不同方法保存的蜜蜂基因组DNA提取的比较

目的:找出适合DNA提取的昆虫标本保存方法。方法:用几种常用的昆虫标本保存方法对蜜蜂处理不同时间后,用蛋白酶K法对其基因组DNA进行提取和纯化,然后对提取产物做琼脂糖凝胶电泳及紫外吸收分析。结果:75%乙醇及冻存处理材料的基因组DNA得率较高,为7.13～8.85μg/g,电泳条带较亮;甲醛处理材料的基因组DNA得率较低,为1.50～3.21μg/g。结论:用75%乙醇及冻存处理蜜蜂较适合于其基因组DNA的提取,不宜用甲醛。     

蚧虫基因组DNA不同提取方法的比较

实验以日本龟蜡蚧CeroplastesjaponicusGreen,白蜡绵粉蚧PhenacoccusfraxinusTang ,朝鲜球蚧DidesmococcuskoreanusBorchseniush和瘤大球坚蚧EulecaniumgiganteaShinji等 4种蚧虫为材料 ,分别用十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)法、十六烷基三乙基溴化铵 (CTAB)法、醋酸钾 (KAc)法和氯化钠 (NaCl)法等 4种方法 ,对单只蚧虫进行基因组DNA提取 ,用 0 8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测所提DNA。结果表明 ,4种方法都可以提取到基因组DNA ,但是比较而言 ,CTAB法和NaCl法所提取的DNA质量明显优于SDS法和KAc法 ,并适用于PCR。因此认为 ,CTAB法和NaCl法是实验室提取单只蚧虫基因组DNA更有效而实用的方法。     

福尔马林保存的动物标本基因组DNA的提取方法

从在福尔马林长期保存的动物标本中提取基因组DNA用于分子生物学研究一直是一个未得到彻底解决的难题。本文提出了一种从浸泡在福尔马林的大仓鼠肝脏和日本鳗鲡肌肉标本中提取基因组DNA的新方法。取浸泡于福尔马林中的大仓鼠肝脏或日本鳗2鲡肌肉适量,用PBS溶液冲洗,放在灭菌的吸水纸上将其揩干,于超净工作台内用无菌剪刀将材料剪成50mg的小块,放入PBS液浸泡12－24h;然后转入70％的乙醇中处理12－24h。依次换入下列梯度酒精中处理：80％乙醇,2h,重复一次;90％乙醇,2h,重复一次;95％乙醇,2h,重复一次;100％乙醇,1h,重复一次。然后将材料放入1／2倍的PBS液中浸泡12h。其间更换一次溶液。提取方法参考Sambroock等人（1989）,加蛋白K瓣量按标准量（100μg/mlL),在50－56℃温浴3－6h处理过程中,不断轻摇混匀,视消化效果可以重复加入标准量的1／2倍蛋白酶K进行消化,直至将材料完全消化为止;酚氯仿抽提最后一次的上清液移入透析袋中透析;沉淀DNA时,在－20℃下20min效果为宜。该方法主要特点在于对标本进行预处理,在保证不使DNA进一步了解的前提下,首先去除标本中所含的福尔马林溶液的成分,然后利用改进的酚氯仿抽提法提取该类标本的基因组DNA,再进一步用透析法纯化DNA。研究结果表明,采用该方法提取和纯化被试标本基因组DNA能较好地应用于RAPD,微卫星位点的PCR扩增、Suthern和斑点杂交。     

鸢尾属药用植物总DNA提取方法的比较研究

以鸢尾属（Iris L．）药用植物鸢尾Iris tectorum Maxim．叶片为材料,分别采用CTAB法、高盐低pH法、SDS法和试剂盒法四种方法提取植物总DNA,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计、ISSR和RAPD四种方法对所提取的DNA样品进行检测。结果表明,用SDS—I法提取的植物总DNA纯度、浓度和完整性都很高,从经济角度考虑优于用试剂盒提取,从提取效果考虑不亚于用CTAB法和高盐低pH法提取,是比较适合鸢尾属植物总DNA提取的方法。     

两种方法制备模板DNA在PCR-SSCP中的应用研究

目的:比较两种方法(DNA试剂盒提取法和FTA卡法)提取的DNA在PCR-SSCP反中的可靠性.方法:用DNA试剂盒从全血中提取DNA和用NaOH方法从FTA卡中提取DNA后,用分光光度计检测两种方法提取DNA的浓度及纯度,进行PCR反应之后,用2％的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其质量,接着进行SSCP检测,观测其效果.两种方法提取的样品相同,进行PCR反应和SSCP检测的条件完全一致.结果:用DNA试剂盒提取法和FTA卡法提取的DNA纯度分别为OD260/280=1.817,OD260/280=1.806.48份贵州荷斯坦奶牛DNA后续PCR反应和SSCP的检测结果表明,两种方法提取的DNA用于PCR反应和SSCP检测其效果没有明显差别,成功率为100％.结论:FTA卡结合DNA较稳定,用NaOH法提取DNA效果可靠且比试剂盒方法简便、快捷、经济,值得推广.     

一种改良的植物基因组DNA通用提取方法

高质量的基因组DNA是分子生物学研究的基础,而从富含糖类和次生代谢物且异质性强的植物材料中分离DNA相对困难。本方法在CTAB法和商业DNA提取试剂盒的基础上,在裂解细胞之前,对植物材料进行预处理．去除干扰DNA提取的代谢物,并在后续步骤中进行了一些优化。该方法适于多种不同的植物种类,所提取的基因组DNA质量较好,能满足下一步基因操作的要求,是一种通用的植物基因组DNA提取方法。     

不同保存方式下蝗虫组织DNA的提取及RAPD分析

为了开展蝗虫分子系统学研究,分别对冷冻、乙醇浸泡(100%、乙醇、70％乙醇)和干制蝗虫标本用饱和NaCl法进行了基因组DNA的提取,并用随机引物进行扩增,结果表明：70％乙醇固定的标本和部分干标本提取的总DNA得率较低,在琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测中大音琏分有明显降解,导致PCR扩增中信息缺失,甚至无扩增条带;而保存完好的干标本、-20℃冷冻标本和100%,乙醇浸泡标本提取的总DNA带型整齐,无拖尾,PCR扩增结果的稳定性好,成为蝗虫分子系统学研究中首选的三种保存方式。     

一种提取动物基因组总DNA的野外样品保存方法

为了确定一种方便的野外动物样品保存方法,以新鲜材料作对照,从-20℃冰箱、70%乙醇、含50mmol/L EDTA的70%乙醇、95%乙醇、液氮处理的高原鼠肌肉和肝脏组织中提取基因组总DNA。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度计对提取的基因组总DNA质量进行检测。结果显示:相同处理的肝脏DNA产量大,肌肉组织提取的DNA质量好;各种保存方法提取的DNA降解程度依次为,-20℃冰箱、70%乙醇>含50mmol/L EDTA的70%乙醇、95%乙醇>液氮>新鲜。选择新鲜肌肉和95%酒精处理的肌肉样品提取的总DNA作模板,进行微卫星PCR扩增,均可获得清晰的电泳带。将该方法用于高原鼢鼠,进行线粒体12S rRNA、Cytb和D-loop区测序,结果显示该方法保存的样品与新鲜样品没有差别。因此,在野外用95%乙醇固定肌肉样品是一种可行的样品保存方法。     

细菌DNA的一种大量提取方法

本文介绍了一种大量提取细菌DNA的方法。该法是用60℃裂解菌体,以氯仿-苯酚去除蛋白,用Rnase去除RNA,用1倍体积95%乙醇沉淀DNA,省略了异丙醇沉淀步骤。而且该方法操作方便,对仪器要求不高。该法改进结果是:可稳定地得到50—60%的DNA回收率。可用于革兰氏阴性和阳性细菌的DNA提取。有些菌株用Marmur法和Zaslott法提取,DNA回收率在10%以下,采用本法仍能得到50%的回收率。每次提取的DNA量在毫克数量级。特别适合用于Tm法测定DNA G+C mol%含量所需DNA样品的制备。     

一种高效的哺乳动物粪便DNA提取通用方法

以粪便为材料提取动物DNA进行动物保护遗传学和分子生态学研究的关键是能否提取到高质量的粪便DNA.然而提取方法通用性不好和产物质量不高等问题阻碍了粪便DNA分析技术的推广.本文介绍的改进型十六烷基三甲基溴化铵提取法可广泛适用于各食性哺乳动物粪便DNA提取,在11种不同食性动物的粪便DNA提取实验中验证了它的可靠性和通用性.本方法成本低廉(3元/样),用实验室常规试剂即可完成粪便DNA提取,其产物纯度高于专用试剂盒QIAamp DNA Stool Kit,在拥有超过专业试剂盒提取效果的同时尽可能的降低了实验成本,有利于粪便DNA技术的推广.     

一种改进的显微注射用DNA片段的纯化方法

目的显微注射用DNA的纯度是影响转基因动物制备成功与否的重要因素,本文建立一种可行的适用于普通实验室的纯化DNA方法,替代普遍使用的试剂盒纯化方法。方法分别使用酚-氯仿多次抽提法及常规的凝胶提取试剂盒纯化含有蚓激酶基因的DNA片段,通过显微注射技术将纯化的DNA片段导入小鼠受精卵的原核,制备转基因小鼠。根据转基因实验的结果对两种方法进行比较。结果使用两种方法纯化DNA均能获得转基因小鼠。在DNA纯度及注射卵的存活率上,两种方法无明显差别;在移植卵的出生率及转基因阳性率上,抽提法优于试剂盒法。结论本实验建立的抽提方法可以替代试剂盒方法纯化显微注射用DNA片段,在降低实验成本、简化实验条件及提高转基因阳性率方面具有优势。     

一种实用可靠的古代 DNA 获取方法

古代DNA序列信息能够为物种演化研究提供最直接的分子证据,但获取古代DNA的技术仍存在诸多瓶颈,尤其是扩增中存在受损伤DNA模板的干扰、获取成本高和实验周期长等问题．改进了异丙醇沉淀提取法,并采用了尿嘧啶糖苷酶(UNG)去除受损伤DNA模板后进行扩增的方法,最终可以高效地获取真实的古代DNA序列．实验利用距今4 300～3 900年前的猪牙样本,将改进的古 DNA 获取方法与常规方法进行比较研究,结果表明,改进的异丙醇沉淀法提取结合UNG处理后进行PCR扩增的方法,可以在保证古代DNA获取成功率并提高获得的DNA序列可靠性的前提下,将经费投入和实验周期都各减少至常规方法的50%以下．这可以为开展大规模古代样本检测提供一种切实可行的 DNA 获取方法．     

Optimal extraction methods for the simultaneous analysis of DNA from diverse organisms and sample types

Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to assess the distribution of micro‐ and macroorganisms is becoming increasingly popular. However, the comparability and reliability of these studies is not well understood as we lack evidence on how different DNA extraction methods affect the detection of different organisms, and how this varies among sample types. Our aim was to quantify biases associated with six DNA extraction methods and identify one which is optimal for eDNA research targeting multiple organisms and sample types. We assessed each methods’ ability to simultaneously extract bacterial, fungal, plant, animal and fish DNA from soil, leaf litter, stream water, stream sediment, stream biofilm and kick‐net samples, as well as from mock communities. Method choice affected alpha‐diversity for several combinations of taxon and sample type, with the majority of the differences occurring in the bacterial communities. While a single method performed optimally for the extraction of DNA from bacterial, fungal and plant mock communities, different methods performed best for invertebrate and fish mock communities. The consistency of methods, as measured by the similarity of community compositions resulting from replicate extractions, varied and was lowest for the animal communities. Collectively, these data provide the first comprehensive assessment of the biases associated with DNA extraction for both different sample types and taxa types, allowing us to identify DNeasy PowerSoil as a universal DNA extraction method. The adoption of standardized approaches for eDNA extraction will ensure that results can be more reliably compared, and biases quantified, thereby advancing eDNA as an ecological research tool.     

Using microwaves to prepare gastropods for DNA barcoding

Extracting DNA from gastropods presents particular difficulties due to the capacity of the living animal to retract into the shell, resulting in poor penetration of the ethanol into the tissues. Because the shell is essential to establish the link between sequences and traditional taxonomic identity, cracking the shell to facilitate fixation is not ideal. Several methods are currently in routine use to overcome this difficulty, including chemical relaxation, drilling the shell and boiling. Most of these methods are time‐consuming, may be safety hazards and constitute a bottleneck in the preparation of large numbers of specimens in the field. We have experimented with a method traditionally used to clean shells that involves placing the living gastropods in a microwave (MW) oven; the electromagnetic radiation very quickly heats both the animal and the water trapped inside the shell, resulting in separation of the muscles that anchor the animal to the shell. Done properly, the body can be removed intact from the shell and the shell voucher is preserved undamaged. To test the method, the bodies of live‐collected specimens from two gastropod species were separated from their shell by microwaving and by anesthetizing/drilling. After identical extraction and PCR procedures, the gels showed no difference in DNA quantity or quality, and the resulting sequences are identical within species. The method was then implemented on a large scale during expeditions, resulting in higher percentage of DNA extraction success. The MWs are also effective for quickly and easily removing other molluscs from their shells, that is, bivalves and scaphopods. Workflows implementing the MW technique show a three‐ to fivefold increase in productivity compared with other methods.     

鸡肠道菌群总DNA三种提取方法的比较

目的比较不同方法提取鸡肠道菌群总DNA的差异,为分子方法分析肠道菌群组成提供质量较高的DNA模板。方法采用反复冻融法、酶裂解法和试剂盒法（E.N.Z.A Stool DNA Kit）来提取鸡肠道菌群的总DNA,并根据DNA浓度及纯度、16S DNA扩增产物和ERIC-PCR产物所反映的片段多态性4个指标,对这3种方法提取的DNA质量进行比较。结果3种方法均能提取DNA,所得DNA都可以用于16S DNA的扩增,但后2种方法所得DNA的ERIC-PCR结果能反映出更高的菌群多样性。结论试剂盒法和酶裂解法所提取的DNA质量好,适合用于肠道菌群的分子生态研究。     

临床标本细菌基因组DNA提取方法探讨

目的优化细菌基因组DNA提取方法,使其适合临床细菌分子生物学检测需要。方法分别采用专用DNA提取液法、热裂解法、溶菌酶法、热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法,对纯培养细菌和临床标本中细菌基因组DNA进行提取。结果专用DNA提取液法、溶菌酶法提取成功率为100%,热裂解法革兰阳性菌提取成功率为0%,革兰阴性菌成功率为100%,碱性裂解液法在NaOH浓度大于4 mmol时提取成功,临床标本在NaOH溶液超过20 mmol/L并含2%SDS时细菌基因组DNA的提取成功率为100%。结论热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法提取细菌基因组DNA方便快速、简单实用,适用临床标本检测。     

高温环境样品总DNA直接和间接提取方法的比较

分别采用两种环境总DNA直接提取法和一种间接提取法从6种温泉菌席样品中提取总DNA,以DNA粗产物的纯度、能否用于后续PCR扩增及PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)所反映的微生物多样性为评价指标对两类方法进行比较和评价。研究发现,虽然间接提取法效率低下,但对于高温极端环境中生物量较小的样品,间接法能得到有研究价值的、纯度较高的环境样品总DNA,而直接法得到的DNA量小且不适于PCR扩增操作。在使用这2类方法都能得到可用于研究操作的DNA的情况下,间接提取法能更好的体现环境样品中微生物的多样性。     

几种中药DNA提取方法的比较研究

以丹参、绞股蓝、三七为材料,分别采取CTAB法和SDS法提取基因组DNA,并通过紫外分光光度法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对所提取的DNA样品进行检测,将它们在DNA产量、质量等方面的优缺点进行总结。结果表明,CTAB法能从丹参、绞股蓝中提取高质量的DNA,而三七的DNA更适合用SDS法提取。     

Testing four proposed barcoding markers for the identification of species within Ligustrum L.(Oleaceae)

DNA barcoding is a biological technique that uses short and standardized genes or DNA regions to facilitate species identification. DNA barcoding has been used successfully in several animal and plant groups. Ligustrum (Oleaceae) species occur widely throughout the world and are used as medicinal plants in China. Therefore, the accurate identification of species in this genus is necessary. Four potential DNA barcodes, namely the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and three chloroplast (cp) DNA regions (rbcL, marK, and trnH-psbA),were used to differentiate species within Ligustrum. BLAST, character-based method, tree-based methods and TAXONDNA analysis were used to investigate the molecular identification capabilities of the chosen markers for discriminating 92 samples representing 20 species of this genus. The results showed that the ITS sequences have the most variable information, followed by trnH-psbA, matK, and rbcL. All sequences of the four regions correctly identified the species at the genus level using BLAST alignment. At the species level, the discriminating power of rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA and ITS based on neighbor-joining (NJ) trees was 36.8%, 38.9%, 77.8%, and 80%,respectively. Using character-based and maximum parsimony (MP) tree methods together, the discriminating ability of trnH-psbA increased to 88.9%. All species could be differentiated using ITS when combining the NJ tree method with character-based or MP tree methods. Overall, the results indicate that DNA barcoding is an effective molecular identification method for Ligustrum species. We propose the nuclear ribosomal ITS as a plant barcode for plant identification and trnH-psbA as a candidate barcode sequence.