Cloning of a NaCl-induced fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase cDNA from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dunaliella salina</Emphasis> and its expression in tobacco

Using Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique, the full-length cDNA encoding a NaCl-induced fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase (DsALDP) was obtained. It was shown that the DsALDP had a relatively high homology (66%–73%) to chloroplast fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase (AldP) in many plants according to their amino acid sequences. The phylogenetic analysis further confirmed that AldP in alga is the nearest to DsALDP. As to its expression pattern,DsALDP was denovo synthesized by NaCl induction. Its expression level was significantly changed with inducing time. After the selectedDsALDP cDNA subcloned into a binary vector pBI121, the new construct was introduced into tobacco byAgrobacterium tumefaciens. The results of Southern blot and RT-PCR analysis of four transgenic T1 plants indicated thatDsALDP was integrated into genome of these transgenic plants and effectively expressed. Aldolase activities have been detected in T1-1, T1-2 and T1-3 plants by bioassay under 100–200 mmol/L NaCl. It was also observed that proline contents in them were differentially increased.     

Modification of photosynthetic regulation in tomato overexpressing glutathione peroxidase

To investigate the function of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in plants, we produced transgenic tomato plants overexpressing an eukaryotic selenium-independent GPX (GPX5). We show here that total GPX activity was increased by 50% in transgenic plants, when compared to control plants transformed with the binary vector without the insert (PZP111). A preliminary two-dimensional electrophoretic protein analysis of the GPX overexpressing plants showed notably a decrease in the accumulation of proteins identified as rubisco small subunit 1 and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, two proteins involved in photosynthesis. These observations, together with the fact that in standard culture conditions, GPX-overexpressing plants were not phenotypically distinct from control plants prompted us to challenge the plants with a chilling treatment that is known to affect photosynthesis activity. We found that upon chilling treatment with low light level, photosynthesis was not affected in GPX-overexpressing plants while it was in control plants, as revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase activity. These results suggest that overexpression of a selenium-independent GPX in tomato plants modifies specifically gene expression and leads to modifications of photosynthetic regulation processes.     

Modulation of the interaction between aldolase and glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase by fructose phosphates

Kinetics of fructose-1,6-disphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) catalyzed conversion of fructose phosphates was analyzed by coupling the aldolase reactions to the metabolically sequential enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), which interacts with aldolase. At low enzyme concentration poly(ethylene glycol) was added to promote complex formation of aldolase and glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a 3-fold increase in KM of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and no change in Vmax. Kinetic parameters for fructose-1-phosphate conversion changed inversely upon complex formation: Vmax increased while KM remained unchanged. Gel penetration and ion-exchange chromatographic experiments showed positive modulation of the interaction of aldolase and dehydrogenase by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. The dissociation constant of the heterologous enzyme complex decreased 10-fold in the presence of this substrate. Fructose-1-phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate had no effect on the dissociation constant of the aldolase-dehydrogenase complex. In addition, titration of fluorescein-labelled glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase with aldolase indicated that both fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and fructose-2,6-biphosphate enhanced the affinity of aldolase to glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase. The results of the kinetic and binding experiments suggest that binding of the C-6 phosphate group of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to aldolase complexed with dehydrogenase is sterically impeded while saturation of the C-6 phosphate group site increases the affinity of aldolase for dehydrogenase. The possible molecular mechanism of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate modulated interaction is discussed.     

Constitutive over-expression of AtGSK1 induces NaCl stress responses in the absence of NaCl stress and results in enhanced NaCl tolerance in Arabidopsis

GSK3/shaggy-like protein kinases have been shown to play diverse roles in development and signal transduction pathways in various organisms. An Arabidopsis homologue of GSK3/shaggy-like kinase, AtGSK1, has been shown to be involved in NaCl stress responses. In order to further clarify the role of AtGSK1 in NaCl stress responses in plants, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that over-expressed AtGSK1 mRNA. These plants showed enhanced resistance to NaCl stress when assayed either as whole plants or by measurement of root growth on NaCl plates. In addition, AtGSK1 transgenic plants in the absence of NaCl stress showed phenotypic changes, such as accumulation of anthocyanin, that were similar to those observed in wild-type plants under NaCl stress. Transgenic plants accumulated 30-50% more Na+ than did wild-type plants when subjected to NaCl stress, and Ca2+ content was increased by 15-30% in the transgenic plants regardless of the NaCl stress level. Northern blotting revealed that AtGSK1 over-expression induced expression of the NaCl stress-responsive genes AtCP1, RD29A and CHS1 in the absence of NaCl stress. In addition, AtCBL1 and AtCP1 were super-induced in the NaCl-stressed transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AtGSK1 is involved in the signal transduction pathway(s) of NaCl stress responses in Arabidopsis.     

Starch biosynthesis from triose-phosphate in transgenic potato tubers expressing plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

A full length cDNA clone encoding plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cp-FBPase), together with a transit peptide, was isolated from a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaf cDNA library. Potato plants were transformed with the isolated cp-FBPase sequence behind a patatin class I promoter to ensure tuber-specific expression of the enzyme. Plant lines were selected which expressed up to 250 mU (g FW)-1 in the developing tubers, which is 10- to 20-fold the activity found in wild-type tubers. Intact amyloplasts were isolated from in vitro-grown minitubers developed in darkness. Comparison with marker enzymes showed that cp-FBPase activity in transgenic tubers, as well as the low FBPase activity in the wild-type tubers, was localised inside the amyloplasts. The intact amyloplasts isolated from both wild-type and transgenic tubers synthesised starch from [U-14C] glucose-6-phosphate. Conversely, only the transgenic tubers expressing cp-FBPase showed appreciable synthesis of starch from [U-14C] dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and this synthesis rate was correlated to the activity of cp-FBPase. Thus, the expression of cp-FBPase in tubers allows for a new route of starch biosynthesis from triose-phosphates imported from the cytosol. The transgenic tubers did not differ from wild-type tubers with respect to starch content, or the levels of neutral sugars and phosphorylated hexoses.     

Heterology expression of the Arabidopsis C-repeat/dehydration response element binding factor 1 gene confers elevated tolerance to chilling and oxidative stresses in transgenic tomato

In an attempt to improve stress tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants, an expression vector containing an Arabidopsis C-repeat/dehydration responsive element binding factor 1 (CBF1) cDNA driven by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was transferred into tomato plants. Transgenic expression of CBF1 was proved by northern- and western-blot analyses. The degree of chilling tolerance of transgenic T(1) and T(2) plants was found to be significantly greater than that of wild-type tomato plants as measured by survival rate, chlorophyll fluorescence value, and radical elongation. The transgenic tomato plants exhibited patterns of growth retardation; however, they resumed normal growth after GA(3) (gibberellic acid) treatment. More importantly, GA(3)-treated transgenic plants still exhibited a greater degree of chilling tolerance compared with wild-type plants. Subtractive hybridization was performed to isolate the responsive genes of heterologous Arabidopsis CBF1 in transgenic tomato plants. CATALASE1 (CAT1) was obtained and showed activation in transgenic tomato plants. The CAT1 gene and catalase activity were also highly induced in the transgenic tomato plants. The level of H(2)O(2) in the transgenic plants was lower than that in the wild-type plants under either normal or cold conditions. The transgenic plants also exhibited considerable tolerance against oxidative damage induced by methyl viologen. Results from the current study suggest that heterologous CBF1 expression in transgenic tomato plants may induce several oxidative-stress responsive genes to protect from chilling stress.     

AtNHX1基因对草木樨状黄芪的转化和耐盐性表达研究

应用RT-PCR技术从100mmol/LNaCl胁迫处理的拟南芥幼中克隆得到编码液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白的AtNHX1基因cDNA 编码ORF.并在该ORF上游分别插入CaMV 35启动子和TMV RNA5'UTR的Ω片段,而在下游插入NOS polyA构建真核表达盒,进而将该表达盒插入双元植物表达栽体pNT质粒的T-DNA区构建了携带AtNHX1 基因的植物表达载体质粒pNT-AtNHX1.将pNT-AtNHX1 导入农杆菌LBA4404,用农杆菌介导法将AtNHX1 基因导入豆科牧草草木樨状黄芪中,共获得103株Kan抗性再生植株.通过对农杆菌茵液浓度、侵染时间和乙酰丁香酮浓度等影响转化效率的因素进行优化,初步建立了稳定的草木樨状黄芪农杆菌转化体系.经过PCR检测、Southern杂交和RT-PCR检测表明,AtNHX1 基因已被成功整合到草木樨状黄芪基因组中,并且能够正常转录.野生型和转基因株系诱发的愈伤组织进行耐盐生长实验,结果显示相同盐胁迫条件下,转基因愈伤组织的相对生长率显著高于野生型愈伤组织.施加梯度NaCl胁迫后,植株叶片K ,Na 含量和叶片相对电导率测定结果显示,转基因植物叶片比野生型积累更多的Na 和K ,维持较高的K /Na ;转基因株系叶片相对电导率显著低于野生型.上述结果表明,AtNHX1 基因的导入和表达在提高草木樨状黄芪耐盐性的同时减轻了盐胁迫对植物细胞膜的伤害.关键词: AtNHX1 草木樨状黄芪农杆菌遗传转化耐盐性.     

转OsCDPK7基因水稻的培育与耐盐性分析

以4℃处理的水稻品种辽盐241植株叶片总RNA为模板, 用基因特异引物通过RT-PCR扩增出1 700 bp的OsCDPK7基因。该基因序列比已报道的基因序列(GenBank登录号：AB042550)缺失了26个氨基酸, 而丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性中心和钙结合结构域完整, 具备钙依赖的蛋白激酶活性。构建了由组成型启动子E12调控的OsCDPK7基因植物表达载体, 利用农杆菌介导法转化水稻, 经Km筛选及Southern杂交验证, 获得10株转基因植株。耐盐性分析表明：OsCDPK7基因的组成型表达提高了T₂代转基因植株的耐盐性, 部分转基因水稻在0.2 mol/L NaCl培养基中能够萌发; 幼苗期水稻经0.4 mol/L NaCl浇灌10 d, 去除胁迫后能恢复正常生长; 而对照在以上情况下均不能萌发和恢复。结果表明, 利用植物信号转导过程中的调控因子能够提高转基因作物的耐盐性。然而, 在不同耐性的转基因植株中, OsCDPK7基因的表达有一定的差异。     

35S驱动Pib基因启动区和编码区的转基因初步分析

将包含Pib基因启动区及下游完整编码区的9.9 kb DNA片段克隆到双元载体pPZP2Ha3(+)中, 构建了35S驱动的正义表达载体pNAR701(20.3 kb); 同时将Pib基因编码区6 986~9 392 bp之间的DNA片段, 克隆到双元载体pPZP2Ha3(-)中, 构建了35S驱动的反义表达载体pNAR703(12.8 kb); 用农杆菌介导法转入中感稻瘟病水稻品种R109中。PCR、Southern blot鉴定以及转基因T0代种子的潮霉素抗性鉴定证明, 目的基因已经整合到R109基因组中, 并能在后代稳定遗传。Northern blot分析表明含有启动区及下游完整编码的Pib基因片段在35S驱动下能够在转基因后代中表达。对T1代苗期转基因植株和分蘖期离体叶片进行抗稻瘟病初步分析, 结果显示pNAR701转基因植株对稻瘟病生理小种ZD1和ZG1的抗性较对照增强, 而转反义片段的pNAR703转基因植株对稻瘟病的抗性较对照减弱。     

Cloning and molecular characterization of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase gene regulated by high-salinity and drought in Sesuvium portulacastrum

Sesuvium portulacastrum, a mangrove plant from seashore, is a halophyte species well adapted to salinity and drought. Some efforts have been made to describe its physiological and structural characteristics on salt and drought-tolerance, but the underlying molecular mechanism and key components have not yet been identified. Here, a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase gene, designated SpFBA, was isolated and characterized from S. portulacastrum roots in response to seawater. The SpFBA cDNA has a total length of 1452 bp with an open reading frame of 1071 bp, and is predicted to encode a precursor protein of 357 amino acid residues sharing high degree of homology with class I FBAs from other plants. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the SpFBA was more strongly expressed in roots than in leaves and stems, and the abiotic stimuli such as Seawater, NaCl, ABA, and PEG, could trigger a significant induction of SpFBA in S. portulacastrum roots within 2–12 h. Overproduction of Recombinant SpFBA resulted in an increased tolerance to salinity in transgenic Escherichia coli. All these results suggest that the SpFBA plays very important roles in responding to salt stress and related abiotic stimuli, and in improving the survival ability of S. portulacastrum under high salinity and drought. The GenBank Accession number of S. portulacastrum fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (SpFBA) is ACG68894.     

转HAL1基因番茄的耐盐性

利用农杆菌介导的叶盘法,把HAL1 基因转入番茄,Southern杂交检测得到转基因植株.耐盐实验表明, T1代转基因番茄在150 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下仍有43%的发芽率,200 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下发芽率为6%,而对照种子在100和150 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下发芽率分别为11.0%和0.转基因番茄的电解质相对外渗率小于对照,而根冠比和叶绿素含量大于对照,转HAL1基因显著提高了番茄的耐盐性.盐胁迫下Na 、K 的累积状况表明,转基因番茄根、茎、叶的K /Na 均有所提高,根系的SK/Na增大,茎、叶的RSK/Na和RLK/Na减小,说明根系对K /Na 离子的选择吸收和运输能力加强.不但选择吸收K /Na ,而且表现出整株水平上的有利于耐盐的K /Na 区域化分配.     

六棱大麦HVA1基因在烟草中遗传转化的研究

本研究依据HVA1基因序列克隆六棱大麦HVA1基因cDNA片段,构建Ubiquitin启动子驱动下的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1300-HVA1。然后通过三亲杂交法将重组质粒PCAMBIA1300-HVA1转入农杆菌LBA4404,并采用农杆菌介导法转化烟草。经PCR,PCR-Southern blotting和RT-PCR检测表明HVA1基因已整合进烟草基因组,并在转录水平上获得表达。功能验证的结果显示,转基因植株叶片的保水率提高了近1倍,暗示转基因烟草具有一定的抗旱潜力。     

Antiporter Gene from Hordum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link and Its Overexpression in Transgenic Tobaccos

A vacuolar Na /H antiporter cDNA gene was successfully isolated from Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The gene was named HbNHX1 and was found to consist of 1 916 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 540 amino acids with a conserved amiloride-binding domain. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the Na /H antiporters showed that the HbNHX1gene shares 55.3%-74.8% similarity with the vacuolar-type Na /H antiporters. Transgenic tobaccos that contain the HbNHX1 gene, integrated by forward insertion into the tobacco genome, were obtained via Agrobacterium tumerfaciens and characterized for the determination of the concentration of Na and K ions, as well as proline, in the presence of 300 mmol/L NaCl. The T1 transgenic plants showed more tolerance to salt and drought than did wild-type plants. Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt and drought through the function of the vacuolar Na /H antiporter.     

铁蛋白基因表达对烟草耐低铁能力的影响

铁是植物生长发育的必需元素。由于土壤中的三价铁离子不能被植物直接利用, 使一些植物经常表现出缺铁症状。为探讨利用铁蛋白基因提高植物耐低铁胁迫的作用, 利用农杆菌介导法将大豆铁蛋白基因SoyFer1和内源反义铁蛋白基因NtFer2的cDNA分别导入烟草基因组, 采集转基因烟草种子。对T1转基因烟草的卡那霉素抗性分析表明, 整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因, 也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明, 外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中, 并且得到了正确表达。将转基因株系移栽到铁离子浓度不同的培养基中生长2个月后进行比较表明, 转大豆铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量明显高于非转基因烟草株系, 而转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量则明显低于非转基因烟草株系。转大豆铁蛋白基因和转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理性状也发生了明显变化, 表现为转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量明显增加, POD活性明显增强, MDA含量明显降低; 而转内源反义铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量、POD活性和MDA含量等则表现为与转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的相反。铁蛋白过量表达提高了烟草耐低铁能力, 而铁蛋白抑制表达则降低了烟草耐低铁能力。     

大豆类受体蛋白激酶基因(rlpk2)RNAi双元表达载体的构建及其转基因

植物类受体蛋白激酶(plant receptor-like kinases RLKs)以其特有的结构在植物的生长、发育和防御等多种生理生化过程中发挥着重要的作用。利用RNA干扰技术(RNA interference RNAi)来研究RLKs的功能已日趋成熟。本文根据植物中hpRNA(hairpin RNA)的原理,以大豆类受体蛋白激酶基因rlpk2为靶基因,在rlpk2-cDNA序列3'端选择312bp作为构建RNAi的序列,借助中间克隆载体,经过三次亚克隆,最后形成含rlpk2-RNAi表达盒的双元表达载体pART27-R2,并转入农杆菌LBA4404。采用农杆菌介导大豆子叶节转化方法,共获得了三株转基因植株。转基因植株 RT-PCR分析表明rlpk2基因已被成功敲减(knock-down),并且发现敲减大豆叶片中的rlpk2基因表达明显改善大豆叶片的光合能力,结合前期研究结果,表明rlpk2基因可能在维持叶绿体的结构及保护叶绿体膜系统的完整性方面起负调节作用。