杏叶沙参胚囊的酶法分离：受精、合子生长与胚乳发育

胚囊酶法分离作为植物胚胎学中的一项观察技术已为不少作者所采用。本实验室用此技术观察了多种植物的成熟胚囊,泡相与芝麻的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程,以及金鱼草与向日葵受精后的若干变化。本文以杏叶沙参为材料,进一步探索其在观察受精、胚和胚乳发生过程中的应用前景。材料和方法实验材料为杏叶沙参(Adenophora axilliflora)。自然传粉后定期取样固定胚珠。固     

东北湿草甸芳香植物—杜香

杜香(Ledum palustre L.)是杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)杜香属(Ledum)植物,又称细叶杜香(东北)或狭叶杜香(内蒙古),是吉林省Ⅲ级重点保护植物.杜香属植物是我国东北地区重要的芳香植物资源之一,全株有浓烈的香味,其枝叶、花果均可提取芳香油,通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取的杜香枝叶精油的得油率约为0.13％～2.00％,超临界萃取的得油率为1.49％～1.72％[1].     

桔梗科4种植物分离配囊的比较研究

应用酶解技术分离出桔梗科四种植物(桔梗、轮叶沙参、杏叶沙参和羊乳)的胚囊。对胚囊的形态结构和贮藏物质的变化作了观察比较。它们的成熟胚囊结构基本相同,均由卵细胞、一对助细胞和中央细胞组成。反足器退化较早。但形态、大小等有一定差异。桔梗胚囊狭长,细胞质浓密;沙参(包括轮叶沙参与杏叶沙参)的胚囊也较狭长,细胞质不如前者浓密;羊乳胚囊非常宽大,而细胞质相当稀薄,与前三种植物的差异较大。它们均含有贮藏物质,显微化学反应表明主要系多糖物质。多糖颗粒的形状、大小各有特点,在胚囊受精前后的消长变化也有不同。其中羊乳与其它三种植物之间的差别较大。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

裂叶沙参和泡沙参种群有性生殖和无性繁殖的比较

通过对裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla Hong)和泡沙参(A.potaninii Korsh.)种群有性生殖和无性繁殖特性的对比,揭示濒危植物裂叶沙参的种群内部致濒机制。结果表明:裂叶沙参种群幼苗抢占草本层上层空间能力弱于泡沙参种群;裂叶沙参种群是以相对长的生殖期和高产籽量来适应环境;裂叶沙参种群开花结实量虽高于泡沙参种群,但其中成熟种子少,种子质量差,致使其种群由种子到一年生幼苗的转化率极低,并且幼苗生活力弱,是导致其种群濒危的重要内部原因。裂叶沙参种群除有性生殖外还兼有较弱的无性繁殖,是对其有性生殖的一个重要补充。     

野生湖南山核桃的营养成分研究

对野生湖南山核桃果仁的油脂及其组分、总糖、蛋白质及其氨基酸组成、维生素E、维生素B1、钙、铁、锌、铜、钼等元素含量进行分析.果仁中粗脂肪、总糖、粗蛋白质、维生素E、维生素B1的含量分别为56.57%、3.51%、8.18%、3.06 mg/100 g和1.19 mg/100 g;钙、铁、锌、铜、钼元素含量的含量分别为114.6 mg/100 g、3.26 mg/100g、5.14 mg/100g、1.69 mg/100g和0.12 mg/100g.果仁的脂肪主要由软脂酸、油酸,亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸组成,其含量分别为6.41%,71.80%,19.28%,1.82%和0.69%;果仁中蛋白质氨基酸有16种,其中9种人体必需氨基酸都含有.     

60份国内外藜麦材料子粒的品质性状分析

研究藜麦子粒的品质性状,可以为藜麦育种、加工及消费提供参考。本研究对4份国内和56份国外藜麦材料子粒的品质性状进行了分析,结果表明60份藜麦材料子粒的千粒重、灰分、蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、粗纤维、总黄酮和总多酚平均含量分别为4.23 g、2.28%、14.03%、57.71%、6.53%、2.46%、1.83 mg/g和1.49 mg/g。国内藜麦材料的灰分、蛋白质和总多酚平均含量较高,分别为3.47%、14.92%和1.78 mg/g;秘鲁藜麦材料的脂肪、粗纤维和总黄酮平均含量较高,分别为6.69%、2.66%和2.03 mg/g;美国藜麦材料的淀粉平均含量较高,为59.91%;玻利维亚藜麦材料的千粒重较高,为4.32 g;不同子粒颜色藜麦材料之间的品质存在差异,黑色藜麦材料的蛋白质含量较高,白色和红色藜麦材料的淀粉含量较高,红色和黑色藜麦材料的粗纤维、总黄酮和总多酚含量较高。     

裂叶沙参与泡沙参解剖生态学的比较研究

借助于光镜和扫描电镜,系统观察了濒危植物裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobo-phylla Hong.)的根、芦头、茎和叶的解剖特征及茎、叶、种子的表面形态特征,并将有关性状与广布种泡沙参(A.potaninii Korsh.)作了对比研究。结果表明,两种沙参在叶表皮细胞形状,垂周壁式样,角质层初级雕纹及次级雕纹;叶片气孔形状及外拱盖外缘纹饰及内缘形状,保卫细胞上角质层薄厚及蜡质纹饰;叶表毛状体形状及纹饰,茎中皮层占茎横切面的比例;茎中有无髓纤维等方面存在着明显差异。相对于泡沙参,裂叶沙参单株叶面积大,生物量高,表皮角质层薄,单位面积内被毛数量少,栅栏组织薄,气孔周围蜡质沉积颗粒少;茎的直径大,皮层较薄等。这些特征表明裂叶沙参对旱生生境适应能力弱,而泡沙参对旱生生境适应能力强。     

志丹杏与其他苦杏仁原植物种子的化学分析

志丹杏(Armeniaca zhidanensis C.Z.Qiao et Y.P.Zhu)是作者在苦杏仁原植物调查鉴定中发现的杏属植物一新种,并已在商品苦杏仁中鉴定出志丹吉。本文分析了志丹杏和药典收载的4种苦杏仁原植物杏(A.mugaris Lam.)、野杏(A.mugaris Lam.var ansu(Maxim.)Yh et Lu)、西伯利亚杏(A.sibirica(L.)Lam.)和东北杏(A·mandshurica(Maxim,)Skv.)种子的苦杏仁甙含量和脂肪油脂肪酸组成,以评价志丹杏种子是否可以作为苦杏仁入药,结果报道如下:     

喜钙和嫌钙植物对外源Ca2+的生长生理响应

以喜钙植物伞花木和嫌钙植物大白杜鹃为实验材料,以Hoagland营养液并设置其Ca2+浓度分别为0、5、10、25、50mmol/L培养试验,比较不同浓度外源Ca2+对其生长、叶绿素含量、渗透调节和矿质元素积累的影响,探索喜钙植物生长的适应特征,为喀斯特地区喜钙植物嗜钙机制研究提供基础资料。结果显示:(1)随着外源Ca2+浓度的增加,伞花木植株高度、茎粗以及叶干重、叶长、叶宽和叶形指数均得到不同程度提高,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量无显著变化;而嫌钙植物大白杜鹃的生长却受到抑制,叶绿素和蛋白质含量降低,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加;当Ca2+浓度为50mmol/L时,伞花木叶绿素和蛋白质含量分别为2.99mg/g和17.10mg/g,大白杜鹃叶绿素和蛋白质含量分别为1.39mg/g和14.30mg/g。(2)在实验设置的钙范围内,Ca2+可促进伞花木对P、N吸收并稳定体内Ca、K动态;而低浓度的Ca2+(<10mmol/L)促进大白杜鹃对Ca累积,抑制N、P吸收。     

A noninvasive method to determine fat content in small fish based on swim bladder size estimation

The presence of fat stores in fish is widely used as a correlate of fish health and fitness. Techniques to measure fat content with some accuracy are available for medium-sized and large fish, but apart from morphometric indices, a noninvasive method to determine fat content in small fish has hitherto been lacking. In this study, we introduce a novel method to measure the fat content in live fish that can be applied also to small fish of less than 0.5?g of body mass. This approach relies on a precise measurement of the swim bladder volume, from which fat content can subsequently be deduced. As fat is positively buoyant, fish with larger fat stores require a smaller swim bladder to attain neutral buoyancy. To determine swim bladder volume, we developed a measuring device, which makes use of the differential compressibility of air and water. A fish is placed in a pressure-tight chamber to which a standardized amount of water is added. The resulting change in pressure Δp is inversely proportional to the volume of the swim bladder. Using juveniles and adults of Simochromis pleurospilus (Nelissen, '78; Pisces: Tropheini) a small cichlid fish, we show that Δp is tightly related to structural size, mass, and body condition. Most importantly, this approach allows to predict the visceral fat content of small fish more precisely than the six most commonly used morphometric body indices.     

Lipid quantitation in formalin-fixed liver sections

We describe a simple, sensitive, and quantitative procedure for measurement of triglycerides and protein contents in formalin-fixed liver sections. The method can detect as little as 0.27 microgram of triglycerides per mg of protein. It is based on selective binding of Sudan IV and Fast Green FCF to fat and total proteins, respectively, and their sequential elution with solvents. Sudan IV is eluted readily with acetone and Fast Green with NaOH-methanol, and the absorbances obtained at 500 and 610 nm can be used to determine the amount of triglycerides and total protein. The color equivalence for Fast Green was obtained after destaining the sections and measuring the protein contents by micro-Kjeldahl analysis. The color equivalence of Sudan IV was estimated by determining the triglyceride content in liver homogenates by an enzymatic procedure and then measuring the amount of dye bound to multiple fixed sections. There was a strong linear correlation between the triglyceride content as determined chemically and that obtained using the equivalence colors (r2 = 0.98). This method is useful to measure fat content in tissue samples and could be applied to evaluate the progression of liver disease.     

Reproductive and physiological costs of repeated immune challenges in female Wellington tree weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

Fitness‐related traits, such as immunity and reproduction, are typically condition dependent, and are predicted to trade off against each other because they share a pool of energy and resources. It is generally assumed that the resources and energy required for immune processes and reproduction is contained in the body fat; however, few studies quantify the effect of an immune insult on fat load. I tested the hypothesis that if mounting an immune response is physiologically costly in terms of consuming limited resources from body fat, and reproduction also relies on these resources, then an immune challenge should cause a reduction in fat load and an associated decline in reproduction. I tested this hypothesis by assaying the fat content of female Wellington tree weta (Hemideina crassidens) after repeated challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and counting the number of oviposited eggs in addition to assaying the egg protein content, a possible measure of egg quality. In line with my prediction, immune‐challenged females had significantly smaller fat loads and laid significantly fewer eggs than saline‐injected controls. Moreover, the protein content of the eggs laid by immune‐challenged females was significantly lower than that of controls. My experimental results show that an immune challenge with a non‐pathogenic stimulant increases fat consumption, which in turn limits the resources available for reproduction. These findings support the hypothesis that reproduction and immunity are condition dependent, and are traded off against each other. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 38–46.     

薏苡仁蛋白质组分研究

目的:对药食两用功能的薏苡仁蛋白质四类组分和氨基酸含量进行分析。方法:采用旋光法、索氏提取法、烘干法、马弗炉法分别进行淀粉、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的测定;采用顺序抽提法依次进行清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的提取,用Brandford和凯式定氮法进行蛋白质含量分析;采用氨基酸分析仪进行氨基酸含量测定。结果:薏苡仁总蛋白含量为14.17%,其中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别为0.20、0.88、6.34和5.30 mg/100mg鲜重,分别占总蛋白质含量的1.43%、6.20%、44.74%和37.38%;薏苡仁粉经酸水解后共检测到15种氨基酸,除Trp外,人体必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸均有检测到;各氨基酸含量也存在着差异,含量最高的为Glu(3.59 mg/100mg),含量最低的为Me(t0.17 mg/100mg)。结论:薏苡仁蛋白中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量较丰富,为今后进一步开发薏苡仁功能食品提供了理论数据。     

Body fat content determination in premenopausal, overweight, and obese young women using DXA and FT-NIR

Even though BMI is the most commonly used method for assessing and monitoring obesity, it does not take into account the individual's body fat content assuming instead that body mass is closely associated with body fat, which is a tenuous assumption. The aim of this study was to make a direct comparison between measurements of body fat content using a convenient and rapid Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We recruited 52, premenopausal women (age range 19-45), all of whom had a BMI that classified them as either overweight or obese (range: 27-40 kg/m(2), mean: 31.1 ± 3.7 kg/m(2)) and indicated a statistically significant linear relationship between the fat content in kilograms measured by FT-NIR and DXA (r = 0.95, P < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed that almost all the differences between two measurements fell within 2 s.d. We report here that the FT-NIR method provided comparable measurements of subcutaneous body fat content similar to those of total fat obtained using DXA. The FT-NIR method is a lower cost, easy to use and transport, and, based on comparison with DXA, an accurate method to measure body fat content. We propose that FT-NIR is an ideal method for safe repeat measurements in large trials or in screening and monitoring individuals during interventions in which changes in body fat will occur.     

Expression levels of candidate genes for intramuscular fat deposition in two Banna mini-pig inbred lines divergently selected for fatness traits

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content plays an important role in meat quality. Many genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism were identified as candidate genes for IMF deposition, since genetic polymorphisms within these genes were associated with IMF content. However, there is less information on the expression levels of these genes in the muscle tissue. This study aimed at investigating the expression levels of sterol regulating element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT-1), heart-fatty acids binding protein (H-FABP), leptin receptor (LEPR) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) genes and proteins in two divergent Banna mini-pig inbred lines (BMIL). A similar growth performance was found in both the fat and the lean BMIL. The fat meat and IMF content in the fat BMIL were significantly higher than in the lean BMIL, but the lean meat content was lower. The serum triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) contents were significantly higher in the fat than in the lean BMIL. The expression levels of SREBP-1c, DGAT-1 and H-FABP genes and proteins in fat BMIL were increased compared to the lean BMIL. However, the expression levels of LEPR and MC4R genes and proteins were lower.     

产DHA菌株的诱变育种

以海水中分离得到产DHA的酒香酵母(编号为7-3)作为出发菌株,对其进行单一及复合诱变处理,初筛采用分光光度法确定菌体中油脂的相对含量,选择吸光度相对较高的菌株进行复筛,复筛采用有机溶剂萃取法测定油脂含量、气相色谱法测定DHA含量。单一诱变的菌株H-1的脂肪含量达到43.8%,为对照的4倍,经复合诱变后得到1株编号为H-Z-6-3的菌株其油脂含量达50.4%,诱变后油脂中DHA的含量提高较少。     

93份贵州地方辣椒资源品质性状分析

对93份贵州地方辣椒资源的品质性状进行了分析,结果表明:粗纤维含量在22.99%~44.06%之间,牛角椒含量最高,为33.71%;粗脂肪含量在11.49%~27.46%之间,锥形椒含量最高,为21.55%;蛋白质含量在12.81%~22.97%之间,指形椒含量最高,为18.78%;辣椒素含量在0.28~7.61 mg/g之间,指形椒含量最高,为4.47 mg/g;4个指标的平均隶属度值在0.21~0.68之间,超过0.60的辣椒资源有S106、S103、S072和S016;聚类分析表明,93份辣椒资源按平均隶属度大小可分为四大类型,即高品质型、中品质型、一般品质型和特殊品质型。贵州地方辣椒种质资源品质性状分析可为辣椒种质资源的创新利用、新品种的选育奠定基础。     

High fat feeding of lactating mice causing a drastic reduction in fat and energy content in milk without affecting the apparent growth of their pups and the production of major milk fat globule membrane components MFG-E8 and butyrophilin

Lactating mice were fed either a low fat or a high fat diet. Milk samples were collected and the composition was examined. Triglyceride and free fatty acid contents were greatly reduced in the milks of high fat diet group, while protein and lactose contents were almost the same between both diet groups. Although the energy content of each component was also lower in milk of high fat diet group, there was apparently no significant difference in the growth of the pups raised by either diet group. This discrepancy might be in part explained by a hypothesis that the pups might monitor calorie content in milk and keep suckling until the energy intake reaches their satisfaction. Moreover, nearly the same amounts of major milk fat globule membrane proteins MFG-E8 and butyrophilin were shown to be present in the milks from both diet groups and gene expression of both proteins in the mammary glands were also indistinguishable, suggesting that production of major MFGM components is not simply related to fat production and secretion.