普通夜鹰的繁殖习性及雏鸟的生长发育

2007年5～6月,对1窝普通夜鹰的繁殖习性及雏鸟的生长发育进行了观察.普通夜鹰育雏期约为18 d.雌、雄性都参与孵卵和育雏.育雏期每天有3个喂食高峰期,分别是晚上20:00～22:00、凌晨0:00~2:00、早上4:00~6:00.育雏过程中,亲鸟的领域性弱,护雏性强.初级飞羽在雏鸟出壳6 d后长出,但生长速度最快.     

小毛足鼠繁殖活动的季节变化

有关小毛足鼠 (Phodopusroborovskii)冬季活动和季节性繁殖模式的资料很少。九年来 ,我们在自然温度和光照条件下维持了一个实验室种群。这些自然条件说明其繁殖活动与野生条件下的很一致。甚至在零下 4 0度的冬季 ,罗氏仓鼠都不休眠。第一个繁殖高峰 (每 10对鼠繁殖 2 4窝 ,每窝平均 3 5只幼鼠 )在 4月份 ,第二个繁殖高峰 (每 10对鼠繁殖 2 9- 2 6窝 ,每窝平均 3 9- 3 6只幼鼠 )在 6 - 7月份。在秋季和初冬 ,繁殖强度降低到每 10对鼠产 0 1- 0 4窝 ,但繁殖并不完全终止。全年内 ,所有成年雄鼠可见下降的睾丸 ,雌鼠可见开放的阴道口。雄鼠的血液睾酮浓度在夏季最高 ,秋季和初冬降低。但是 ,独居鼠在最短的光周期和寒冷季节保持高的睾酮浓度。春季 ,睾酮平均水平显著升高 ,但未达到夏季的水平     

宿根福禄考离体快速繁殖的研究

以带芽茎段为外植体,MS为基本培养基,研究了不同激素组合对宿根福禄考离体快速繁殖的影响。试验结果表明,不同培养阶段的适宜培养基为：（1）启动培养基：MS＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋NAA 0．1mg／L;（2）继代增殖培养基：MS＋6-BA 1．0mg／L＋NAA 0．3mg／L,月增殖倍数可达7．4;（3）生根培养基：1／2MS＋IBA 0．2～0．5mg／L,生根率高且根粗壮。试管苗移入田间20d后成活率可达92％。     

台湾中部暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖生物学

本研究将暗绿绣眼鸟 (Zosteropsjaponicasimplex)捕捉、套彩色环后释放 ,分别于 1999年和 2 0 0 1年 3～ 8月追踪监测 7对和 13对暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖行为。总结此二年对 2 0对暗绿绣眼鸟的监测 ,其繁殖期始于 3月中旬 ,终止于 8月下旬。 1对最多可年产 5窝 ,但以 3～ 4窝为常见。初次筑巢所需时间平均为 10 4d ,筑第 2、3巢的时间依次减少 ;窝与窝之间的繁殖间隔视情况而定 ,如孵化或喂养失败 ,通常都在 1～ 2d内再筑巢 ,如繁殖育雏成功 ,平均相隔 7d再筑巢。 2年 6 3窝的窝卵数平均为 2 6 8± 0 71(n =6 3)枚 ;孵化期平均为 11±0 6 4 (n =4 7)d ;6 3窝孵化成功 4 7窝 ,孵化成功率为 74 6 % ;雏鸟离巢日龄平均为 10 5± 0 88(n =35 )d ;4 7窝雏鸟喂养成功 35窝 ,育雏成功率为 74 5 % ;6 3窝繁殖成功 35窝 ,繁殖成功率为 5 5 5 %。失败因素包括气候、动物掠食、人为破坏和其它不明原因     

广西防城发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

20 0 2年 3～ 8月 ,在广西防城万鹤山首次发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群 ,约 4巢 ,8只成鸟 1 4只雏鸟。黄嘴白鹭于该年 3月底 4月初迁来筑巢繁殖。巢材多为常绿、落叶阔叶树枯枝和松枝。窝卵数 4枚 ,卵为淡蓝青色。雌雄鸟轮流交替孵卵 ,孵化期 2 4 5 0± 1 5 0 ( 2 3～ 2 6)d ,孵化率1 0 0 %。育雏期 41± 2 ( 3 9～ 43 )d ,窝雏数 3 5 0± 0 2 9( 3～ 4)只 ,雏鸟成活率 87 5 0 %。食性主要为鱼( 77 84% )、虾 ( 1 6 76% )和青蛙 ( 5 40 % )。     

桓仁滑蜥生殖行为及生殖策略的研究

桓仁滑蜥（Scincella huanrensis）系卵胎生,1年生殖1次,生殖季节为7月下旬到8月上旬。平均每只雌蜥产仔4．556（2～6）只。雌蜥的分娩在洞穴中进行,分娩时间可持续60-90min,仔蜥在产出时卵膜已破裂。雌性采取的是高投入的生殖策略,平均生殖投入率0．436（0．212～0．526）。相关性回归分析表明：窝仔数与雌蜥体重、体长和生殖投入呈正相关关系;生殖投入与雌蜥的体重和体长不相关;幼蜥的体长、体重与窝仔数呈负相关关系。     

食物对竹裂爪螨生长发育及繁殖的影响

根据笔竹生长特性,用1年生竹、2年生竹、3年生竹和4年生竹的离体叶片作为食料,研究食用对竹爪螨（Schizoterranchus bambusae Peck)生长发育及繁殖的影响。试验结果表明,该螨各螨态的发育历期在4种食料组间存在显著差异或极显著差异,其中幼螨至成螨历期（雌螨）分别为5．00、5．10、6．31和5．03d;取食3年生竹叶片时,幼螨－成螨的存活率、单雌平均产卵量显著小于其余3组,分别为70．81％和14．71粒／雌。试验进一步研究了不同受害程度的毛竹叶片对竹裂爪生长发育及繁裂的影响,结果表明该螨各螨态的发育历期、雌成螨的寿命及敏殖力都因叶片的受害和蔼不同而存在显著差异或极显著差异,这表明了该螨种群在发展过程中,因对叶片的取食危害,通过对自身营养条件的恶化而存在着较强的负反馈作用。     

洞庭湖区东方田鼠繁殖特性研究

１９９２年１月～１９９４年１２月,作者在东洞庭湖区岳阳县麻塘区调查,３年捕获并剖检东方田鼠１３９２只,其中雌鼠５９９只,雌性比♀／（♂＋♀）＝４３．０％。该鼠全年繁殖,盛夏５～７月怀孕率较低,冬季１２～２月怀孕率比同域其它鼠种显著偏高。３年合计总怀孕率为２９．２％．平均胎仔数（ｘ±ＳＥ）为５．１３±０．１２只,平均窝仔数４．６０±０．２７只,雌鼠和雄鼠的繁殖强度随年龄增长而递增。室内饲养的东方田鼠妊娠期约２０天,窝仔数４．３３±０．３３只,雌鼠５０～６０天成熟,雄鼠稍迟。枯水期（１１月～翌年４月）东方田鼠主要栖息于湖洲草地,汛期（５～１０月）主要栖息于过垸内稻田。在不同栖息地其繁殖力差别较大,湖洲的繁殖强度最高,稻田区次之,岗地最低,反映它在各栖息地生态适合度不同。文中还对全国４个亚种的繁殖参数作了比较。     

妊娠期腹腔注射多氯联苯对大鼠性行为的影响

将50只同期怀孕的大鼠分为5组,在怀孕第7-18d,每天分别给两组大鼠腹腔注射1．00和20．00mg／kg体重2,2’,4,4’-四氯联苯（PCB47）;分别给另两组注射0．25和1．00mg／kg体重3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯（PCB77）;对照组注射0．10mL芝麻油。幼鼠出生后第70-91d、97-101d测试F1代雌鼠的接近时间（AL）、爬跨后返回时间（MRL）、插入后返回时间（IRL）、射精后不应期（PER）、脊柱前凸系数（LQ）和雄鼠的爬跨频率（MF）、爬跨等待时间（ML）、插入频率（IF）、插入等待时间（IL）、射精等待时间（EL）、射精后不应期（PEI）、插入率等性行为。结果显示,妊娠期腹腔注射PCB47和PCB77显著降低F1代雌鼠的LQ（对照组为84．4％;PCB47组分别为76．0％、67．8％;PCB77组分别为64．4％、53．3％;P〉0．05）,但对雌鼠的AL、MRL、IRL、PER和雄鼠的MF、ML、IF、IL、EL、PEI和插入率无显著影响（P〉0．05）。     

花烛的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称花烛（Anthuriumandraeanum）,别名红掌、安祖花。2材料类别叶柄、叶片。3培养条件基本培养基为改良MS[NH4NO3改为412mg·L-1（单位下同）,FeSO4·7H2O改为9．3],简称ZS。诱导愈伤组织培养基：（1）ZS＋6－BA4。芽分化培养基：（2）ZS＋6-BA1＋KT1;（3）ZS＋6-BA2;（4）ZS＋6－BA0．5＋KT0．1;（5）ZS＋6－BA0．5。诱导生根培养基：（6）1／3ZS＋IBA0．5。以上培养基均加0．65％琼脂,3％蔗糖（根培养为2％）,pH5．8～60。培养温度28～30℃,光照度1000～1500lx,光照10～12h·d－1。4生长与分化情况4．1…     

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂生物学特性研究

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂为斑翅果蝇幼虫优势寄生性天敌之一,对斑翅果蝇具有较大的控制潜能.本研究以斑翅果蝇为寄主,在实验室条件下,通过饲养与观察,研究了日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寿命、行为节律、寄主选择、生长发育及繁殖.结果显示:不同营养条件下,寄生蜂寿命长短依次为20％蜂蜜水＞10％蜂蜜水＞清水＞对照.寄生蜂羽化期为8d,第4天为羽化高峰期,羽化期每日10:00-12:00为羽化高峰期,16:00-18:00为产卵活动高峰期.寄生不同龄期的斑翅果蝇幼虫对寄生蜂幼虫存活率没有影响,对蛹存活率、后代性比、总发育历期有显著影响,寄生2龄幼虫对寄生蜂有更好的适合度,也对寄主2龄幼虫有选择偏好.日本细毛环腹瘿蜂在3日龄达到产卵高峰为13.38头,平均每雌产卵147.50个.日本细毛环腹瘿蜂卵、幼虫、雄蜂蛹、雌蜂蛹历期分别为1.30 d、8.67 d、8.86 d、10.27 d,雄蜂的羽化时间比雌蜂平均提前1.41 d.综上结果,日本细毛环腹瘿蜂可作为斑翅果蝇生物防治的重要材料加以应用.     

蜀柏毒蛾生殖行为及性信息素产生与释放节律

为了探索蜀柏毒蛾Parocneria orienta Chao性信息素产生和释放规律, 为利用性信息素监测和防治蜀柏毒蛾奠定基础, 本研究在野外及室内温度22±1℃、 相对湿度75%~80%、 光周期14L∶10D条件下观察研究了蜀柏毒蛾成虫的羽化、 求偶、 交尾、 产卵行为, 触角电位反应测定处女雌蛾性信息素产生与释放的时辰节律。结果表明： 蜀柏毒蛾羽化行为全天可见, 主要集中在1:00-5:00, 占总羽化量的44.94%, 7:30-11:00进行婚飞和交尾, 交尾高峰期出现在8:30左右, 交配时间少则2 h, 多则8 h, 求偶、 交配均发生在光期。随着日龄的增加, 召唤时间前移并且延长, 1日龄的处女雌蛾交尾时间较短; 雌蛾羽化当天就可交尾, 2日龄雌蛾交尾率最高, 达36.67%。雌蛾分多处产卵, 雌蛾一生最高产卵量达402粒, 最低产卵量为78粒。羽化当天的雌蛾体内性信息素含量较低, 第2天最高, 以后逐日下降; 2日龄蜀柏毒蛾处女雌蛾性信息素的产生量从7:00起逐渐增加, 8:30-9:30时最高, 9:30后逐渐减小。雄蛾对处女雌蛾腺体提取物的触角电位反应在8:30-9:00最强, 说明8:30-9:00是雌蛾产生和释放性信息素的高峰期。蜀柏毒蛾的羽化、 求偶、 交尾及性信息素的产生与释放存在一定的时辰节律, 野外处女雌蛾诱蛾试验证实了性信息素释放与交配行为在时辰节律上的一致性。     

北京地区大仓鼠种群繁殖生态研究

1983-1985年,作者在北京农田区研究了大仓鼠的种群生态。获得标本1101号(♀497,♂604),解剖、观察、测量、记录雌雄生殖系统的变化及繁殖特征。对大仓鼠的雌雄性比、平均胎仔数、怀孕率等作了分析。结果:春季出生的雌鼠,两个月左右即达性成熟,并参加繁殖,在7月以后出生的雌鼠当年不参加繁殖。越冬鼠一年可繁殖2-3次。在数量较高的1983年,性比(♂/♀)为1.33,平均胎仔数为9.24;数量次高的1984年,性比为1.20,平均胎仔数为9.29;数量较低的1985年,性比为0.95,平均胎仔数为9.94。在数量较低的年份,大仓鼠种群的各项繁殖指标均优于数量较高的年份。     

豆野螟成虫行为学特征及性信息素产生与释放节律

豆野螟Maruca vitrata (Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。本文在（29±1）℃、相对湿度75%～80%、光周期14L∶10D条件下研究了豆野螟成虫的羽化、交尾行为以及雌蛾性信息素的释放节律。结果表明：其羽化行为全天可见,在雌蛾中,86%于暗期羽化; 在雄蛾中,73%于暗期羽化。雌雄蛾羽化行为在暗期第4、5和8 h差异达到显著 (t>4; P<0.05)。交尾活动发生在暗期19：00到5：00之间,交尾持续时间最短约为20 min,最长约为90 min,3日龄进入暗期第5 h具有最高的交尾率。1、6和7日龄成虫具有单个交尾高峰,2到5日龄成虫具有两个交尾高峰。同一日龄成虫交尾在暗期前半段平均花费的时间要明显高于在后半段花费的时间。低龄和高龄的成虫用于交尾的时间明显高于中龄的性成熟成虫。成虫的开始交尾时间随着日龄的增加逐渐前移。雄蛾对进入暗期后第5 h和第9 h处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强,对 3日龄处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强。处女雌蛾田间诱蛾试验表明：23：00-01：00为诱蛾高峰期,3日龄处女雌蛾的诱蛾效果最好。该蛾的羽化、交尾及性信息素产生与释放均存在节律上的一致性。雌蛾的性信息素释放的时间较长,见于整个暗期,然而交尾行为发生时间较短,主要发生于两个交尾高峰之间。     

梨小食心虫成虫性比、日羽化节律及活动规律

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是我国重要的果树害虫,本文利用室内饲养观察、室外田间模拟、果园采集饲养等方法系统研究了梨小食心虫成虫的性比及日羽化节律;并利用性诱剂、糖醋液、黑光灯等诱集梨小食心虫成虫,研究了梨小食心虫成虫的活动规律。结果表明:1、田间采集调查表明,梨小食心虫成虫雌雄比例为1∶1.143,室内饲养雌雄比例为1∶1.708。2、梨小食心虫成虫羽化时间主要集中在4:00—10:00,其中以6:00—8:00羽化率最高;梨小食心虫在室外羽化时间比室内推迟2 h左右,室外梨小食心虫比室内普遍晚4 d羽化,这可能与室外温度和光照条件有关;雌虫羽化较雄虫早1² d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.12 d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.1¹.7,主要在早晨及上午羽化,雌虫较雄虫先羽化;在果园活动时间主要为晚上20:00—22:00。本结果可为梨小食心虫的田间性诱剂监测和诱捕、迷向防治提供指导。     

Register of newly diagnosed diabetic children.

In November 1972 the British Diabetic Association sponsored a register to which notification was invited of all new cases of diabetes occurring in children aged 0-15 years in Great Britain and Ireland. More than 2000 cases were notified in the first two years. Notification suggested that there was a minimum yearly incidence of 7-67 cases per 100 000, though incidences varied from year to year and by geographical area. Several reports of simultaneous onset of diabetes in sibs of different ages provided evidence of clustering. A seasonal variation in incidence was found in children aged 5-15 years with peaks in the autumn and winter. The age distribution was bimodal with a main peak at about 11 years and a secondary peak at about 5 years. The sex ratio showed a male excess from 0-4 years and from 11-15 years and a female excess from 5-10 years. Overall there were slightly more male cases. Altogether 11% of patients had a first-degree relative with diabetes. The register and several investigations based on it will continue.     

室内条件下以枣树为寄主的苹褐带卷蛾的生长发育、繁殖及对产卵基质的选择性

【目的】苹褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana在陕北红枣种植区对枣树Ziziphus jujube的危害有逐年加重的趋势。本研究旨在明确以枣树为寄主的苹褐带卷蛾发育历期、繁殖能力及雌虫对产卵基质的选择性,为准确预测、高效治理该虫提供理论依据。【方法】在室温25±1℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期15L∶9D的条件下,以枣树叶片为食料,观察苹褐带卷蛾实验种群的生长发育及繁殖能力;通过测定补充不同营养物质后雌蛾的单雌产卵量,评价外源营养对苹褐带卷蛾繁殖力的影响;通过观察苹褐带卷蛾雌蛾在硫酸纸、滤纸、白纸、PE保鲜膜及装订胶片5种基质上的总落卵量,确定其对无机产卵基质的选择性。【结果】苹褐带卷蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的平均发育历期分别为7.38±1.22, 16.59±2.16, 7.01±0.79和16.65±5.15 d,平均世代历期为33.87±3.64 d。苹褐带卷蛾在枣树上的内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)和种群加倍时间(Dt)分别为0.15 d^-1,1.16 d^-1和4.67 d,平均产卵量达339.52±129.93粒/雌。雌虫可多次产卵,表现出明显的昼夜节律(多在0:00-8:00时段内);平均产卵次数6.26±2.09次,雌虫羽化后第3-5天达到产卵盛期。雌蛾在PE保鲜膜上的总落卵量显著大于在其他产卵基质上的总落卵量。补给不同浓度白糖水的雌蛾,其产卵量与补给纯净水的雌蛾的产卵量差异不显著。【结论】苹褐带卷蛾能够以枣树叶片为食物完成发育并繁殖可育后代,PE保鲜膜是其雌蛾适宜的无机产卵基质。     

Experience versus effort: what explains dynamic heterogeneity with respect to age?

Age‐related patterns of survival and reproduction have been explained by accumulated experience (‘experience hypothesis’), increased effort (‘effort hypothesis’), and intrinsic differences in phenotypes (‘selection hypothesis’). We examined the experience and effort hypotheses using a 40‐year data set in a population of Leach's storm‐petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa, long‐lived seabirds for which the effect of phenotypic variation has been previously demonstrated. Age was quantified by time since recruitment (‘breeding age’). The best model of adult survival included a positive effect of breeding age (1, 2, 3+ years), sex (male > female), and year. Among‐individuals variation (fixed heterogeneity) accounted for 31.6% of the variance in annual reproductive success. We further examined within‐individual patterns in reproductive success (dynamic heterogeneity) in the subset of individuals with at least five breeding attempts. Three distinct phases characterized reproductive success – early increase, long asymptotic peak, late decline. No effect of early reproductive output on longevity was found, however, early success was positively correlated with lifetime reproductive success. Reproductive success was lower earlier than later in life. Among the few natally philopatric individuals in the population, age of first breeding had no effect on longevity, lifetime reproductive success, or early reproductive success. No support for the effort hypothesis was found in this population. Instead, age‐specific patterns of survival and reproduction in these birds are best explained by the experience hypothesis over and above the effect of intrinsic differences among individuals.     

Fluctuations in peripheral serum testosterone levels within a day, with age and by sexual stimulation in male beagle dogs bred indoors

Fluctuations in serum levels of testosterone (T) within a day, both with age and as a result of sexual stimulation, were examined in male beagle dogs. Eighty male dogs aged between 3 months and 16 years and bred in our laboratory were used under strictly controlled breeding conditions (temperature: 22 +/- 1 degree C, relative humidity: 55 +/- 5%, lighting time: 8:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m.). The level of T was measured by an RIA method. In order to examine the fluctuation in T level within a day, blood samples were obtained at 0:00, 6:00, 12:00 and 18:00 in each of five dogs aged 1.7 and 2.1 years. T levels fluctuated with a regular pattern that was lowest at 12:00, and increased to a peak at 18:00-6:00, thereafter decreasing until 12:00. In order to examine the change in T level with age, blood samples were obtained at 9:00, 12:00 and 16:00 from 70 dogs aged between 3 months and 16 years. The regular diurnal pattern of T level was usually seen, and the levels at 12:00 were always low and did not fluctuate at any age except for 6 months, and 13, 14 and 16 years. The T level at 9:00 increased to reach a peak at 4 years, whereas that at 16:00 did so at 2 years. T levels at 9:00 were significantly higher at 4-12 and 14 years than at 3 months, and were higher at 4 years than at 9 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Circadian changes in serum concentrations of steroids in Japanese char Salvelinus leucomaenis at the stage of final maturation

Circadian changes in serum concentrations of testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), estradiol-17beta (E2), 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), cortisol (F) and progesterone (P) were investigated in the spermiated/ovulated Japanese char Salvelinus leucomaenis for over three days using newly developed time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays. Testosterone and DHP in both sex and 11KT in male showed significantly (P<0.05) higher serum levels just before/after onset of darkness (15:00 or 18:00), and the levels during night and daytime were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of the peak levels. Serum F levels in both sex during dark phase were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those levels during daytime. A surge of serum OHP concentrations in both sexes was observed at the time of twilight (03:00). The peak time of serum T, 11KT and DHP levels were approximately 6 hours prior to those of serum F and OHP levels. Serum E2 in female and P in both sex fluctuated intensely during sampling period, and did not show remarkable changes. These results strongly suggest the existence of circadian-like diel changes in serum T, DHP, F and OHP levels in both sex and 11KT in male, and no variations in serum E2 in female and P in both sex in spermiated/ovulated Japanese char under the stage of final maturation. Furthermore, relationship between circadian rhythms of steroid hormones and spawning behaviors are discussed in the present study.