. The distribution of P. richardii is critically revised and the species is recorded for the first time from Cameroon, Swaziland and Madagascar. P. schweinfurthii is recorded for the first time from Algeria, Tunisia, Burkina Faso and Niger. The nomenclature of all three species is revised. Lectotypes are designated for six names. All original material of the name P. thunbergii Cham. et Schltdl. actually belongs to P. nodosus Poir. The correct name for the East and southern African species called ' P. thunbergii ' is P. richardii Solms. The lectotype of P. schweinfurthii designated by Dandy proved to be P. nodosus . A new type is therefore proposed for the species generally named P. schweinfurthii and the name itself is proposed for conservation. The morphology and stem anatomy of P. nodosus , P. richardii and P. schweinfurthii are described. In spite of some overlaps in the morphological variation in their vegetative characters, a detailed analysis of the variation patterns and instructions for reliable identification are given. The distributions of all three species are described, based solely on reliably identified specimens, many of which were also examined anatomically. Distribution maps are provided.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 329–357.     

Pollination and Reproductive Biology of Rauvolfia grandiflora (Apocynaceae): Secondary Pollen Presentation, Herkogamy and Self-Incompatibility

Abstract: The pollination and reproductive biology of Rauvolfia grandiflora were studied in natural populations in the forest of the Recife Botanical Garden. R. grandiflora is a shrubby species (2 to 5 m), the flowers are hermaphrodite and salverform. The corolla tube is white and the five free lobes of the corolla are flushed with violet. The five stamens are attached to the corolla tube; the anthers are introrse and form a cone situated immediately above the stigmatic head. There is a space between the anthers and the stigmatic head, where the pollen is deposited. The stigmatic head has three functional regions: a) an upper sterile region; b) a median region that produces a sticky substance and c) a lower receptive region, which is located beneath a basal collar. The secondary pollen presentation and the herkogamy mechanisms are discussed. Sugar concentration in nectar was, on average, 31.7%. The pollen viability was 97.4%. R. grandiflora is melittophilous and in the study area was found to be pollinated by only one species of long-tongued bee, Exaerete smaragdina. R. grandiflora was found to be self-incompatible, and the percentage of fruit set under natural conditions was low.     

Contrasting demographic history and population structure in Capsella rubella and Capsella grandiflora, two closely related species with different mating systems

Both mating system and population history can have large impacts on genetic diversity and population structure. Here, we use multilocus sequence data to investigate how these factors impact two closely related Brassicaceae species: the selfing Capsella rubella and the outcrossing C. grandiflora. To do this, we have sequenced 16 loci in approximately 70 individuals from 7 populations of each species. Patterns of population structure differ strongly between the two species. In C. grandiflora, we observe an isolation-by-distance pattern and identify three clearly delineated genetic groups. In C. rubella, where we estimate the selfing rate to be 0.90-0.94, the pattern is less clear with some sampling populations forming separate genetic clusters while others are highly mixed. The two species also have divergent histories. Our analysis gives support for a bottleneck approximately 73 kya (20-139 kya) in C. rubella, which most likely represents speciation from C. grandiflora. In C. grandiflora, there is moderate support for the standard neutral model in 2 of 3 genetic clusters, while the third cluster and the total data set show evidence of expansion. It is clear that mating system has an impact on these two species, for example affecting the level of genetic variation and the genetic structure. However, our results also clearly show that a combination of past and present processes, some of which are not affected by mating system, is needed to explain the differences between C. rubella and C. grandiflora.     

Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of Daphnephila gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing complex leaf galls on Lauraceae, with descriptions of five new species associated with Machilus thunbergii in Taiwan

Five new species of the genus Daphnephila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini), D. ornithocephala, D. stenocalia, D. sueyenae, D. taiwanensis, and D. truncicola, all associated with Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), are described from Taiwan, and one previously known species, D. machilicola, is redescribed from Japan. Among the five new species, D. truncicola induces stem galls and the other four species induce leaf galls. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene suggests that in this genus the stem-galling habit is a more ancestral state compared to the leaf-galling habit. Daphnephila seems to be of tropical origin and to have dispersed to Japan through Taiwan.     

五种木兰属植物的花粉形态

对木兰属(Magnolia)5种花粉进行了光学显微镜观察,形态相似。扫描电镜下观察,花粉外壁均为小穴状纹饰,荷花玉兰(M．grandiflora)略为粗糙。透射电镜下观察,5种花粉外壁均可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层。覆盖层不连续,有小穿孔。在远极面萌发沟区域,外壁逐渐减薄,最后覆盖层和柱状层消失,仅残留基层。柱状层内部空隙较小,多由颗粒构成,处于小柱发育的初级阶段。荷花玉兰和玉兰萌发沟区域下有明显的外壁-2。木兰属花粉属于原始类型的代表。     

中国霜霉的几个新种

本文描述了霜霉属(Peronospora)两个新种。即:寄生于唇形科植物香薷(Elsholtziapatrnia Garcke)上的香薷霜霉(Peronospora elsholtziae sp.nov.)和寄生于大花益母草(Leonurusmacranthus Maxim.)上的大花益母草霜霉(Peronospora leonuri sp.nov);单轴霉属(Plasmopara)一个新种,寄生于车前草科植物车前草(Plantago major L.)上的车前草单轴霉(Plasmoparaplantaginicola sp.nov.,);盘梗霉属(Bremia)一个新种,寄生于石竹科植物莫石竹(Moehringialateriflora L.)上的莫石竹盘梗霉(Bremia moehringiae sp.nov.).这四个新种均有拉丁文和中文描述。还分别讨论了新种与同科近似种之间的区别。     

A New Species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Rubber Vine and Other Asclepiadaceae in Madagascar

A new species of gall midge, Schizomyia cryptostegiae Gagné, that forms leaf and bud galls on Cryptostegia grandiflora in Madagascar is described and its biology summarised. the gall midge is a candidate for the biological control of C. grandiflora in northern Queensland, Australia.     

A new endogean, anophthalmous species of Parazuphium Jeannel from Northern Morocco (Coleoptera, Carabidae), with new molecular data for the tribe Zuphiini

A new species of the genus Parazuphium (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Zuphiini), Parazuphium aguileraisp. n., is described from the Tingitan peninsula in North Morocco. The only known specimen was found under a large deeply buried boulder, and belongs to an anophthalmous, depigmented and flattened species. This is the second species of blind Parazuphium known so far, the other being Parazuphium feloi Machado 1998 from a lava tube in the Canary Islands. Molecular data of the only known Parazuphium aguilerai sp. n. specimen are provided, and a reconstructed phylogeny based on these molecular data confirms its inclusion inside Zuphiini within Harpalinae. Identification keys to the Mediterranean and Macaronesian species of Parazuphium are provided.     

舟山群岛红楠林种内和种间竞争研究

红楠（Machilus thunbergii）林是浙江沿海地区典型森林类型之一,研究竞争强度的动态变化规律及红楠种群的生态适应机制,对舟山群岛常绿阔叶林的保护与可持续利用具有重要意义。利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,对舟山桃花岛次生林优势种红楠的种内和种间竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明：红楠3种类型的竞争强度均随对象木胸径的增大而逐渐减小,小径级的红楠承受的竞争压力较大;红楠的种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度的44.55%和55.45%,两者大致相等,说明其受到的种内和种间竞争压力均衡;落叶树种的平均竞争指数大,常绿树种的平均竞争指数小,使红楠受压的主要树种是朴树和枫香树;红楠种内和种间竞争强度的顺序为：红楠种内 > 朴树 > 枫香树 > 椿叶花椒 > 柘 > 梾木 > 化香树 > 赛山梅 > 黄檀 > 日本珊瑚树 > 天仙果等;3种类型的竞争强度与对象木胸径均呈显著负相关,且服从幂函数关系CI=AD^-B,当红楠胸径达到20 cm以上时,竞争强度变化很小,利用所得的预测模型能很好地预测红楠种内和种间竞争强度。当红楠胸径小于20 cm时,应对其进行抚育管理以提高红楠成活率和促进植被恢复。     

Annesorhiza asparagoides (Apiaceae), a new species from the Cederberg Mountains, Western Cape Province, South Africa

A highly localised new species from the Cederberg Mountains near Wuppertal in the Western Cape Province is described. Annesorhiza asparagoides B.-E. Van Wyk, collected for the first time in 2009, differs from all other species of Annesorhiza (and the closely related Chamarea) in the unusual leaf structure, with crowded, subsessile, acicular leaf segments, resulting in dense, bottlebrush-like pinnae. The new species has a cluster of 10 or more slender roots, small (< 150 mm long), sparsely hairy leaves and small (± 8 mm long), oblong, conspicuously ribbed, homomericarpic fruits.     

Development of microsatellites in Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), a warm-temperate coastal tree species in Japan

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in a typically coastal, widespread, and dominant tree species of the evergreen broadleaf forests, Machilus thunbergii, for comparison of the genetic diversity and structure of inland populations surrounding the ancient Lake Biwa and coastal populations in Japan. ? Methods and Results: Eighteen polymorphic microsatellites of this species were isolated using an improved technique for isolating codominant compound microsatellite markers. These isolated loci provided compound simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with polymorphisms of three to 19 alleles per locus, with an average of 10.9. The expected and observed within-population heterozygosities ranged from 0.16 to 0.86 and from 0.13 to 0.72, respectively. ? Conclusions: These markers may be useful tools for further investigation of the population genetic structure and biogeographic history of M. thunbergii in the warm-temperate zone of East Asia.     

Development of microsatellite markers for Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), a typical species of the Brazilian cerrado

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of Qualea grandiflora, a typical species of the Brazilian cerrado. ? Methods and Results: Eight microsatellite loci were isolated using an enrichment cloning protocol. These loci were tested on a population of 110 individuals of Q. grandiflora collected from a cerrado fragment in S?o Paulo State, Brazil. The loci polymorphism ranges from seven to 19 alleles and the average heterozygosity value is 0.568, while the average polymorphic information content is 0.799. ? Conclusions: The developed markers were found to be highly polymorphic, indicating their applicability to studies of population genetic diversity in Q. grandiflora.     

Allozyme diversity in Japanese populations of Hemerocallis thunbergii, H. middendorffii, and H. exaltata (Liliaceae)

Eight populations of Hemerocallis thunbergii, H. middendorffii , and H. exaltata from Japan were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis to measure genetic variation at ten allozyme loci. The former two species are widely distributed in eastern Asia, whereas H. exaltata is restricted to the Tobishima and Sado Islands in western Japan. Populations of the three species maintain high levels of allozyme variation: mean expected heterozygosities were 0.288, 0.209, and 0.169, respectively. The UPGMA phenogram obtained from Nei's genetic distance values indicated that H. exaltata is allozymically the most distinct species, whereas populations of H. thunbergii and H. middendorffii are closely related. However, based on gross morphology H. exaltata and H. middendorffii are closely related. This discrepancy and the observed high levels of allozyme variation within populations of the three Hemerocallis species in Japan may in part be due to genetic change among populations of the two Japanese archipelago species.     

Coalescent-based analysis distinguishes between allo- and autopolyploid origin in Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)

Polyploidization plays an important role in plant speciation. The most recent estimates report that up to 15% of angiosperm speciation events and 31% in ferns are accompanied by changes in ploidy level. Polyploids can arise either through autopolyploidy, when the sets of chromosomes originate from a single species, or through allopolyploidy, when they originate from different species. In this study, we used two different coalescent-based methods to determine the date and mode of the polyploidization event that led to the tetraploid cosmopolitan weed, Capsella bursa-pastoris. We sampled 78 C. bursa-pastoris accessions, and 53 and 43 accessions from the only two other members of this genus, C. grandiflora and C. rubella, respectively, and sequenced these accessions at 14 unlinked nuclear loci with locus-specific primers in order to be able to distinguish the two homeologues in the tetraploid. A large fraction of fixed differences between homeologous genes in C. bursa-pastoris are segregating as polymorphisms in C. grandiflora, consistent with an autopolyploid origin followed by disomic inheritance. To test this, we first estimated the demographic parameters of an isolation-with-migration model in a pairwise fashion between C. grandiflora and both genomes of C. bursa-pastoris and used these parameters in coalescent simulations to test the mode of origin of C. bursa-pastoris. Second, we used Approximate Bayesian Computation to compare an allopolyploid and an autopolyploid model. Both analyses led to the conclusion that C. bursa-pastoris originated less than 1 Ma by doubling of the C. grandiflora genome.     

A checklist of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from Cambodia,with new records

A checklist of Dryinidae from Cambodia is provided. Fourteen species are listed, of which twelve are new records from Cambodia. Distribution and recorded hosts for each species are provided. A key to the species known from Cambodia is also provided.     

Is the Prunella (Lamiaceae) hybrid zone structured by an environmental gradient? Evidence from a reciprocaltransplant experiment

Hybrid zones may be structured by environmentally independent selection against intrinsically unfit hybrids (tension zone models), or by environmentally dependent fitness differences among parental species and hybrids (ecological selection-gradient models). A 30-m slope in a mountain grassland harbors a hybrid zone of the clonal perennials, Prunella grandiflora and P. vulgaris (Lamiaceae), with P. grandiflora in the upper, P. vulgaris in the lower, and both parental species and P. grandiflora × P. vulgaris Hybrids in a narrow middle part. We found gradients for soil depth and water content, and vegetation height and biomass along the slope. A reciprocal transplant experiment yielded crossing reaction norms for vegetative reproduction. Parental species were locally adapted to their home sites, while the three taxa did not differ in vegetative reproduction in the Hybrid transplant site. Local adaptation for vegetative reproduction of P. grandiflora was mediated through higher survival and that of P. vulgaris through higher ramet number, indicating adaptation of their clonal growth strategies (phalanx vs. guerrilla) to the different habitats. Hybrid performance was intermediate between that of the parental species in all three sites, although Hybrids flowered more often than the parental species in the Hybrid site. Our results support ecological selection-gradient rather than tension zone models.     

Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Arenaria grandiflora L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Genomic libraries of Arenaria grandiflora enriched for di- and trinucleotide repeats were used for the development of novel microsatellite markers. The subset of 13 polymorphic markers was characterized on 40 individuals of A. grandiflora originating from lowland locations in France. The loci amplified 3 to 10 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.46 to 0.83. The newly developed markers will be used for population genetic studies and for assessing genetic composition of a restoration experiment of lowland A. grandiflora populations that are protected in France.